远程教育（完成）-en.doc

中国远程教育市场机会研究报告Research Report on China Distance Education Market Opportunities1) Government policy to Distance Education当目前为止，中国尚未从出台远程教育法，但在相关的政策文件方面已对中国发展远程教育作出了一系列规定与指导。现代远程教育已经试点近6年，教育部先后出台了 关于支持若干所高等学校建设网络教育学院开展现代远程教育试点工作的几点意见（教高厅200010号，以下简称“10号文”）、教育部关于加强高校网络教育学院管理提高教学质量的若干意见（教高20028号，以下简称“8号文”）、关于现代远程教育校外学习中心（点）建设和管理的原则意见（教高厅20021号，以下简称“1号文”）等文件，明确了发展现代远程教育的意义和目的，初步明确了试点院校的责、权、利，对于试点院校的发展具有一定的指导，同时针对试点中出现的问题也进行了规范。这些政策的出台对于我国现代远程教育试点工作的顺利开展起到了积极的作用。Until the present time, Chinese government still has not promulgated ; but there have already made a series of regulations and instructions on the aspects of relevant policies documents. Modern distance education has been practiced for about 6 years. Ministry of Education successively promulgated (2000 No. 10 Document of Higher Education Department of Ministry of Education), (2002 No. 8 Document of Higher Education Department of Ministry of Education), (2002 No. 1 Document of Higher Education Department of Ministry of Education) and etc. These documents explicit the significance and objectives of modern distance education and initially defines responsibilities, rights, benefits of experimental colleges, which is benefit to instruction on the development of experimental college, ,meanwhile, it also regulates the problems appears in experimental unit. The promulgating of all these policies play progressive role to smooth the development of experimental operations of modern national distance education.10号文件对网络教育学院的主要任务进行了明确的规定：（1）、网络教育学院开展学历教育。面向社会性招收学生，主要通过网络教学的方式来完成学历和学位教育的教学工作；面向全日制在校生， 开设网络课程，取得单科学分，同时可实现校际之间的课程互选和学分承认。No.10 document clearly regulate the main responsibilities of on-line education college: (1) on-line education college practices academic qualification education. It recruits students from all over the society, and complete its academic qualification and degree teaching work mainly through the means of on-line teaching. It targets all full-time school students who can obtain single subject credit, and it sets up on-line courses, meanwhile it can realize intercollegiate mutual course selection and credit acknowledgements. （2）、开展非学历教育。面向社会性开设继续教育课程，包括课程培训、岗位培训、证书考试和自学考试助学活动等，为社会性从业人员参加学习提供服务。（3）、探索网络教学模式。通过试点逐步建立起包括的课程体系、教学内容、教学方法、课件制作、自学、辅导、作业、实验和实践教学、网上测试、教学质量保障和监控等各个教学环节的网络教学模式，加强教学法过程的管理。（4）、探索网络教学法工作的管理机制。通过的试点逐步建立并完善包括招生、注册、收费、学籍管理、考试组织、学分认证、证书发放、毕业等网络教学工作的管理的制度，建立起适应学习化社会需要的网络教学工作管理机制。 (2)On-line Education College practices non-academic qualification education. It sets up continuing education courses facing students all over the society; including course training, position training, credential examination, self-education examination and activities of donating to poverty students, in order to provide service for social employees to attend study courses. (3) Exploring on-line teaching mode. Though experimental unit gradually establish including course system, teaching contents, teaching method, courseware editing, self-education, tutorship, assignments and experiment as well as all teaching links of online teaching mode in practice teaching, on-line examination, teaching quality guarantee and supervision, along with enhance management of online-teaching method. (4)Exploring administration mechanism of on-line teaching method; through experimental unit gradually establish and perfect the system of on-line teaching work management including recruitment, register, charge, academic status management, examination organization, credit authentication, certificate issuing and graduation. （5）、网上资源建设者。加大经费投入，减少重复建设，协作开发丰富的高质量的网上教学资源、试题库及网上测试系统，保证网络教学工作的顺利进行；要依法保护知识产权，并建立起资源共享的形式和运行机制，形成网上教育资源建设的滚动发展机制，促进我国信息产业的发展。(5) Regarding on-line resource constructor, it should enlarge spending investment but reduce repeat construction, and corporately develop abundant and high-quality on-line teaching resources, examination question database as well as on-line emanation system to ensure on-line teaching work go on wheels; it also need protect intelligent property right complying with law, in addition to establish form and operation mechanism of resource sharing, accordingly forming on-line education resource construction rolling development mechanism and promoting national information industry development. 同时，10号文件也对网络教育学院应具备的条件作出了规定：（1）、具有较强的综合实力。试点学校的办学水平和教学质量在社会性上享有良好的声誉，在教学法改革中取得了突出成绩， 已经建立了有效的校内教学质量保障与监控机制，具有较强的综合实力。