第十一章情态动词.docx

第11章 助动词和情态动词11.1 助动词11.1.1 英语中的助动词英语中常用作助动词的有三组词：1） be, am, are, is, was, were, been, being2） have, has, had, having3） do, does, did另外还有shall, will, should, would虽然也是助动词，却有时有情态动词的作用，可说是介乎助动词和情态动词之间的词，它们的作用和can, may, must有很多相近之处。为了方便，也把它们放在本章中讨论。11.1.2 be的用法1）be作助动词，主要表示来构成：a各种进行时态：Im seeing a friend off.我在给一位朋友送行。Were trying to get in touch with her.我们正在设法和她取得联系。Shes working as an air-hostess.她在当空姐。He was groping in the dark, so to speak.他可说还在黑暗中吗摸索。What were you doing when I called？我打电话时你在干什么？Come on time. Well be expecting you.准时来，我们会等着你。What have you been doing all these years？这些年来你一直在干什么？b各种被动语态：Smoking is not allowed in this building.本大楼内禁止吸烟。You are requested to give a performance.Im being shown round the city.He was penalized for a foul.Hundreds of soldiers were killed or wounded in the battle.The trip has been cancelled.a. 各种被动形式：He hates being interrupted.She was afraid of being seen by her father.He was there being trained as an astronaut.Such problems have to be handled with care.He asked to be sent to work in the northwest.2）be 用作其他类动词：a. 用作系动词: He is (was) an atheist. Remember your fathers directions and be a good girl. Be always on your guard. He had (has) been in Beijing for five years. She wasnt in when I called.b.作不及物动词（表示发生某事或存在某种情况）: “How long ago was it?” “Oh, not many minutes.” The party will be in a week. When is the wedding to be? When a thing has to be, it had better be quickly. When will be, will be. Im sorry, sir, the meetings already been. Could it to be that they had no place to go?3) be+不定式结构：这种结构可表示：a. 打算做某事或计划好要做的事（意思接近于be going to）：I am (was) to play Juliet.I am to edit a volume of Irish Fairy Tales.The President is to make a statement tomorrow.The expedition is (was) to start in a weeks time.不定式可用完成形式，表示“本来打算”： She was to have got married last month. I was to have seen him yesterday, but he didnt come. The mayor was to have laid the foundation stone but he was taken ill last night.b. 该做某事（接近于should，must，ought to，have to等）：Suppose he comes here, what am I to tell him?You are not to smoke in the room.You are not to open the box.c. 能做某事（接近于can，may）：How am I to pay such a debt?Not a sound was to be heard.We Chinese people are not to be bullied.d. 将来必然要发生的事：The worst is still to come.They said goodbye, little knowing they were never to meet again.This I was only to learn later.11.1.3 have的用法1）have作助动词，主要用来构成：a. 完成时态和完成进行时态： Ive seen this film before. Shes been in Hong Kong for six months. They had already told me the news. Shell have arrived in Shen Zhen by 6 oclock. What has she been doing since? Have you been waiting long? I was afraid he would have gone to bed by then.b.完成形式：He ought to have arrived by now.Im pleased to have made your acquaintance.I regretted having been so rude to him.Dont be angry with me for not having written.Having lived there for ten years, she was reluctant to leave.Not having got an answer, he was rather worried.2）have作及物动词的用法：Have是一个非常活跃的及物动词，可以：a. 表示所有关系：Bad news has wings.Mr. Green had living with him a nephew and a niece.The house has five rooms.I have an impression that hes been improving.常有较灵活的译法： She has blue eyes. He has a good temper. She had a happy childhood. If his car is not out, hell let us have it.b. 和许多名词连用表示动作：have a long walk作长时间散步have a chat（with）（和）聊天have a look at瞧（某物）have a drink of water喝一杯水have a wash洗一洗have a swim游一会儿泳have a rest休息一会儿have a read看一会儿书have a good lie好好躺一会儿have a quarrel（with）（和）吵一架have a win in a competition比赛获胜have a smoke抽一支烟have a fight打了一架have an accident出事have a dream做了一个梦have a bath洗个澡have respect（for）很尊重（某人）have a love（of）很喜欢（某物）have a dislike（of）不喜欢have a wish（to）愿意（做某事）have a try试一试have a discussion讨论have a conversation(with)（和）谈话have a success很成功have an X-ray去透视have a scene争吵c. 