荆州博物馆导游词.doc

Ladies and gentleman, Welcome to the ancient city，Jingzhou. I will be your tour guide today. First, please allow me to introduce myself. My family name is , working in TIANMA travel agency. You can call me . The person behind me is Mr Wang, who is the local guide of our tour. Thanks for you your applause.We are about to visit Jingzhou museum. Jingzhou, with its long and splendid history, is the birthplace of the Chu Cluture, and also the cultural aggregation of Three Kingdoms. Jingzhou is also one of 24 famous historical and cultural cities which were publicity announced by State Council in the first batch. Jingzhou museum represents the essence of Jingzhou city. Now ladies and gentlemen, please follow me to step into that glorious and remote history.Jingzhou museum is a local and comprehensive museum, situated in Kaiyuan Daoist Temple in the west of the city. It covers an area of 70 Chinese acres, whose scale is second to none in the museums of prefecture-level cities. At the same time, it enjoys a good reputation domestically and abroad by its exquisite environment, rich collection of cultural relics and gem exhibition with local characteristics, and the plentiful and substantial fruit in archaeological research. The amount of cultural relics here is more than 10,000, among which 500 belong to Grade I or II cultural relics of the state. In 1994, this museum was reputed to be “the champion of the best museums” in the museums of prefecture-level cities. At present, it has 7 display rooms. In the Gem Building, there is the exhibition of No.168 Tomb of Han dynasty which was unearthed in Phoenix Mountain, and the exquisite wooden lacquered articles of ancient times, as well as some silk fabrics of Chu and Han culture; There are many exhibitions in the main building. Such as the primeval culture exhibition of Jianghan plain which contains ruins of Ji Gong mountain of the Old stone age and the ruins of Da Xi Culture , Qu Jialing Culture, Shi Jiahe Culture which all belong to the Neolithic age; the culture exhibition of Jianghan plain, which is appraised as one of the top ten gorgeous exhibitions by the national state administration of culture relics in 1999; the exhibition of the extant culture relics of porcelain and the exhibition of bamboo and wooden slips about Chu and Han. Except that, the special exhibition of culture relics which are about the second grave of Tian Xing Guan, and the performence in Chu Yue palace are also shown in the main building. Today we mainly visit the three exhibitions in the treasure building.If we compare Jingzhou museum to a storehouse of cultural relics, those which exhibited in the Gem building should be consider as the “king of the treasures”. Now, we will move to the special exhibition of an ancient corpse of Western Han Dynasty. The No.168 tomb of Han dynasty of Phoenix Mountain was unearthed in 1975. The delicacy cultural relics from this tomb are put in an exclusive exhibition room, with the total number of 500. What strikes us most is a male corpus from Western Han Danasty, which can date back to 2100 years ago. This is another significant archeology discover after the female corpus unearthed in Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty in 1972.the male corpus is the oldest and best kept male soft resin. Now the two corpses, one man belongs to Yang lies in the south while one woman belongs to Yin lies in the north. All the oppositions make them much more famous.Attention please, this is the masters inner and outer coffins. Since it is double coffins, it represents that the master had a decent social status. This is the state when it was unearthed. as it has been buried so many years, in addition with the subsoil water, this takes on the appearance we saw now. Ok, let us go to the second floor please. This coffin contains three parts: the head-case, wing-case and coffin room, which was made as his habitable room before death. If notice carefully, you will find that the coffin even has door and windows in the middle, so what is the reason? In Han Dynasty, death was seen as a transition from one life to the next, and in the afterlife the deceased continued to live the lifestyle they enjoyed while alive. After death, their souls can come in and go out freely through the window, and the slaves still serve them as before. Ok, let us move left, and this is the master of the tomb. According to the literary inscription discovered in the tomb, his name is “Sui”, he was born in Jiangling county of Jingzhou city, whose rank of nobility is Wudafu, which is equal to or a little higher than the present county mayor. the archaeological stuff estimated his rank as follows: with an inappropriate analogy, his rank is equal to vice-department level officer at present time. According to the record, this corpus was buried in 167BC, 2142 years before it was unearthed. The corpus was unearthed with the upper body naked, only covered by a piece of white burlap. The master is about 60 years old when he died, 52.5 kilograms weight, 1.678 meters tall; the soft tissue such as skin and muscle still have flexibility, the big and small joints of the four limbs still can shift; the corpus has 32 teeth, which are complete and firm. The nasal passage is unimpeded, the left tympanic membrane still saves; the durra mater is complete and the meninx blood vessel is clear to see, 12 pairs of cranial nerves nearly can be recognized. In this round case is his encephala, which takes 80 percent of the cranial cavity, weighing 970 grams. To a normal adult, the weight of the encephalon is 1400 gram. From this figure we can conclude that obviously the moisture content did not lose much; in the rectangular box is his internal organs. after the unearthing of this corpus, doctors carried on a dissection to this body and discovered that his inside organs are complete, no shifting phenomenon; the skeleton position of the whole body is normal without