英语议论文要求及常用短语.doc

1 议论文的格式：议论文的格式应由三个部分组成： 立论部分； 论证部分； 结论部分。一般说来，议论文可分三个基本段落来写：第一段引出话题；第二段立论且加以论证；第三段给出明确的结论。第二段是中心段落，应试者应将主要的内容放在第二段中，同时也要注意开篇及结尾段落的完整性，且应尽量做到首尾呼应，切忌前后矛盾。2 段落的统一性及语篇的连贯性（1） 段落的统一性英语段落有一大特点，即一个段落只涉及一个主题（甚至只是一个主题的某个方面）。段落中的一个句子点出主题并说明作者对该主题的看法，而其它所有句子都是为展开该主题而给出的事实、例证、推理，它们与主题紧密相关。段落中不应有一个与主题无关的句子。英文段落的这种各个句子与主题的关联性被称作段落的统一性。请看以下两例：(1)Birds build their nests in all kinds of places. Some are high in trees, on the sides of buildings or on the top of hills while others on the ground, in fields or by stream banks. Birds also use various nesting materials to build their nests, including sticks, mud, stones, grass and so on. Some birds are able to change to be suitable for different conditions. Theyll build their nests wherever they can find a spot and use whatever materials they can find. But other birds will build their nests only in certain places and use only certain materials.(2)Culture shock occurs as a result of lack of understanding in a new culture. It happens to people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Newcomers may be anxious because they do not speak the language, know the customs, or understand peoples behavior in daily life. The visitor finds that yes may not necessarily mean yes, that friendliness does not always mean friendship, or that statements that appear to be serious are really intended as jokes. The foreigner may be unsure as to when to shake hands or embrace, when to initiate conversations, or how to approach a stranger. The notion of “culture shock” helps explain feelings of bewilderment and disorientation. Language problems do not account for all the frustrations that people feel. When one is deprived of everything that was once familiar, such as understanding a transportation system, knowing how to register for university classes, or knowing how to make friends, difficulties in coping with the new society may arise.（2） 语篇的连贯性英语议论文的段落多采取直线展开式，即段落开始直接切入主题，并给出事实、例证、推理等。英语议论文段落这种展开方式是形成其语篇连贯的基础。语篇的连贯是指段落中各句的意义通过某种有序的排列（如时间顺序、因果顺序、逻辑顺序等）而相互关联。在论述该段落主题的时候，每后一个句子都是建立在前面一个句子的基础之上的。如果去掉段落中的一个句子，这种连贯便会受到影响，就会造成读者在理解上的困难。3 议论文中心段落的主题句及其论据、议论文中常用的词句与短语（1） 议论文中心段落的主题句及其论据一篇议论文能否获得高分与其中心段落主题句的质量不无关联，而主题句质量的高低则又取决于审题的好坏和论据的选择（即所选的论据在逻辑性、说理性、准确性及与主题内容的关联性等方面是否都经得起推敲）。需要明确的是，中心段落只应有两个组成部分：段落的主题句和支持主题句的论据。段落的主题句也应有两个部分组成，即：主题句=主题+作者对主题的看法或态度，两者缺一不可。假设应试者被要求写一篇有关吸烟的议论文，那么 SMOKING 就是中心段落的主题。请看下面这个主题句： Smoking is a habit of many men.该主题句暴露出两个问题：（1）作者审题不清；（2）作者没有表明对主题的看法或态度。一般说来，议论文要求应试者阐明自己对某问题的看法或态度。因此当我们拿到议论文的题目以后，要认真审题，权衡某事的利与弊，然后确定我们的立场。如何构建段落的主题句呢？拿到议论文的题目以后，经认真审题后，用英文列出你所能想起的与主题有关的例证。我们还用吸烟这个话题为例：SMOKING1 Smoking can cause such a disease as lung cancer.2 Reports say that merely 3 grams of nicotine can kill a large animal.3 Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce ones life by about 15 minutes and that chain smoking is even more hazardous.4 Smoking after a meal can also disturb ones digestive system.5 Heavy smoking can seriously affect an adults sexuality.6 Smoking does harm to second-hand smokers as well.7 Smoking makes ones mouth smell.8 The life expectancy of smokers is shorter than that of nonsmokers.9 Smoking in bed may cause fire.根据上面所列出的七个句子，我们可以选择以下两个主题句，即： Smoking is a bad habit. Smoking is a bad habit that does a lot of harm to human health.第一个主题句表明了作者的态度，但不如第二个具体，因此在展开中心段落时不仅要谈吸烟对人体健康的不良影响，还要涉及吸烟在其它方面造成的危害。这样的段落考生较难掌握。因此主题句越是相对地具体段落就越好展开。但这并不等于说第一个主题句不好；如果主题句太过具体，段落可展开的范围就会过窄。如果范围较窄，有些考生所能列出的例证就会相对较少，整篇文章写下来后可能达不到所要求的字数。因此选择哪一个主题句要视具体情况而定。用于支持段落主题句的论据其实就是我们开始列出的那些例证，但应视主题句所涉及范围的大小而有所取舍。下面我们就上面的两个主题句分别构建两个不同的中心段落：(1)Smoking is a bad habit. For one thing, smoking in bed may cause a terrible fire. For another, regular smoking makes ones mouth smell bad. And worst of all, cigarette smoking does great harm to human health. In many cases, cigarette has proved to be the direct cause of such a fatal disease as cancer-hence its nickname, Cancer Stick. Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce ones life by about 15 minutes and that chain smoking is far more hazardous. Recent findings of medical research show that even a tiny drop of nicotine (about 3 grams in weight) can kill a large animal like a horse. Some medical reports have also proved that heavy smoking would seriously affect an adults sexuality, and smoking after a meal also disturbs ones digestive system. Cigarette smoking not only jeopardizes the physical health of a smoker, it also affects the health of a nonsmoker who passively inhales the polluted air into his or her lungs when he or she is exposed to a winding shroud of cigarette smoke. The impact on such passive smokers (also called second-hand smokers), according to the experts in the medical field, can be even more damaging, and that is why smoking is usually prohibited in most public places. (211 words)(2)Smoking is a bad habit that does a lot of harm to human health. Cigarette smoking does great harm to human health. In many cases, cigarette has proved to be the direct cause of such a fatal disease as cancer-hence its nickname, Cancer Stick. Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce ones life by about 15 minutes and that chain smoking is far more hazardous. Recent findings of medical research show that even a tiny drop of nicotine (about 3 grams in weight) can kill a large animal like a horse. Some medical reports have also proved that heavy smoking would seriously affect an adults sexuality, and smoking after a meal also disturbs ones digestive system. Cigarette smoking not only jeopardizes the physical health of a smoker, it also affects the health of a nonsmoker who passively inhales the polluted air into his or her lungs when he or she is exposed to a winding shroud of cigarette smoke. The impact on such passive smokers (also called second-hand smokers), according to the experts in the medical field, can be even more damaging, and that is why smoking is usually prohibited in most public places. (196 words)（2）议论文中常用的词句与短语一数据对比用语：1. are similar in their range of indicators2. cause / lead to a rapid / slow increase / decrease in the number / amount of3. cause to drop4. climb dramatically fromto5. constitutes aboutpercent 6. continue to rise / fall7. continue to widen / shorten8. declines to less than percent.9. drop / fall to as many / much / little as10. fall / rise / increase / decrease dramatically11. fluctuates between12. grow only marginally fromto13. increase / decrease slowly14. increase/ decrease lightly15. is doubled16. is inversely proportional to17. is significantly lower / higher than18. lead to an increased number / amount of19. level off / remain constant at20. lower the percentage of 21. maintain approximately the same number of22. narrow down to23. occupy a greater percentage of24. peak / top at25. range fromto26. remain below27. rise / fall / increase / decrease sharply28. rise above29. rise to approximately30. take up one third of31. times smaller / larger than32. totals / amounts to / reaches / arrives at / stays at33. varies greatly / slightly betweenand34. A very noticeable trend is the steady increase / decrease in35. As is shown in / As can be seen from / According to -the table / table / graph / pie chart / bar chart / figure / statistics /diagram shows / illustrates /describes / indicates / reveals that36. It is clear / apparent from- the table / graph / pie chart / bar chart / figure / 37. it reached a peak ofstatistics / diagram that38. the number / amount ofconsumed per head/ per person39. The number ofremains stable.40. The number ofremains unchanged.41. The number tapers off.42. The percentage has been falling steadily.43. The percentage is less than that of 44. The table / graph / pie chart / bar chart(column graph) / figure / statistics shows.45. There are many variations in numbers of46. There is a gradual increase / decrease 47. There is a large increase / decrease in48. There is a reduction in49. There is a significant increase/ rise in50. There is a smaller percentage of 51. There is an obvious increase / decrease in52. There is not a great deal of difference between the percentage of二独立结构的比较用语：1. As compared to2. By comparing3. Compared with4. in comparison5. in contrast6. likewise7. similarly8. whereas9. while三连词：1. accordingly2. additionally3. also4. besides5. but6. furthermore7. however8. in addition9. moreover10. nevertheless11. on the