A级语法点.doc

A级常考的语法虚拟语气虚拟语气是英语动词的特殊形式，与陈述语气恰恰相反，虚拟语气所表达的动作或状态不是事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、想象、要求、推测、假设或建议等。语气的虚拟和陈述与否完全取决于说话人本身。虚拟语气可以用于非真实条件句中，也用于名词性从句和同位语从句等句式中。1.1 非真实条件句中的虚拟语气1） 非真实条件句英语的条件句分为真实条件和非真实条件两种。真实条件属于陈述句式，而非真实条件属于虚拟句式。真实与虚拟与否完全取决于说话人的意图。E.g. If it is fine tomorrow, well go out. If it were fine tomorrow, we would go out.一般来说，非真实条件可分为三种情况：于过去、现在和将来事实相反的三种情况。其位于动词的表现形式如下：从句主句与现在事实相反的假设If+ 主语+ 动词过去式（be动词用were)主语+would/should/could/might +动词原形与过去事实相反的假设If+ 主语+ had+过去分词主语+ would/should/could/might +have +过去分词与将来事实相反的假设（将来不太可能出现的情况）1. If+ 主语+ 动词过去式2. If+ 主语+ were to +动词原形3. If+ 主语+ should+动词原形主语+would/should/could/might +动词原形E.g. If I were you, I would take the job. （与现在事实相反）If you left your car outside at night, you would have it stolen. (将来不太可能出现的情况）If he had been ill, he would not have finished the work. （与过去事实相反）If he should/were to tell us everything, we could try to solve his problem. （将来不太可能出现的情况）2） 非真实条件句的特殊情况a. If 的省略当虚拟条件从句中含有助动词had, were, should时，可将它们提到句首而省略连词if， 这时从句发生部分倒装。E.g. Were I you, I would take the job.Had he been ill, he would not have finished the work.Should he tell us everything/ Were he to tell us everything, we could try to solve his problem.E.g. If I were at school again, I would study harder._If you had come earlier, you would have caught the bus._b. 含蓄虚拟条件句： 通过介词短语、副词、连词等代替条件从句的假设称为含蓄条件。E.g. Without your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time. = But for your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time. =If it had not been for your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time. =Had it not been for your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time.E.g. But for his calm courage, the battle would have lost. （与过去事实相反） With free time and no TV, they might rediscover reading. （与现在事实相反或指将来不太可能出现的情况） I ran all the way to school, otherwise I would have been late. （与过去事实相反） He must have had an accident, or he would have finished the task then. （与过去事实相反）E.g. What would you do with a million dollars?(= if you had a million dollars) 1.2 虚拟语气在带有强烈主观色彩的动词、名词或形容词后所跟随的从句中的应用1） 某些动词后的宾语从句中要求用虚拟语气结构，用于表示命令，要求，建议，劝告等。其形式为：（should）+动词原形E.g. I suggest that he (should) go with us. （表建议）The general directed that the troops (should) attack. （表命令）They demanded that the company (should) make compensation for the loss. （要求）同样用法的动词有：order（命令） command（命令） ask（要求） require（要求） request（要求） demand （要求）suggest（建议） propose（提议） advise（劝告） urge（主张） intend（打算） insist（坚持） decide（决定） determine（决定） prefer （宁愿） recommend（推荐） desire（渴望）当suggest 表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说，力言”之意时，suggest/insist 后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，应使用陈述语气。E.g. The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work. 他脸上的表情表明他对我们的工作很满意。 The man insisted that he had never stolen the money. A那个人坚持说他没有偷钱。2） 某些形容词（或分词）后的主语从句要用虚拟语气结构，用于表示命令，要求，建议，惊异和失望等，（should）+动词原形 E.g. It was suggested that he (should) join the club activities.（表建议） It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week.人们建议会议推迟到下周。 