osteoporosis; as the supporter of muscle, hypodermic collaenous fibre preservation is under a quite good condition, which has no big difference from the new organizations; the protein, the fat,the carbohydrate and so on are persevered at different degree. The medicine personnel also found human cells in the cartilage and the testicle. His blood type is AB. Before his death, the person contracted cholecystitus, pericarditis, gallstone, pleurisy and diffused hemorrhage to all the organs of the whole body, the diffuse hemorrhage is the lethal substantial clause to death. In the internal organs, some parasitic ovum are discovered, some schistosome, Trichuris trichiura, cestode and Clonorchis sinensis. The discovery of schistosome ovum is conformed to those were discovered from the female body of No.1 Tomb of Han Dynasty in Mawangdui. This prove that Schisosomiasis prevailed in Hunan and Hubei province, and the record of Schisosomiasis in ancient medical books was correct and explicit. when the coffin operated, the ancient corpus was immersed in 400,000 milliliter russetish coffin fluid. This kind of coffin fluid is made up of several dozens of Chinese medicines, and the main constituent is Cinnabar. As the color of Cinnabar is russetish, so this corpus takes on the similar color. The nature of coffin fluid toward alkalinity, therefore the ancient corpses clothes is dissolved completely. But there is a pair of gunny shoes on his feet, since gunny has the kali resistively, so it can be kept completely. Now this ancient body is soaked in the formalin for anticorrosion. But this kind of antisepsis liquid was not existed in the Western Han Denysty in 2000 years ago. It puzzled us that what method used to keep it? The research indicated that it has three main reasons for the corpus staying so long without spoil. The first is the deep buries, the ancient corpse is approximately 10 meters lower than the ground ; The second is sealing. There are lots of green cinerous putty and montmorillenite around the grave pit which are about 5.4 meter deep. For its coffinscover has been sealed by linen and raw lacquer, the ancient corpse has been kept in a anoxic homoiothermal and constant-humid environment. The third reason is that the liquid in the coffin is antibacterial, bactericidal, antiseptic. This corpse dictated that as early as 2000 years ago, China had achieved a quite high level in the technical aspects of medicine, health and anticorrosion. it is supplement to the research results of the female corpse discovered in the No.1 Tomb of Han dynasty in Mawangdui. it also enriched the ancient Histology and ancient Pathology and so on, which added many new materials to the research of our countrys medicine science.ok, now let us move to the gem exhibition of ancient wooden lacquered articles. It is the one and only special display of wooden lacquered articles in the whole county. The wooden lacquered article is one of the products endowed with Chinese characters. According to relative records, China began to use lacquer at primitive society as early as 7000 years ago, and the process of making lacquered article originated and developed from Shang Dynasty. In a long period, it has earned a wide affection from people, since it has the function of acid and alkali resistant, high temperature resistance, anti-Corrosion and moisture-proof. Jingzhou museum has more than 10 thousand lacquered articles, which belong to Warring States Period, Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty, is the museum that has the most lacquered articles. The ancient wooden lacquered articles have various kinds. According to the inside part of the nature, it can be divided into three kinds, the wooden-body lacquer, the earth ware-body lacquer and the ghbty. according to the usage, it can be divided into diet appliances, like various liquor container; entrainment instruments, like guitar and lute; weapons like wooden shield; it is also used as evil influence avoid symbol like Tomb-guard beast. These ancient lacquer ware stayed complete after more than 2000 years underground, it is really mysterious. This museum displays more than 200 articles of ancient lacquer ware. They all looks vivid and unique, have delicacy instructions and bright colors. And they all have special historical value and artistic value, are the treasure of rare.What we see now is a Tiger Pedestal Bird, also known as Flying Lian. It is a god who controls the wind, used to lead the decedents soul. It is the shape only found in tombs of Chu nobles during the Warring States Period. It consists of the Flying phoenix standing on the tiger with a pair of large and odd antlers. It is engraved lively and exquisitely. Tiger, phoenix and deer symbolize majesty and auspicious sign separately. Some scholars thought it as wind god Flying Lian or the god leading persons soul up to Heaven. Ok, let us move on. This lacquer article is Feather Man. It was excavated from No.2 tomb of Tianxing Temple in 2000, which is more than 2300 years far from now. It made up of 3 parts: the lacquer pedestal with the shape of toad, the Riflebird and the Feather Man. The height of the whole article is 66.5cm, and the height of the Feather Man is 33.6cm, the length of the feather is 34cm. The Feather Man is naked and fat, standing on the crouching toad. According to the Classic of Mountains and Rivers, a person has to go through an elusion process if he wants to become immortal, by the method of growing feather or standing on a bird head. The whole description fits closely with the model and exterior appearance of this article. The model is the unity of bird and human, with human face and body and legs while bird mouth and tail and feet. Experts have not gotten integrated conclusion about the function and significance. Some thought it was the original model of the Classic of Mountains and Rivers, a miracle instrument used by necromancer to communicate with heaven; others thought