动词分类.doc

Step One: Revision 他可能来，若来，我就问问他。他1950年移民，那时困难与动荡重重。让我们只谈论与我们有关的问题。没有一个人不想活着出去。你几乎找不到没有缺点和错误的人。我们花了比预想中要多的钱。He may come, in which case I will ask him.He emigrated in 1950, at which time / when there was much hardship and unrest.Lets discuss only such questions as concern every one of us.There was not a man but hoped to get out alive.You can hardly find a man but has shortcomings and faults. We have spent more money than was intended to be spent.Step Two: Presentation 1. Classification of the verb(1) 根据动词在动词短语中的功能，动词分为：实义动词lexical verb，基本动词primary verb，情态助动词modal auxiliary verb。实义动词只能用作主要动词，情态动词只能做助动词，而基本动词既可做主要动词，又可做助动词。Ann is a happy girl. 主要动词The weather has been improving. 体助动词Tom was awarded a prize. 被动语态助动词注意：能帮助主动词构成否定句，疑问句，以及倒装句的助动词又称为功能词operator。At no time was the entrance left undamaged.Wont you try again? (2) Transitive verb; intransitive verb; link verb or copular verb注意：跟同源宾语的动词是及物动词。She died a glorious death. (3) 从词汇意义来说，动词可分为静态动词 stative verb和动态动词 dynamic verb。静态动词表示特性和特征。特性指主语所指对象相对持久和不可转移的特性，通常不用于进行体，若用于进行体，则表示不是一种持久地特性。除了增添了进行体的短暂意义之外，还必须对它的解释做某种变动。Mary is being tired. 假装疲惫The neighbors are being friendly. 也许不真诚I am hoping you will come. 更具有探寻的语气Tina is resembling her mother more and more. 进行体与比较结构连用，把原来的静态意义变成过程意义。注意：表示状态的动词分为四类。心智状态动词intellectual states：know, believe, think, wonder, suppose, imagine, realize, understand情感或态度状态动词states of emotion or attitude：intend, wish, want, like, disagree, pity。在强调短暂性或探寻性时，可用于进行体。What were you wanting?感觉状态动词verbs of perception：see, hear, smell, taste, seem, appear? I am seeing these photographs. 然而，与see, hear相对应的动态动词look at, listen to 则描述一种有意识的活动，常用于进行体。但在强调感觉过程中，see, hear 可用于进行体。I need some spectacles. I am not seeing things so well. 体感状态动词states of body sensation：hurt, ache, tickle, itch, feel cold当指短暂性状态时，进行体和非进行体可以换用。My back aches / is aching.动态动词：分为持续的 durative 和瞬间的 punctual。前者用于进行体，后者表示动作重复时用进行体。注意趋向动词 transitional verb 属于瞬息动词如arrive, die, fall, lose, stop, land, leave。他们的一般时表示到达界限，进行体表示接近达到界限，但还处于短暂的过渡。The Boeing 747 is taking off.(4) 就词的构成来说，可分为单字动词 single-word verb 和多字动词 multi-word verb。2. Transitive Verbs 及物动词+非谓语动词搭配形式。及物动词+indefinite/gerund (object)及物动词+indefinite/present participle/past participle (object complement) The prime suspect admitted having kidnapped the boy. (动名词做宾语)He is so conceited as to disdain to listen attentively to anyones views. (不定式做宾语)In no time he acknowledged it to have been done the day before. (不定式做宾补)The leader from the central government is supervising the workers building the railway line. (中央领导正在视察指导工人们修建铁路)（现在分词作宾补）She began to wish her marriage finished in no time. (过去分词作宾补) Classification Monotransitive verbs + Direct ObjectHe denied himself to have used violence./ He denied having used violence. Ditransitive verbs + Direct Object + Indirect ObjectThe tribute accorded him was fully deserved. accord sb sth/ accord sth to sb Complex-transitive verbs + Object + Complement(名词，as+名词,形容词，副词，介词，不定式，现在分词，过去分词)We chose him deputy to the National Peoples Congress.I interpreted her answer as a refusal.Make yourself at home. They were doomed to die out.The poor Soapy imagined his parted parents to come back to have dinner with him.His equivocal words made me completely confused.3. Intransitive Verbs He strongly objected to the plan.Seldom do people complain about high prices.4. Others(1) Link verbs + predicative The market remained depressing.He has got accustomed to his new duties. He has grown rich.(2) Auxiliary verbs be (am, is, are, was, were, been, being), have, do, shall, will, be to, be going to, be about toShe speaks much more fluently than she did last term.Do remember me to your parents when you write to them.(3) Modal verbs (4) Semi-auxiliary verbs which cannot be made passive themselves.Practice:她已经被提拔为我们的头头了。She has been promoted to head of our department.我们已经叫人把新房子装潢好了。We have had our new house decorated.总统无情的除掉了他的政敌。The president ruthlessly disposed of his rival.那个女孩渴望成为一个明星。The girl aspires to become a pop star.我们期望能出国旅行。We are looking forward to traveling abroad.城市居民正在努力提高自己道德观念。