表示“吃”、“喝”、“患（病）”等：They are having fish for supper.Then have some coffee.Will you have a cigarette?Everybody here has the influenza.She has the measles.Do you often have colds?Which injection did you have?My sister has just had a child.I never had any education.3)构成某些句型：a. have +名（代）词+（不带to的）不定式让某人做某事： Im going to have her live with me. Ill be proud to have you read it. I wont have him cheat me.b have+名（代）词+过去分词让（别人）做某事或遭遇某事：Shes having her eyes tested.Hes having them repaired.Pas had his hands burned.The pilot had his plane hijacked.c have+名（代）词+现在分词让某人做某事，让某事发生：d have（got）to不得不：I had to walk very fast to overtake you.One of them will have to go.These last two days I have to take a rest.We may have to cancel the plan.Itll have to be done all over again.Ive got to be off now.Weve got to be careful about these things.e have got（=have）She hasnt got a bank account.Ive got a fellow coming to see me tomorrow.Ive got one or two things to see to.Whats that got to do with you?It was acute pneumonia that she had got.11.1.4 do的用法1）do作助动词的用法：作助动词，do可以用来：a 构成疑问句和否定句：Does he work here?I didnt see him at the meeting.He lives here, doesnt he?I dont care what she thinks.Didnt she sing well?b 加在动词前表示强调：I did see her at the party.Do come with us.I do hope youll come to China again. Please! Do be quiet a moment! She does sing well!c 用来表示刚提到过的动作，已避免重复：Tom talks too much.- Yes, he does.He lives here but I dont.She doesnt drive but I do.He didnt see you, did he?Do you smoke?- No, I dont.2）do作及物动词的用法：作及物动词时主要有下面用法：a 和一个名（代）词连用，表示“做（某事）”What are you doing?Has he done his homework?Im doing some research on the subject.I have a number of things to do this morning.They want to do business with us.She did her lessons in the afternoon.可用作被动结构： Whats to be done? Easier said than done.b 和动名词连用：He does some writing in his spare time.She did lots of acting when she was at university.She is doing the ironing (cooking).I did some reading before I went to bed.Maria did most of the talking.You should do more thinking.We can do some sightseeing here.Shes gone out to do some shopping.c 和一些表示物件的名词连用，表示“梳”、“刷”等：Can you do the rooms now?When is he coming to do the windows?Go and do your hair.Have you done your teeth?We did two concerts last week.He did 200 miles a day.We did the journey in six hours.You should have seen him do Hamlet.3)do作不及物动词的用法：a表示工作、学习等方面的情况： How do you do? Hes doing well at school. He did poorly in the examination. She is doing nicely. The patient is doing well. Everything in the garden is doing well.b表示“行”、“够了”、“合适”、“可以”等： Ive got some muslin here, will it do? Will 5 do? This place would do for a gymnasium. That jacket wont do for skiing. This hotel wont do. That piece of material would do to make a dress for you.11.1.5 will的用法1）用于将来时态（各种人称后都可以用）： I will give you a definite answer tomorrow. We will never again be separated. Will you be taking your leave in South Africa? By this time next year she will have taken her university degree. It looks as if he wont be in time for the train.2）用于疑问句表示请求： Will you tell her that Im Mrs. Pater? Will you have a little soup? Bring me the papers, will you? Will you please sit down , everybody? Wont you take off your overcoat?3)用于各个人称，表示：a愿意，肯： I will have nothing to do with this matter. I meant to reason with you, but you wont reason. She wont so much as look at David. Go where you will. If you will allow me, I will see you home.b决心，承诺： I wont have anything said against her. I wont give her a divorce. I wont let her down in any way. I wont do it any more , I promise you.C习惯，倾向： She will sit there for hours, waiting for her son to come home.d.