it was a combined model of Chu State people and their totem; others said it was a model of the Godness of Sky-patching. It relative closely to the religion belief.And this one is Wooden Talisman. It is a piece of cultural relics belongs to Warring State Period, excavated from the No.1 tomb of Horse hill in Jingzhou distract of the city, can date back to 2400 years ago. The length of the implement is 69.5 centimeters with an odd style. It has tiger head, beast face and four legs. Its head upward, mouth open slightly, teeth exposed with short curly tail, as if walking. The four bamboo-like limbs all of different length, takes on symmetrical beauty of the four limbs according to the original branch and roots. Two fore limbs toward right of the trunk while the two rare limbs toward left. Many patterns are engraved on the limbs, such as snake, lizard, bird and cicada, etc. Snake eats lizard, lizard eats bird, bird eats cicada, all these make a food-chain relationship of natural world. So it is described very carefully from the whole to the details. Such unexpected design and decoration give people some puzzles of religion and philosophy. It made from tree roots, with partial artificial carving, is the oldest root carving artwork that found until now, and is regarded as the ancestor of root carving. It illustrates the creating method of harmony between man and the nature, as well as the excellent artistic achievement. This is Tomb-guard beast, whose gross height is 170 centimeters. It is unearthed in the No.1 tomb of Tianxingguan in Jiangling county of Jingzhou city. The pedestal of it is solid square wood, with four copper Chinese doorknockers on the circle. He beasts body takes on double opposite ouches, with holy base inserting in the pedestal. The beasts heads toward the opposite sides, and the beasts faces on the two flanks. It has protruded eyes and expanded nose, with the long tongue hanging to the chest position. A pair of antlers was inserted in the head, which can be moved away. These antlers open bilaterally with vigorous and forceful imagine, which adds the mystique of Tomb-guard Beast. The whole implement painted with black lacquer background, with pictures in red and golden on it. There are walking dragon design, lighting pattern and geometry veins on the beast body and the pedestal, very colorful and splendid. such double heads tomb-guard beast usually in lofty body-image, was put in the head-case when coffined, and was important burial article. This is a funerary object protects the decedents soul from being disturbed by ghost and sprite .According to The Chou Rituals, there is a monster called Elf Elephant, prefers to eat the liver and brain of dead person; another divine animal named Fang Xiangshi, can chase the Elf Elephant away, which was always put near by the tomb. It also said that Fang Xiangshi has four gold eyes, covered with bearskin, wears coat and black trousers, to chase Elf Elephant and Fangliang(another demon harmful to the decedent) by striking the four corners with spear. In some scholars opinion, the custom of using Tomb-guard beast is the evolution of the legend of Fang Xiangshi; others thought it has something to do with Talisman, Magic Spirit and Shibo, based on the speculation of the double antlers on the its head. Now let us go to the Chuhan Needlework Show, which can embody the artistic fascination of Jingzhou museum most. In the ancient days, men till the land and women weave cloth. Many beautiful dreams were knitted in the silk cloth, and also left numerous good memories. it is deep-rooted in cultural background, dispersed as misty image. The stitch is subtle, has a comfortable feel, and seems very elegant and graceful. As early as thousands of years ago, the silk was delivered to Europe along the Ancient Silk Road. This is not only the transportation of pieces of beautiful and charming clothes, but also the transmission of remote and splendid culture of the East. Almost from then on, the silk became the symbol and disseminator of East culture. The silk fiber of Chu states conveys the meaning and lingering charm of Chu Culture, which make the old silk culture much more deep and long-lasting. Now please answer me a question: can you imagine what the quilt looked like in China 2000 years ago?Ok, let us have a look in Chuhan Needlework Show. This exhibition room displays large quantities of knitted and embroidered masterpieces belongs to middle part of the Warring Period. They were unearthed in Mashan Bricks and Tiles Plant in Jingzhou city, 2300 years to now. the long period, the numerous quantity, the unique pattern, and the perfect conversation are really rare in the history of the Archeology . it is praised as “the goldmine of silk”. There are simple geometric designs and complicated figures and flowers, with the expression skill of embroidering and jacquard weave. the categories of silk contain thick but loosely woven silk，muslin, cotton, s ilk etc, with the techniques of polyester decoration and dyeing and scouring. Last but not least, this embroider clothing with colorful cords of fine linen and the polyester fiber ribbon cast on with warp, are all the first discovery of silk in the Warring States Period so far.In Eastern Zhou Dyasty, the technique of silk weaving and embroidery in Chu State developed rapidly, with more colorful design and finer manufacture. These exibitions came from No.1 Chu tomb in Mashan and No.167 Han tomb of Phoenix Hill. They not only reflect the highest level of embroidery technical at that time, but also are curiosas to research the trappings and arts in Chu and Han Period. These national treasure “clothing and footwear world crowns” mainly are thick but loosely woven silk，muslin, cotton and silk. The ready-made articles are coverlet, petticoat, gown, lined undercoat and garment. The Varity of silk can be divided unlimitedly. For example, patch can be divided into male or female patch, square or round pat