直接引语、间接引语 虚拟语气 倒装句新改.doc

启航英语辅导班辅导材料【本讲教育信息】一、 教学内容：专题复习八 直接引语 间接引语 虚拟语气 倒装句二、知识总结与归纳（一）直接引语 间接引语直接引用别人所讲的话叫“直接引语（The Direct Speech）”，通常放在引号内。用自己的话转述别人所讲的话叫“间接引语（The Indirect Speech）”。间接引语在大多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语与间接引语之间可以相互转换，转换时通常要注意人称、句式、时态及状语等各方面的变化。1. 人称变化。直接引语转换为间接引语时，人称代词要根据说话人所处的立场而进行适当的改变。如：Uncle Li said: “I will pick you up after work this evening.” Uncle Li said he would pick me up after work that evening.2. 句式变化。前面讲过间接引语一般构成宾语从句。直接引语转换为间接引语时，宾语从句的引导词可以分为几种情况。1） 直接宾语为陈述句时，转化为间接引语要用that（有时可省略）来引导。如：Tom said, “My father got home from the park.” Tom said (that) his father had got home from the park.2） 直接引语为疑问句时，转化时要注意将间接引语中的宾语从句部分改为陈述语序，同时引导宾语从句的连接词要视情况而定。A.直接引语为一般疑问句时，要用whether/if 来引导，同时要注意如果原句的谓语为say时要改为ask。必要时还可加上一个间接宾语(me, him, us 等)，如： “Have you seen her somewhere?” Anderson said.Anderson asked(me) whether/if I had seen her somewhere.B.直接引语为特殊疑问句时，引导词为原句的特殊疑问词，如：“What are you doing?” she shouted at me angrily. She asked me what I was doing angrily.C.直接引语是选择疑问句时，转化时间接引语的谓语动词可以选择wonder, ask等词，宾语从句由whether.or(not).来引导。例如：My grandma said sadly, “Are you leaving today or tomorrow?”My grandma asked sadly whether I was leaving that day or the next day.3) 直接引语是祈使句时，转化时多使用一个不定式，谓语可根据语气来定。如：用ask sb. (not) to do来表示“请求”；用tell / order sb. (not) to do来表示“命令”； 用encourage sb. (not) to do来表示“鼓励”； 用forbid / dont allow sb. to do来表示“禁止；不许可”； 用advise sb. (not) to do；或suggest doing sth.来表示“建议”；用wish/ expect sb. (not) to do来表示“希望”； 用let / have / make sb. do sth.或get sb. (not) to do来表示“使（让请）某人做某事”。4) 感叹句一般不宜改为间接引语，因为这样不益于感情的表达。但偶尔也可改为间接引语，谓语可选择exclaim/give an exclamation of, wish, remark等词，如：“What a lovely garden!” he said. He remarked with admiration that it was such a lovely garden.3. 时态变化。直接引语转化为间接引语时，宾语从句中的谓语一般要转化成与直接引语相对应的过去的时态。当然，若直接引语使用了过去完成时，转化时就不需要再作改变了。4. 状语等其他变化。直接引语改为间接引语时，除以上的人称变化、句式变化、时态变化外，还要注意状语等其他变化。主要有：1) 时间状语变化，如：nowthen；todaythat day；tonightthat night； yesterdaythe day before； last weekthe week before；tomorrowthe next day等；2) 地点状语变化，如：herethere等；3) 指示代词变化，如：thisthat；thesethose等；4) 谓语动词变化，如：comego等。5. 其它需要注意的地方。1) 直接引语如果是客观真理或客观事实时，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.2) 直接引语是一般过去时并且和具体时间状语连用时，改为间接引语时，时态一般不变。如：“The teaching-building was set up in 2004.” he said. He said that the teaching-building was set up in 2004.3) 如果在当地转述，那么here不必改为there，come不必改为go。如果在当天转述，yesterday，tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。如：“Come here at 8:00 tomorrow.” I said. I asked him to come here at 8:00 today, but he hasnt appeared until now. (二) 虚拟语气虚拟语气表示主观愿望、假设和建议等，所说的话与事实相反。说话的话于事实相反，其构成形式见下表：从句主句与现在事实相反v-edwould+v.与过去事实相反had+v.-edwould have +v.-ed与将来事实相反Should/were to +v.would + v.清单一：虚拟语气在条件句中的用法包含条件从句的句子成为条件句。条件句有两类：真实条件句和虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句，谓语通常用陈述语气。如：If it rains tomorrow, I wont go there.You wont succeed unless you plan well.如果是纯粹的假设或者发生的可能性不大，则是虚拟条件句。1. 表示与现在事实相反或现在发生的可能性不大，谓语动词的主要形式条件从句主句动词过去式（be动词的过去式一般用were）would(should, could, might)+动词原形We could ask him if he were here.If I knew his telephone number, I would ring him up.2. 表示于过去事实相反，谓语动词的主要形式条件从句主句had +过去分词would(should, could, might)+动词原形If she had seen you yesterday, she would have asked you about it.3. 表示与将来事实可能相反，谓语动词的主语形式如下条件从句主句动词过去式should+动词原形were to +动词原形would(should, could, might)+动词原形 If it should rain tomorrow, the crops would be saved. 清单二：虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法动词wish后的宾语从句中，谓语动词的主要形式适用情况宾语从句动词形式例句现在动词过去式（be动词用were）I wish I knew his telephone number.I wish I were a bird.过去had+过去分词He wishes he had known the answer at that time.将来would(should,could,might)+动词原形I wish that she could go with us tomorrow. 2.在would rather/ had rather/ prefer等后面的宾语从句中谓语动词的主语形式适用情况宾语从句形式例句现在过去时态Id rather ( I prefer) you helped me.过去过去时态Id rather you came tomorrow.将来过去完成时Id rather you had come yesterday.3.在表示“要求、建议、命令”“赞许、气愤、惊奇、不满”等感情色彩较强的词后的宾语从句中，动词常用should+动词原形（被动语态用should+be+p.p），should常常被省略。 这些动词、名词有：advise/ advice, idea, insist, request, order, require/ requirement, decide/ decision。形容词、分词有：important, necessary, unusual, demanded, hoped, ordered, suggested。如：My father suggested that we (should) do the job at once.The suggestion that the sports meeting (should) be put off was rejected.