contrary12. so13. therefore14. thus15. whats more16. yet17. despite18. in spite of19. otherwise20. instead of21. alternatively四归纳用语:1. above all2. all in all3. most importantly4. worst of all5. as a result6. briefly7. consequently8. eventually9. finally10. generally11. in conclusion12. in general13. in summary14. to end with15. to sum up16. in brief五表示顺序用语：1.first / second / third/ fourth2.first of all3.firstly / secondly / thirdly/ fourthly4.for one thing / for another10.in the first / second / third place11.last / last of all12.last but not least13.lastly14.next15.on the one hand/ on the other hand16.then17.to conclude19.to end with20.to start with / to begin with六表示个人观点用语：1.I think2.In my opinion,3.I personally think4.I am for the opinion that5.To my knowledge6.To my understanding7.As I see it,8.For my own part,9. My opinion is that10. As for me11. As far as I am concerned12. From where I stand13. I believe14. I consider15. I hold the opinion16. I maintain that17. Id like to point out that18. in my point of view19. My feeling is that20. personally I agree / disagree七表示理由用语：1. for the simple reason that2. As is the case3. As4. Because because of5. Due to6. Owing to7. Since8. Thats why9. The point is that10. The reason is that八预测用语：1. According to the estimate / prediction2. Base on the estimate / prediction3. I can foresee that4. In the long run,5. It can be imagined that6. It is assumed that7. It is estimated that8. It is expected that9. It is predicted that10. It is supposed to be4 针对有关话题持正、反论点的议论文范文对照Should Women be Regarded as Inferior to Men?(1)I never think that women should be treated as the second-class citizens. Observing objectively, youll find that women have succeeded in virtually any existing occupation you care to name: politicians, soldiers, doctors, university professors, lawyers, business executives, scientists and even presidents of countries. Todays intense competition in jobs is not only between men, but also between men and the weaker sex, who have often put men to shame in almost every field. Yet men refuse to acknowledge them and give women their due, and their attitude towards women becomes even more hostile. The only sound explanation for this is that men shun (回避，躲避) real competition-they are afraid of being beaten at the games that they consider to be their own. If there is anything that men are better than women, it is their physical strength. No other things that men claim to excel in are borne out by statistics. Physical strength excluded, the fact is that men and women are basically equal in all kinds of abilities except when it comes to language art and negotiation skills, at which women are better. You can be sure that if negotiation tasks were left to women who are gentler, more graceful and levelheaded, they would succeed brilliantly, where men have failed for centuries, and therefore war has been a frequent scene on this planet. Believe it or not, it is women who could turn those filthy and bloody battlefields into lands of joy. So some things are too important to be left to men! (252 words)(2)It sounds pretty ridiculous to claim that men and women are equal and have the same abilities. Men have excelled in every field of work. Plato, Freud, Beethoven, Einstein, Pavarotti and Li Ning are the names of great men in different fields, to name just a few. Can you effortlessly think up a womans name that can match those brilliant names? You may argue that you can name a dozen of great women athletes. Well, yes. However, they look great simply because they have never run or played against men. See what happens if you group men and women together in the same race. Women are justifiably called the weaker sex not only because they are physically weak, they are mentally fragile as well. They depend too little on cool reasoning and too much on intuition and instinct to arrive at decisions. Sometimes they are not even capable of thinking clearly. That is why they often gossip and chatter and scream whenever they talk, which men seldom do, and that is also why there are embarrassingly few women politicians in any country you can think of. Big decisions are always left for men to make, for th