（2）、能够归口管理。试点学校的网络教学工作要统筹规划，对网络资源和远程教育资源进行整合，并由网络教育学院归口管理。网络教育浣机构设置要合理，管理制度要健全。At the same time, No. 10 document also regulate the required conditions of on-line education college: (1) It should have relatively strong integration capability.(2)Be able to realize unified management, on-line teaching work of experimental school should make overall plans and take all factors into consideration, and combine on-line resources and distance education resources, as well as be combined managed by on-line education college. Structure of online education organization should be reasonable and management system needs to be sound. （3）、指导思想正确，实施方案可行。网络教育学院提出的办学指导思想要明确，教学方案要符合现代远程教育的发展趋势，教学质量保障体系和监控机制要切实可行。拟开展网络教学的专业其主要课程要能够在网上进行教学，培养规格和教学基本要求符合国家同层次同类专业的标准。（4）、软硬件条件符合要求。校园网络能够满足网络教学的需要，并且具有良好的前期工作基础，特别是网上教学资源建设的基础。校外教学支撑服务体系能够满足网络教学的基本要求，具备较强的网络教学和管理能力。 (3) Instruction ideology should be accuracy and implementation scheme is practable. The instruction ideology of on-line education college operation should be clear, and teaching scheme should be accordance with the development trend of modern distance education, also, teaching quality guarantee system and supervision mechanism should be practable. The prepared the main subjects of online education majors should be capable of implementing teaching on internet, and fostering standard and teaching basic requirement in accordance with the national standard of same levels and same category majors.(4) software and hardware conditions should be up to the mustard. Campus network should be able to satisfy online teaching requirements, and have excellent pre-work base, in particular, the establishment basic of online teaching resources. Out of campus teaching support service system should satisfy the basic needs of online teaching, and be provided with strong on-line teaching and administrative capacities.（5）、经费和师资队伍。试点学校有足够的经费投入，有高水平的教师和管理队伍，有专职的教育技术和网络技术人员，能够承担网络教育学院的课程。（6）、社会需求旺盛。拟开展网络教学的专业或专业领域，试点学校在全国或本区域应具有优势地位，社会对此专业或专业领域的人才需求旺盛。(5) Spending and teaching group; experimental school should have enough spending investment, along with a high-level teaching and administrative group, also with full-time education technology and network technology professionals who can undertake online education college programs. (6) Social demand should be thriving. Prepared implementing online education majors or specialty fields, experimental schools should have competitive advantage in nationwide or in local area, also society have great demand for the talents in such majors and specialty fields.2) Development status of Distance Education总体而言，我国的远程教育在经历了函授教育和广播电视教育两个发展阶段后，进入了一个新的发展阶段：网络教育阶段，即现代远程教育阶段。现代远程教育是计算机多媒体和网络技术参与后的远程教育，是远程教育的最新形态。1999年1月，国务院批准教育部制定的面向21世纪教育振兴行动计划正式提出“实施现代远程教育工程，形成开放式教育网络，构建终身学习体系”。从1999年到现在，我国现代远程教育已经走过了6年的历程，发展迅速，取得了一定的成绩，同时也存在着一些问题。In general, national distance education is entering a new seedtime after experienced the two development stages including correspondence education and television education, that is, network educational phase, viz. modern distance education phase. Modern distance education is up-to-date forms of distance education employing computer multi-media and network technique. In January of 1999, State department authorized constituted by Ministry of Education, and formally put forward that” implement modern distance education engineer, forming open educational network, and construct life-long study system”. From 1999 to present, our modern distance education has already had 6 years histories, it developed swiftly and obtained certain achievements, at the same time it also has some problems. a. 实施机构形成系统，规模日益扩大a. The enforcement body forming the system and the scope expands increasingly. 我国现代远程教育实施机构，主要为三个系统：（1）. 中国广播电视大学系统。电大始建于1978年，经过二十多年的发展，现已成为由中央电大、44所省级电大、814所地市级电大分校、1742所县级电大分校以及17076个教学点（班）组成的学科齐全、功能完备、特色突出的庞大的远程教育系统。截至2003年末，在册学员为150万人，是目前我国实施现代远程教育的主力部队。（2）. 普通高校网络教育学院。自从1999年教育部批准清华大学、北京邮电大学、湖南大学、浙江大学等4所高校作为启动我国现代远程教育第一批试点高校以来，到现在，试点高校已发展为67所，在册学员80万人（加上中央广播电视大学，试点高校共68所，在册学员230万人），是我国实施现代远程教育的另一支主力军。（3）. 面向中小学的网校。约200多所，也是实施现代远程教育的重要力量。