清单三：虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法1. as if( though)引导的从句中，谓语动词的主要形式与wish后的宾语从句相同It seems as if it was (were) winter now.They talked as if (though) they had been good friends for years.2. 以in order that, so that引起的从句中，谓语动词的主要形式may(might)+动词原形can(could)+动词原形should+动词原形Speak loudly so that we may( can) hear you.清单四：虚拟语气在口语、委婉语中的用法 在口语中，为了使语气更加客气、委婉，人们常常使用should(would, could, might)+动词原形这个结构。如： I dont think he would be so careful. Would you mind my smoking here? (三)倒装句 清单一:完全倒装 1. 当句子的主语较长时，为了避免头重脚轻的感觉，通常把表语或状语放在句子的前面。如： At the head of the queue was an old woman. Before the thief stood John who was a detective and had arrested him twice.1. 由一些副词（如here, there, now, then, up, down, in, out, off, away等）开头的句子，强调这些副词的作用，用倒装形式。如：There comes a bus.Up came the girl to me and she began to cry. 清单二：部分倒装1. so, neither, nor位于句首，表示与前面谓语所述的情况相同。如：He will go skating. So will she.I didnt finish my homework. Neither did he.2. 由否定词或否定含义的短语开头（如few, little, never, hardly, not until等）和由“so/ often/ only+状语等”引导的句子，要部分倒装。如：Never have we heard of this kind of thing.Only then did I realize how awful he was.Not until this morning did I know that he had got married. 3一些表示祝愿的句子要用倒装形式。如： May you enjoy your trip! May you keep healthy! 清单三：“so+助动词+主语”和“so+主语+助动词”的用法区别1. so+助动词(be动词或情态动词)+主语常用来说明前面所说的情况也同样适用于后面的人或物，意为“某人（物）也一样”。该结构中的助动词（be动词或情态动词）必须与前句的谓语动词以及后句主语的人称和数保持一致，时态和前句保持一致。如：Mary likes Chinese. So does Tom.= Mary likes Chinese. Tom likes Chinese, too.=Both Mary and Tom like Chinese.= Mary and Tom both like Chinese. They went to the zoo yesterday. So did we. 注意：如果前面的句子是否定句，则要用neither 或nor,说明前句否定的情况也同样适用于后面的句子。如： You didnt go to the park yesterday. Neither / Nor did I. You cant sing English songs. Neither/ Nor can they.2. so+主语+助动词（be动词或情态动词）意为“的确如此、确实如此”，表示后者赞同前者的话或意见，只是进一步强调并重复前句所述的内容。前后两句的主语指的是同一个人或物。如：-He will speak at the meeting tomorrow.-So he will. -He went to see his friend yesterday. - So he did.【典型例题】1. -Im going to an amusement park.- _.A. So am I. B. So are you. C. So you are. D. So I am.2.- In recent years, more and more Americans like travelling during holidays. - _.A. So do we Chinese. B. So will we Chinese.C.So we Chinese do. D. So we Chinese will3. Jim works hard on his Chinese and _. A. so Lucy does. B. so is Lucy C. so does Lucy D. so Lucy is4. - Ann has made great progress recently. - _ and _.A. So has she, so have you.B. So has she, so have you.C. So she has, so you haveD. So she has, so have you5.- I hope to visit the Summer Palace. - _.A. So do I. B. So I do. C. Yes, I do.6.How well Anna dances! I cant believe my eyes! - _.A. So she does. B. So does she.C.Neither can she. D. So can I.【模拟试题】（答题时间：15分钟）* 一、将下列直接引语改为间接引语 1. She said, “Im happy at the news.” _ 2. He said to me, “I will call you tomorrow.” _ 3. He said to us, “Are you ready” _ 4. “Do you remember the story” Li Pings father asked him. _ 5. “Where shall I get off to change to a No.3 bus” he asked the conductor. _ 6. “How many car factories have been built in your country” he asked me. _ 7. He said to me, “What do you want” _ 8. “Come to my office at once!” the officer said to the soldier. _ 9. John said, “What a beautiful day it is！” _10. “Dont play with the cat!”, he said to me. _二、 单项选择1.Come and join us, Jimmy! - Im sorry, but Im really busy now. If I _ time, I would certainly go. A.will have B. have had C. had D.have2. I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _ the book from which it was mad. A. have read B. had read C. should have read D. are reading3.You are late. If you _ a few minutes earlier, you _ him. A. come, would meet B.had come, would have met C.come, will meet D. had come, would meet4. The two students talked as if they _ friends for years. A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been5. He looked as if he _ ill for a long time. A. was B. were C. has been D. had been6. I cant stand him. He always talks as though he _ everything. A. knew B. knows C. has known D. had known7. He suggested that they _ use a trick instead of fighting. A. should B. would C. do D. had8. He has just arrived, but he talks as if he _ al