v-ING解析.doc

不定式 Infinitive一、成份：可作谓语外的任何成份：主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语二、五种形式：（否定式：not to do）1）to do He seems to know this.（ 一般式）2）to be doing He pretended to be listening attentively.（进行式）3）to be done（被动式）4）to have done Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.（完成式）5）to have been done（完成被动式）6）to have been doing We have been working on this problem for many hours.(完成进行式) 三、成份1、宾语a）want, wish, decide, learn, manage, promise, expect, pretend, refuse, fail等动词后接不定式作宾语，需要记忆！2、状语：a）表目的 例：We study hard to build our country better.b）放句首 例：To pass the examination, youd better study hard.c）in order to/ so as to in order to可放句首，也可放中间。例：We must study hard in order toIn order to, we must study hard. so as to只放句中例：He spoke so clearly as to make everyone hear him.He spoke clearly so as to make everyone hear him.d）too to太而不能例：He is too young to go to school. =He is so young that he cant go to.3、宾语补足语a）ask, want, tell, order, wish, expect, promise, offer, advise, allow, permit, persuade, fire, forbid（禁止）, get, warn, long for（渴望）等动词后可以接 sb to do，不定式作宾语补足语。但动词hope to do，不可用hope sb. to do sth.b）在某些及物动词的复合宾语中，动词不定式可省“to”五“看”：watch, see, notice, observe, look at三“使役（动词）：make, let, have但get sb to do二“听”：hear, listen to一“感觉”：feel eg. feel sb do doing半“帮助”：help eg. help sb. (to) do4、主语：To talk with him is a great pleasure通常用：It is a great pleasure to talk with him.5、定语：She is the last to come.He is looking for a room to live in.There is nothing to worry about.作定语时须放在被修饰的名词之后动名词 Gerund动名词具有名词和动词的特征：一、形式：以do为例一般式：doing 被动式：being done例：I remember being taken to when I was a child.完成式：having done例：He was given a medal for having completed sixty years of teaching.被动：having been done否定式：not doing例：Tom made his mother angry by not taking his medicine.复合结构：物主代词/名词所有格+动名词例：Would you mind my smoking here?Toms coming late made his teacher angry.但：在口语中作宾语时，可以用例：Would you mind me smoking here?二、成份：1、主语：谓语用单数例：Reading aloud is very important in learning English .Seeing is believing.2、表语：例：His hobby is collecting stamps.Seeing is believing3、定语：例：He is in the reading room.This is a swimming pool.4、宾语：某些及物动词之后只能用动名词作宾语finish, enjoy, mind, practise, imagine, risk, keep, prevent, suggest, consider, allow, advise, permit, avoid，dislike, appreciate三、综合：（一）动名词与不定式作宾语的比较动名词表示的动作在意义上比较一般和抽象，时间观念不强,不指某一次动作。动词不定式则常表示某个具体动作。例：I like swimming.Would you like to swim today?（指今天这一回）I prefer going by bike to walking to the office.（指一般性动作）I prefer to go by bike rather than walk to the office today.（指一次性动作）有些动词既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语：1、在意义上没有太大区别，只有具体和抽象之别例：begin, start, continue, prefer, love, like, hate但是，我们常这样表示：He is beginning to do (因为begin用了进行时，则后面接不定式)2、意义不同例： stop, try, go on to do/doingstop to do (停下来做某事)stop doing（停止做某事）二、动名词与分词作定语的区别：分词与其所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系，动名词则表示它所修饰的名词的用途。分词则表示所修饰的名词的动作状态。A sleeping boy =a boy who is sleeping（分词）A sleeping car =a car for sleeping（动名词）A swimming girl（游泳的女孩）A swimming pool（游泳池）The running water = the water that is running流水The running track = the track for running分词做定语和表语1. 