National modern distance education implementation organizations include three systems: (1) Chinese Broadcasting and television college system; it began in 1978, after 20 years development, its already become a huge distance education system composed by central government television education college, 44 provincial level television education colleges, 814 city level television education branch schools as well as 1742 county level television education branch schools along with 17076 teaching units (classes), which is subjects completed, function maturity and characteristic outstanding. Up to the end of 2003, register students is about 1,500,000; it is the main force implementing modern distance education in our country currently. (2) Network Education College of general higher education school; since Ministry of education approved Tqing Hua University, Beijing Postal University, Hunan University and Chekiang University as the first set of experimental higher education schools to start up national modern distance education, experimental schools has already reached 67, and register students is 800,000 (adding central broadcasting and television university, experimental schools is 68 and register students is 2,300,000), this is another main force for implementing modern distance education in our country. (3) The network schools facing primary and secondary school students; It about 2,000,000 and is also important driving that carries out modern distance education.b. “两件”建设取得了卓越的成就 b. “two wares (software and hardwire)” construction obtained enormous achievements 6年来，我国现代远程教育的“两件”（硬件、软件）建设取得了巨大成绩，发展速度是很快的。（1）. 硬件建设，即基础设施的建设。已初步建成了计算机网络与卫星网络相结合的、覆盖全国城乡的现代远程教育网络。到2002年底，全国中小学建成的校园网已达到26000多个，比2001年翻了一番多；全国已有70%左右高校建立了校园网，450所高校实现了与中国教育科研网及因特网的互联。2004年12月25日，国家发展委、教育部等8部委联合宣布，中国第一个下一代互联网主干网CERNET2正式开通，使中国教育和科研计算机网成为世界上规模最大的学术性计算机网络，这说明我国在下一代互联网技术开发方面已经走在了世界的前列。到2004年底，农村中小学现代远程教育工程试点工作基本结束，20个省级试点单位已建设教学光盘播放点20977个，卫星教学接收点48605个，计算机教室7094间。In the past six years, “two wares” construction on national modern distance education obtained vast achievements, and it developed quickly. (1) Regarding hardware construction, that is, construction of fundamental equipment. It has already initially established combining of computer network and satellite network and covering nationwide modern distance education network. By the end of 2002, the campus network of national primary and secondary school has already reached over 260,000, one time more than in 2001; there are about 70% higher education schools established campus network, more than 450 higher educational schools have realized mutual link of China education scientific research network and internet. National Development Commission, Ministry of education and other 6 ministries and commissions together declared that the first next generation internet trunk net CERNET2 was formally started up on 25, December of 2004, which made Chinese educational and scientific research computer network become the biggest academic computer network in the world. It indicates that the R&D of China next generation internet technique has walk at the front row of world. By the end of 2004, primary and secondary education experimental work is almost completed. 20 providential level experimental units have already established teaching CD Playing units are about 20,977, and satellite teaching receiving units are about 48605, as well as computer rooms are bout 7094. （2）. 软件建设，主要是网络课程与数字教材的建设。目前试点高校现代远程教育开设专业已覆盖工学、管理学、医学、文学、理学、农学、经济学、教育学、法学、哲学等十大学科门类，共153种专业，开设课程总数达1.8万门（包括高职、本科和部分研究生班的课程）。2004年，教育部征集、遴选、审核了34家出版单位选送的1116个条目、5272盘片的教学光盘，提供给中小学使用；教育部李嘉诚西部教育扶贫项目，建成了总容量达200GB的教学资源库；中央电教馆资源中心，以平均每周4G的数量，通过卫星IP广播向西部中小学免费提供教学资源；中国教育电视台，每天安排11个半小时的空中课堂电视节目和教育部网站信息广播节目。这些举措，对推进中小学特别是西部农村中小学现代远程教育起了重要的作用。(2) As regard to software construction, is mainly the construction of network program and digital materials. Presently, the majors of modern distance education in higher education schools in covering ten categories including engineering, management, iatrology, arts, science, , agriculture, economics, education , law and philosophy; there are 153 specialties and 180,000 subjects (including higher vocational school, undergraduate course and partly graduate course). In 2004, Ministry of education collected, selected and examined 1,116 items and 5,272 teaching CDs sent by 34 publish units to provide primary and secondary school to use; Ministry of education project of LiJiacheng supporting education in west poverty areas, has established 200GB teaching resource database; Central television education resource center provide west primary and secondary schools teaching resources with free charge by averagely 4G every week through satellite IP broadcasting; Chinese education TV channel arranges 11 and half hour sky classroom TV programme and ministry of education website information broadcasting programme. All these measures play significant role in promoting primary and secondary school modern distance education, especially, in west areas.c. 