It is strange (surprising, disappointing) that she shouldnt have been invited.（表惊异） It is strange that he (should) have acted toward his parents like that.真奇怪他竟然那样对他父母。（从句谓语动词在主句谓语动词之前发生时，要用should have done)suggested建议的 recommended被推荐的 proposed被提议的，所推荐的 necessary 必要的 essential必要的 important重要的 vital重要的 appropriate适当的 advisable适当的，合理的 desirable理想的 better更好的 natural自然的 strange奇怪的 glad高兴的 surprising惊异的 disappointing失望的 pity可怜的 3）某些名词的表语从句和同位语从句要用虚拟语气，表示要求，建议，主张，目的和愿望等，（should）+动词原形Order（命令） demand（要求） requirement（要求） request（要求） suggestion（建议） proposal（建议） advice（建议） recommendation（推荐） decision（决议） idea（主意，想法） desire（愿望） plan（计划）E.g. My idea is that we (should) think it over before accepting it.我的意见是在接受之前我们要反复考虑。 We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Dalian for sightseeing.我们都同意他让我们去大连旅游的建议。 My suggestion is that he (should) go with us. （表要求，表语从句） My suggestion that he (should) go with us is quite reasonable. （表要求，同位语从句）（3） wish后面所跟宾语从句虚拟Wish后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。宾语从句动作与wish同时宾语从句的谓语动词用过去时宾语从句动作先于wish宾语从句的谓语动词用过去完成时宾语从句动作后于wish宾语从句的谓语动词用could/would/might+动词原形E.g. I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.I wish I knew the answer to the question. （对现在情况的虚拟）They wish they had not lost the chance. （对过去情况的虚拟）I wish I would be a millionaire. （对将来情况的虚拟）I wish I could have seen her last night. （对过去情况的虚拟）If only“要是多好”“但愿”（同wish类似）If only + 句子=How I wish+that从句 E.g. If only I were a flying bird! = How I wish I were a flying bird! If only I knew Japanese. （对现在情况的虚拟） If only you had bought that piano! （对过去情况的虚拟） If only the wind would stop! （对将来情况的虚拟）would rather（同wish类似）E.g. Id rather you hadnt done that. （对过去情况的虚拟） He would rather it were winter now. （对现在情况的虚拟）As if/as though引导的方式状语从句（同wish类似）1） 如果as if 引导的从句谓语动词与主句谓语动词所表达的动作同时发生，as if 引导的从句谓语动词用过去式； E.g. He looks as if he were an artist.（同时）2） 如果as if 引导的从句谓语动词所表达的动作先于主句谓语动词表达的动作，as if 引导的从句谓语动词用过去完成时； E.g. She speaks English so fluently as if she had studied English in America.（先于）3） 如果as if 引导的从句谓语动词所表达的动作后于主句谓语动词所表达的动作，as if引导的从句谓语动词用过去将来时。 E.g. He learns English so hard as if he would go to the U.S.A.（后于）It is (high) time that从句中用虚拟语气，谓语动词用过去式形式/should+动词原形。意为“（现在）该”，用来表示提议。E.g. It is (high) time that you went to school. 你该去上学了。 It is (high) time that we should start out.我们该出发了。lest（唯恐，以免）/for fear that（以免,生怕，唯恐）/in case（万一）引导的目的状语从句，(should)+动词原形E.g. He is working for fear that he (should) fall behind. I wrote everything down lest I (should) forget it. Take your umbrella along, in case it (should) rain.In case 后面也可以用陈述语气。E.g. Somebody should stay at home in case John phones.练习题+真题1. _last Friday, he would have got to Paris.A) Would he leave B) Had he left C) If he is to leave D) If he was leaving2. The representative of the company demanded that part of the agreement_revised.A) will be B) is C) to be D) be3. We could not have fulfilled the task in time if it _for their help.A) was not B) is not C) had not been D) has not been4. It is required that anyone applying for a drivers license_a set of tests.A) take B) takes C) took D) will take5. _he was