命令，叮嘱：You will report to the headquarters right today.You will not go out today: youll stay in and work.You will stay here till you are relieved.e.表示猜测：The man with the umbrella will be the Prime Minister.I knew his father, Professor Pileyoull have heard of him.11.1.6 would的用法：1）作助动词的用法：a.用来构成9过去将来时（个人称后均可以用）：He knew he would be late.I said Id be glad to see him.I thought she would be looking after you.b.用来婉转的提出请求、问题、看法等：Would you kindly send me his address?Would you help us ,please?Lets fix a day. Would Saturday night suit you?Id go there with you.2)用于虚拟语气：a.用于虚拟语气条件句：if we were man, we would doing something now.he would be delighted if you went to see him.I would have done more, if Id had the time.They would never have met if she hadnt gone to Emmas party.b.用于含蓄条件句：Shed be stupid not to accept.Hurry up! It would be a pity to miss the beginning of the play.In the old days she would have argued.I would taken a firm stand.Legalizing this drug would have disastrous consequences.c.用于其它情况：I wish the sun will come out.She burned the letters so that her husband would never read them.He wishes (that) she would leave him.She worried for fear that her child would be hurt.3)（用过去情况）表示“意愿”、“肯”、“会”等（也可说是will的过去形式）：She just wouldnt do what I asked her.She would not go to the dentist even though she was in considerable pain.He would never enter this hateful house again.They had to do that whether they would or not.She would never permit anything of that sort.可用在虚拟条件句的 从句中：I should be obliged if you wouldnt George me.如果你不叫我乔治我会很感激。I would be glad if you would give me an account of it.4)过去的习惯性或倾向：When he was young he would often walk in these woods.When my parents were away, grandmoher would look after me.My car wouldnt start this morning.5)表示猜测：Id say shes about 40.I would imagine the journey will take about an hour.The person you mentioned would be her father.I thought you would have come back.6)用在一些结构中：Where would like to sit?Id be only too glad to help.Id hate to leave you.Id love a coffee.Id sooner go home.11.1.7shall的用法1）作助动词的用法a.主要用于第一人称，构成疑问句以诚求对方意见：What time shall I come?Where shall we go for our holiday?Lets look at it again, shall we?Shall I turn on the light?b.在英国也可用于肯定句和否定句中（现在用will的人可能更多一些），构成将来时态：I shall be very happy to see him again.We shant be arriving until ten oclock.I shall have been working here for ten years by the end of this year.2)在英国可用在比较文气的语言中，表示“规定”、“许诺”、“命令”等：Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.(规定)In the rules, it says that a player shall be sent off for using bad language.（规定）If you really want a pony, you shall have one.I shall write to you at the end of the month.（许诺）She shall not stay under my roof.（命令）11.1.8 should的用法1）作助动词的用法：在英国should可用作第一人称，构成过去将来时态（在口语中用would更多一些）：I should(would) be most grateful if you could do it for me.I said I should be glad to help.I never thought I should(would) see you again.2)做情态动词-表示“应该（当）”（接近于ought to）:She considered how she should answer.The police should do something about it.You should try that new restaurant.He really shouldnt work so hard.Should I try again?You should have been helping Tom.用在某些句式中使口气显得更婉转（仅用于第一人称）：I should like to phone my lawyer.We should be grateful for your help.There are a lot of things I should have liked to ask you.I should be glad to talk to you.4)用在某些宾语从句中构成谓语（美国常用动词原型）：She advised that we should keep the gate locked.They agreed the roof should be repaired.He arranged that I should go abroad.They asked that relief work should be given priority.He commanded that the army should advance.She determined that he should study music.I suggested that she should wear a jacket.5)用在某些主语从句中构成谓语（美国常用动词原形）：It is advisable that everyone should have a map.It is better that he should hear from you.It is essential that he would prepare