发展中的主要问题c. Key problem in development我国现代远程教育，6年快速发展，成绩显著，但也存在不少问题，其中比较突出的是资金不足、网上资源不足、技术支持不足、专业人员不足。（1）.我国现代远程教育尚处在起步阶段，不论是硬件环境建设、软件资源开发、专业人员培训等等，都需要有大量的资金投入，虽然政府每年都有巨额拨款，但仍未能满足发展的实际需要，这是当前发展中存在的重要问题之一。（2）. 网上资源不足。目前的基本情况是：一方面互联网上的资源浩如烟海，一方面可以真正用于远程教育学与教的资源寥若晨星。近几年来，有关出版部门编制了为数不少的数字化教材，但适用的优质课件不多；各网校之间彼此互不开放，形成一个个“信息孤岛”，网上资源死链多，不能实现资源共享。National modern distance education has developed rapidly for six years and the achievements is dramatic, however, it also has a few problems, in particular, being short of capital, on-line resources, technique supports and professionals. (1) National modern distance education is still on the start stage; construction of hardware environment, development of software resource and professionals training need enormous capital investments, even government appropriate a large sum of money every year, it still cannot satisfy actual needs, which is one of the main problems in current development. (2) Lacking of internet resources; current situation is: one side internet resources is tremendous, but the other side is the recourses could be used for distance education is insufficient. In recent years, some publish units compiled a large number of digital teaching materials, however, the suitable and high-quality courseware is not much; besides, each internet schools dont open for each other and consequently formed “ isolated island of information”. Also, there are too many died links of on-line resources to realize information sharing. （3）. 技术支持不足。现代远程教育的技术环境建设，主要是信息通道的硬件设施以及相应的软件系统，包括天地网合一远程教育平台、卫星教学收视点和教学光盘播放点远程教育平台、网络教学支撑软件平台等的构建还不完善，不能满足远程教育的教与学对技术支持的需求。（4）. 专业人员不足。专业人员包括高等现代远程教育学校的管理人员、技术人员、教学人员和中小学的网管人员、信息技术教师等。按照英国开放大学的标准：每50个学生一个教师，2003年，我国从事高等现代远程教育工作的试点高校本部的教职工为1.9万人，专业人员并不算少，但素质有待提高。 (3) Technique support is deficient. Technique environment construction of modern distance education mainly is the construction of information channels hardware equipments and relevant software system, which includes syncretism of heaven and earth net distance education platform, and distance education platform of satellite teaching receiver and teaching CD play spot. The construction of software platform of on-line teaching support is not enough; it cannot satisfy the technique support requirements of distance education toward teaching and learning. (4) Professionals are scarce. Professionals include administration staffs, technique personnel, teaching staff, system administrator of primary and secondary schools, as well as information technology teacher of modern distance higher education schools. According to the standard of UK opening universities: one teacher every 50 students. In 2003, faulty number of experimental universities or colleges of modern distance education is about 190,000 in our country; the number is not small but the quality needs to improve. 3) Development trend of Distance Education信息化社会人们需要终身学习，远程教育特别是以网络为主要载体的现代远程教育，顺应了这一趋势，给人们随时获取新知识提供了便捷和强有力的支持。如今，全球每年有超过7000万人次通过互联网来接受教育，继续教育已占美国GNP的6%，而且在不断向上攀升。以互联网为核心的在线学习（e-Learning）正在成为全球性的教育培训的潮流和趋势。新世纪里，中国的远程职教育将呈现出以下的发展趋势： Information-based society needs people study for life time. Distance education, in particular, modern distance education employing network as the main carrier conforms this trend, which provide people convenient, swift and strong supports for obtaining knowledge at any time. Currently, there are more than 70,000,000 people accepting education though internet and continuous education has already accounted %6 of America GNP in and increase continuously. E-learning with internet as core is becoming the tidal current and trend of global education training. In new century, Chinese distance education will present the following development trend. （1）、知识运用的主体性：同传统的教育和培训模式相比较，远程教育更注重解决人们在日常生活中和实际工作中遇到的技术和技能问题，不仅仅是局限在理论知识的传授上，而且对于人们实际应用技能的培养将会占到绝对多的比重。“知识的运用比知识的拥有更重要”的理念将深入人心。（2）、数字教育平民化：虽然互联网的产生已经有20多年的历史，然而他真正走入人们的日常生活，尤其是成为人们接受教育的一个重要手段，只是在最近几年。 (1) Significance of knowledge exertion; comparing with trad