seriously ill, I wouldnt have told him the truth.A) If I knew B)If I know C) Had I known D) Did I know6. It is most desirable that the_for the information by himself on-line.A) search B) searched C) has searched D) will search7. If I _the job, I would do it in a different way.A) would do B) do C) shall do D) were to do8. Look at the terrible trouble I am in now! If only I _your advice!A) follow B) had followed C) would follow D) have followed9. It is urgent that the police_notified about those strange phone calls.A) should be B) will be C) are D) has to be10. I wish I _better next time.A) did B) do C) would do D) should do填空11. It is high time that the manager (pay) _more attention to the services for the customers.12. The boy passed the final exams. But if he had spent more time on them, the results (be)_much better.13. He might have been killed in that car accident yesterday if he (take)_part in that activity with the team.14. He might not have been killed in the traffic accident yesterday if he (fasten) _the seat belt.15. It is important that he (be) _called back immediately.16. Frankly speaking, Id rather you (say)_nothing about it for the time being.17. It is required that every employee (come) _in their uniform before 8:30 a.m.18. The director required that every member in his department (refer) _to this report.19. If we (know) _that the books were available, we would have bought them yesterday.20. I suggested that he (refuse) _the offer proposed by that company.模拟1. If you had taken your medicine, Bob turned off the alarm.A. should be B. would have been C. would be D will be2. It was suggested that the construction_ahead of time.A. is completed B. was completed C. be completed D must complete3. Jerry hesitated for a moment before shooting the ball, otherwise he _three points.A. Had scored B. scored C. would score D. would have scored4. _, we will set off as we planned.A. Were it good or bad B. Be it good or bad C. Being good or bad D. Whether good or bad5. The law requires that everyone_his car checked at least once a year.A. has B. had C. have D. must have6. I wish I _longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A. could B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept7. Ill give you my telephone number in case you_want to get in touch with me.A. will B. should C. would D. Need.1. 倒装（1） 全部倒装 1）当句首为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为be, go, come, exist, stand, lie, fall等。（当主语为人称代词时不倒装） 2）当句首为表示地点的介词短语时 3）代词so, neither/nor置于句首时（2） 部分倒装（助动词、系动词、情态动词提前）1) 含有否定意义的副词，词组，关联词位于句首时，句子应部分倒装。关联词：not until“直到才”（主句倒装） Not only(倒装), but (also)（不倒装）（强调主语则不倒装） Neither, nor“既不，也不”（neither, nor 都是否定，前后全倒装） Hardly/Scarcelywhen; No soonerthan“一就”（主句倒装，从句不倒装） E.g. Hardly had he seen me when he ran away. 他一见到我就跑了。2） only引导的状语（only+副词/介词词组/状语从句）放句首，部分倒装“只有”。only 后接非状语时不可倒装。3） so(such)that结构，so, such位于句首时倒装，so, such所修饰的形容词、副词和名词，以及助动词和系动词一起提到主语前，形成部分倒装。4) 虚拟语气中条件句省略if的倒装（当if 省略时，助动词）5） as, though引导的让步状语从句中的倒装（as必须倒装，though可倒装可不倒装）2. 从句（1） 定语从句（第一类关系代词：that, who, which, whose, whom; 第二类是关系副词：when, where, why。 