City dwellers are striving to improve their moral fibre. 他告我要来。He informed me of his arrival. 问题仍然没有得到解决。The problems remained unresolved.演讲比赛的准备工作正在进行。Preparations are being made for the speech contest.这正是你按理本不该做的事。This is something you should not have done.能够实现人生目标的人必定是个意志坚强的人。A man able to attain his goal must be a strong-willed man. 最后一幕是大团圆。The final scene turned out to be a family reunion.Practice: Point out the different classes of verbs in the following sentences. 1. The situation is deteriorating. Intransitive verb2. She laughed a scornful laugh. Transitive verb3. We must persist in our effort. Intransitive verb4. Have you proposed to her? Intransitive verb He proposed another meeting. Transitive verb5. She wished them a safe journey. Ditransitive verb6. He was left to chain-smoke in the living room. Stop shilly-shallying and make your mind up. They cross-examined the defence witness. Compound verb 辩护证人7. She is down with the flu. Link verb8. Make money our servant. He shouted himself hoarse. Complex-transitive verb Step Three: Single-word verbs & multi-word verbs 1. Single word verbs I will torment you on this injury. I want to torment her with indifference. 2. Multi-word verbs 多字动词在英语中运用十分广泛，无论在报刊、散文、小说或剧本中俯拾即是。多字动词由于词义和用法变化较多，往往成为英语学习中的障碍。Put out your cigarettes. 熄灭The young men should look up to the old ones. 尊敬He often went back on his words. 食言They all looked up to him for guidance. 指望He couldnt bear to part with the smallest sum of money for the charity appeal. 放弃3. 比较 非习语形式 & 习语形式； 自由组合 & 短语动词come in & give in send someone away & turn someone down come with me & come across a problem receive something from somebody & take someone for a foolrun away with something & come up with an answer 区别：(1) 短语动词无法孤立的根据动词和小品词的意义来预测组合后的意义。但在自由组合中，动词作为正常的不及物动词，而副词则有其自己的意义，并能被另一副词所代替。如 put down/outside/away/aside(2) 在句法方面，在自由组合中，可在副词小品词和动词之间加上修饰性副词right，但对短语动词来说不可以。如 Drink right up. Go right on. ? He turned right up at last. (3) 自由组合中，可将副词放在动词前面，构成倒装句。但对短语动词来说不可以。如 Out came the sun. On we drove into the night. Up you come. (主语为代词时不能倒装)Up went the rocket. ? Up blew the tank. 4. 多字动词的类型(1) 短语动词 (不及物短语动词& 及物短语动词) (动词+副词)不及物短语动词The plane has just touched down. 着陆 Did he catch on? 理解How did the talks break down? 中止 I hope you will get by. 通过She turned up unexpectedly. 出现 The tank blew up. 爆炸及物短语动词He cannot let down his past. I cannot make out what he means.She is bringing up two children. She looked up her tutor. 尊敬They called off the football match. She took in her husband.(2) 介词动词 (动词+介词 & 动词+直接宾语+介词+介词宾语) He doesnt care for her parties. We approved of their action. They must go into the problem. His eyes lightened upon the jewel. They deprived her of her rights. He plied her with liquor. 强劝Confine your remarks to the matter under discussion.此类具有正常的被动式。其动词后的直接宾语变为被动式的主语。She was deprived of her rights. Did you make any allowance for inflation? 估及 They have made a terrible mess of the room. 此类动词的直接宾语前可以加限定词或形容词。有两种被动式。一是直接宾语变为被动式的主语。如 A terrible mess has been made of the room.二是将介词宾语变为被动式的主语，但较难接受。如 ? The room has been made a terrible mess of. Suddenly we caught sight of the lifeboat. Dont give way to grief. 不要过度悲伤。此类只有一种被动。介词宾语变为被动式主语。如The lifeboat was suddenly caught sight of. She was being made fun of. ? Fun was being made of. 区分：短语动词 & 介词动词 短语动词的小品词可位于动词后面的名词短语之前或之后，但介词动词的小品词必须位于名词短语之前。They call up the dean. = They call the dean up. (短语动词) summon They called on the dean. =? They called the dean on. (介词动词) visit 当动词后面的名词短语为人称代词时，如果是短语动词，代词就位于小品词之前；如果是介词动词，代词则位于小品词之后。They called him up. ? They called up him.They called on him. 介词动词中，副词可以插在动词和小品词之间，但在短语动词中不可。They called angrily on the dean. ? They called angrily up the dean. 短语动词的小品词不能位于关系分句句首的关系代词之前。如? Then man up whom they called. The man on whom they called is the President. 短语动词的小品词不能位于wh问句句首的疑问词之前。如? Up which man did they call?On which man did they call? (3) 短语介词动词 动词+副词+介词She is looking forward to the party on Sunday. He thinks that he can get away with it.Why dont you look in on =visit Mr. Johnson on your way back?这类动词的被动式不太常用，但以下是正常的能成立的。These tantrums c