单个分词放名词前，分词短语放名词后-位置a sleeping dog n the shining sun nthe tree growing on the bank of the river n the sun shining on the field n2. 现在分词：修饰物，表示事物的特征、特点、性质 过去分词：修饰人，表示人物的心理状态，情感变化的ing -the exciting movie ed - He felt pressed.3习惯上只用过去分词，表示“情感“或者“状态，特点，特性”等。 如：upset, distinguished, married, experienced, inexperienced, crowded, unexpected, unprepared, unqualified On hearing the news, he felt upset. The street is crowded car after car. The newly married couple decided to buy a house. 4不及物动词的过去分词修饰名词时，只有“完成”的意义。 fallen leaves the escaped dog 分词做宾语补足语e.g. We found him waiting to receive us at the school gate.（him 是waiting 的逻辑主语，用ing)He found the door closed.(closed 的动作不是宾语door发出的, someone closed the door)使用原则：如果句中的宾语是该分词的逻辑主语，分词用现在分词；主要看句子主语是分词动作的发出者（用现在分词）还是接受者（用过去分词） 若分词的动作不是由句中的宾语发出的，即宾语是分词动作的接受者，通常分词的逻辑主语是被省略的someone时，用过去分词常用在下列动词后做宾补：see, hear, watch, feel, observe, notice,find, make, get, keep, leave, catch, have分词做状语原则：分词短语做状语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语。 如果句子的主语是分词所表示的动作执行者，则用现在分词； 如果是承受者，用过去分词。分词做状语 概述：状语的逻辑主语应是句子的逻辑主语（分词短语，不定式短语，介词短语做状语） 分词及分词短语在句中可做时间，原因，方式，伴随状语，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致；如果不一致，必须用独立主格结构，在分词前加上它的逻辑主语。 原则：分词短语做状语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语。 如果句子的主语是分词所表示的动作执行者，则用现在分词；如果是承受者，用过去分词。 My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didnt want the children to play together. 主动关系 Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 被动关系2分词做状语所表现的时态 现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生。 现在分词的完成式having done表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前。 Waiting outside, she felt tired and worried. Seeing those pictures, he couldnt help thinking of those days in Yanan.=When he saw those pictures, he couldnt help thinking of those days in Yanan. Turning around, Fanny found an ambulance driving up. = When she turned around, Fanny found an ambulance driving up. 过去分词只有一般式，没有时间上的限制，与谓语动词不构成先后关系，仅表示被动或完成的意义。过去分词表示的动作在谓语动词的动作发生之前已经完成或已经发生。 Broken into pieces, the vase is no use at all. Caught in the rain, Tom was wet to the skin / from head to toe.注意： 1表示进行着的被动，用现在分词被动语态 Being written in English, the report was sent to the chief of the company. 这份用英语写的报告被送到公司负责人那里。 Having been heated for several hours, the metal began to melt. 这块金属加热几小时后，开始融化了。 2分词做状语时，前面可用连词或介词 After talking to you, I always feel better. Shes been quite different since coming back from America. 3但是分词短语和主语部分之间不能用并列连词and，but。因为并列连词连接的是两个并列成分，而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分。分词和主语之间可用逗号。 给他讲了许多遍，他还是不懂。 W: Having told many times, but he still couldnt understand it. C: He was told many times, but he still couldnt understand it. C: Having been told many times, he still couldnt understand it.动名词动名词具有名词的特点，而现在分词具有形容词的特性。 1.动名词做表语： 动名词和现在分词做表语的区别是： eg：Her job is teaching. 动名词 job 和teaching 是等同的，teaching 是job的内容，动名词表示主语的内容。Eg：Her job is intersting. 现在分词起修饰作用，修饰前面名词2. 动名词做定语： 动名词和现在分词还可以做定语修饰名词。 动名词做定语时，说明被修饰名词的性质或用途。 a sleeping car = a car for sleeping the swimming pool = the pool for swimming the writing table = the table for writing 现在分词做定语时，说明被修饰名词的动作，与这个名词构成逻辑上主谓关系，相当于一个定语从句。 a crying baby = a baby who is crying the developing country hard-w