其中that既代替人又指物，which代替物，who代替人。whose=of whom/of which when=at/in/during which, where=in/at which, why=for which）限定性和非限定性（2）状语从句（时间，地点，原因（in that, now that, considering that），结果(with the result that, so such a degree/extent that)，目的(lest, for fear that, in case)，条件(suppose/supposing that, provided/providing that, on condition that，让步，方式(as, just as, as if, the way)，比较）（3）同位语从句(同位语从句通常放在fact, idea, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, understanding等抽象名词后面) 由that引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别（4）主语从句（It is+形容词/名词/动词+that）（5）宾语从句（注意if 和whether在引导宾语从句时的特殊用法）（6）表语从句（出现在系动词后）3. 分词（语态，时态）现在分词（主动，进行）过去分词（被动，完成）（1）现在分词和过去分词作定语时的区别（2）现在分词和过去分词作状语时的区别（3）分词的独立主格结构（带主语的分词）4. 时态和语态时态（1）一般现在时（时间/条件状语从句中的主将从现）（2）一般过去时（3）现在完成时（for, since, until now, till now, up to now, so far, in/for/over/during the past/last/recent few/several years/months/days）Since: 自从以来（主句用一般现在时/现在完成时，从句用过去时）（4）过去完成时（过去的过去）句子中会有一个过去的动作来作比较。 过去完成时也有“未完成”的用法，表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，且仍有继续下去的可能。E.g. By the end of last year, he had taught for thirty years.He perhaps had made some friends by then. 过去完成时常用于“no soonerthan”和 “hardlywhen”等句型的主句中，从句常用一般过去时。E.g. He had hardly got on the train when the train started out. No sooner had he reached home than it began to rain.（注意倒装）（5）现在进行时 特殊用法：转移性动词一般用进行时表示将来时(leave, arrive, come, go等) E.g. He is coming tomorrow. 现在进行时与always, constantly, continually, for ever等词连用时，常常有某种感情色彩（如不耐烦，厌烦，赞美或欣赏等）或为了描述更加生动。 （6）过去进行时（常与表示过去的时间状语/时间状语从句连用，表过去某一时间正在进行的动作。 E.g. I was watching TV when he called me up.（7）一般将来时（shall, be going to, is about to, be to）（8）过去将来时（一般用在间接引语中，主句谓语动词为过去时） E.g. I never imagined that he would become a doctor.（9）将来进行时（表将来某一时间正在进行的，常用来形容安排好的，给人以期待之感的事，或者不久可能要发生或势必要发生的动作。）（10）一般现在时和现在完成时的区别 1）时间状语：in the past是过去时的时间状语 in the past few days/weeks/months是现在完成时的时间状语，另外还有：already, yet, just, recently, lately, this is the first/second time, for three times, never, so far, up to now（到目前为止）, by the time（到的时候，到那时）, by the end of（到结束时）, by now（到目前为止，到如今）, by then（到那时候） 2）现在完成时开始于过去，现在可能仍在继续，而一般过去时的动作早已结束（11）一般过去时与过去进行时的区别（13）现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别（14）现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别与一段时间状语连用时，这两个时态可以互换:；不用时间状语时，现在完成时表示动作已经完成，现在完成进行时表动作没有完成。（15）将来时和将来完成时的区别将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作，常和表示不确定的将来的时间状语如by the end of; before long（不久之后）等连用。E.g. I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.（表将来已经完成阅读） Before long, he will have forgotten all about the matters.（表将来已经忘记）（16）现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时的区别现在完成进行时：过去-现在过去完成进行时：过去某一时间前-过去这一时间E.g. Ever since I arrived here, I have been living in this apartment because it was cheaper. Before I moved here, I had been living in that dormitory because it was very cheap.语态一般进行完成现在Am/is/are doneAm/is/are being doneHas/have been done过去Was/were doneWas/were being doneHad been done将来Will be doneWill/shall have been done5. 情态动词情态动词的过去式表委婉Must？No, neednt/dont have to. (因为mustnt 表禁止)May I/we? Yes, please./Certainly No, you mustnt./Please dont.Used to “过去常常”Had better do“最好”Might/may as well “最好”Would rather“宁可，宁愿”后接从句用虚拟情态动词+动词完成时Must have done“想必/准是/一定做了某事Can/could have done “本来能够” “过去可能会”Cannot/could not have done “过去不可能”，“过去没能够”Might/may have done“过去可能做了某事”Should/ought to have done “本该做某事而实际上未做”Should not/ought not to have done “本不该做而做了某事”Neednt have done “本不必做而做了某事”Had better have done “当时最好做某事”Would rather have done “宁愿当时做了某事”Would like/love to have done sth “过去愿意做某事但未做成”宁愿做某事的句式Would rather do sthWould rather do sth than do sthWould do sth rather than do sthWould rather sb did sthPrefer to do sthPrefer to do sth rather than do sthPrefer doing sth to doing sth6. 强调句和it 句型强调句：It is + 被强调部分+that/who/whom+后面的成分It句型：it充当形式主语或形式宾语7. 连词（1）并列连词：转折，因果，选择，联合关系1）转折关系的连词：but, yet, still, while, however, nevertheless2）因果关系连词：so, for, therefore, hence, accordingly（于是）, thus, consequently3）选择关系连词：or, eitheror, otherwise(否则，另外), or else（否则，要不然）4）联合关系连词：and, not onlybut also, neithernor, as well as（既又）, bothand9. 比较级（1）原级比较：as+adj/adv+as（2）否定原级比较：not so/as +adj/adv+as（3）同级比较，形容词是same，前面不用as,用the: the same as（4）比较级结构：adj/adv+than（5）修饰比较级的词：much, many, far, still, even, rather, a lot, a little, a great deal, %（6）the+比较级，the+比较级（7）（the）+ adj/adv最高级+of (in, among)+比较范围A级翻译常用的句型第一节 否定句型1. 部分否定句含全体意义的代词和副词用于否定结构时，只表示其中的一部分被否定，译作“并非一切都是”， 2. 全部否定含有no, none, neither, nothing, nowhere等词的句子，译作“任何都不”、“大家都不”、“任何时候都不”、“无论何时都不”3. 延续否定句前面已经有了一个否定句，为加强否定的效果或进一步补充说明而追加的否定。(1) 否定句+nor/neither(也不、也不能e(2) 否定句+much less/still less（更不、更无）(3) 否定句+to say nothing of/not to speak of/not to mention/let alone(更不要说、更何况)4. 双重否定句（一个主谓结构出现两次否定的现象）译作“无不”、“没有不”（1）否定式谓语+否定词、含有否定意义的词（2）否定式谓语without“如果没有就不可能怎样”（3）cannot help but/cannot (choose) but“不得不”、“只能”（4）否定的主语+but （but = whonot/thatnot/whichnot和前面的否定主语构成双重否定）5. 排除否定句（but, except, except for, with the exception of, beyond, exclude, exclusive of, beyond that）“除之外”6. 加强否定句(1) be the last+不定式/从句“绝不会”“最不”(2)肯定式+含否定词语的成语（at not time/under no circumstances/in no case/by no means）“绝不”，“毫不” 否定式+含不定词语的成语(at any time/under any circumstance/by any means/in any case)(3)be anything but+形容词/名词 “根本不”、“绝不”、“一点儿也不” be far from+形容词/名词(4)be less than +形容词（同上，=notat all, “一点儿也不”）第二节 判断句型1. 强调判断句（对某一种判断表示肯定、毫不怀疑）(1) be no /none other than“不是，正是”(2)nothing but/nothing else but（肯定含义，少许轻视，和anything but意思相反）“只不过”、“不过是”(3)nothing less than（肯定含义）“简直就是”、“完全是”(4)It is/wasthat(强调判断句型，被强调的部分位于be动词之后)“正是”2. 比较判断句(1) less A than B（作者真正想强调的是B）“与其说是A，不如说是B”(2)more A than B（作者真正想强调的是A）“与其说是B，不如说是A”(3)not so much A as B（实际强调的是B，=less A than B）(4)be A rather than B（否定B，肯定A =instead of）“是而不是”第三节 比喻句型1. A is to B what/as C is to D“好比”。A、B是主体，C、D是喻体，含义是“A对于B的关系就如同C对于D一样”常译为“对于，好比对于”2. (just) As, so（本句型同上一个句型相反，喻体在前，主体在后）“对于正如对于”、“正如，也一样”3. what, that本句型与(just) As, so的意思与用法完全一样。4. no more than(not any more than)=neithernor要译作否定句：“不，正如不”、“和一样都不”。5. no less than译为肯定句“正如一样”6. might as wellas(本句型用肯定的形式表达否定的含义)“不能，正如不能一样”“与其，倒不如”第四节 条件句型1. 一般条件句（1） Given/Granted（介词）+名词“考虑到”Given/Granted（连词）+that从句“假设”“只要”（2） Provided/Providing that（引导的是一种先决条件）“只要就”（3） On condition that（同上，也是先决条件，口气较严肃）（4