状语从句讲义.doc

状语从句讲义状语从句在句中作状语，修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句放在主句之前时，常用逗号分开：放在主句之后，一般不用逗号。状语从句按其意义和作用可分为时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等九种。I. 时间状语从句 时间状语从句常用连词有when，as，while，before，after，since，till（until），as soon as，hardlywhen，no soonerthan，the moment等。时间状语从句一般不用将来时，因此，主句若为将来时，时间状语从句要用一般现在时。如： Ill go on with the work when I come back tomorrow.一、when, while与as的异同 作为从属连词，三者的意思都是“当时候”，在用法上有如下异同点。1.在主句的谓语动词表示短暂动作，而从句说的是一段时间发生的动作时，三个连词都可以。如： I met him aswhenwhile I was doing some shopping.2.从句动作发生的时间如果是某一点，而且主句动作同时或几乎同时发生时，不能用while，而只能 用when或as。如： I met him as/when I was getting off the bus.3.当从句动作发生在主句动作之前时，只能用when，如： I will ring you up when I return.4.主句用进行时态，从句动作发生的时间如果是某一点，只能用when。如： My mother was cooking the supper when I got home.5.如果主句和从句的动作都在一段时间发生，可用as或while，只不过as强调主句和从句中的动作同时发生，而while强调主句的动作延续于while所指的整个时间。As I put on my coat，something fell out of the pocket onto the floor.While he was in prison，Joe Hill continued to writesongs to keep up the workers fight二、when的从属连词用法 when作为从属连词引导时间状语从句，既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后。如： When we got home，it was already eight oclock. Come again when you have time 但在下面这组句子中，when引导的不是时间状语从句，而是并列句，不译成“当的时候”，而译成“这时”。1)One evening some of Napoleons soldiers were drinking together when a young Frenchman brought a friend to their table.2)He had just got into bed about half past eleven when he felt the floor shaking under him.3)I was about to explain when the bell rang 在以上例子中，各句的中心不在前面，而在when引导的分句上。而且when引导的句子说明的情况是事先未曾预料到的，有一定的突然性。when的意思为and at that moment或and suddenly。 when引导的这种句子不能放在句首。三、till（until）表示 “一直到时”，主句用持续性动词的肯定式，从句也用肯定式。表示“直 到才”，主句用非持续性动词的否定式，从句用肯定式。 例如： He worked until it was dark. He did not get up till his mother came in.四、as soon as，和the moment引导的从句表示“就 ” 用no sooner。than和hardlywhen 引导的从句表示“刚就”。主句中的动词一般用过去完成时，从句用过去时；而且主句一般倒装，把助动词had提到前面。例如： As soon as I finish the work，Ill go to see you Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise五关于since和beforesince “自从以来”, 引导的时间状语从句中的动词用一般过去时, 主句用现在完成时。 before “在之前”，引导的状从动词用一般过去时, 主句用过去完成时How have you been since I saw you last time?How long had you been here before I saw you？下列句型是: It is (或has been)+一段时间+since+时间状语从句. It was (或had been)+一段时间+before+时间状语从句. 如It was nearly a month _I received the managers reply. 一个月后我收到经理的回复。It_(be ) four years since he_（arrive) here. 他来这里四年了。before “在之前” 但在下列句子中可尝试译作一段时间之后某人做某事， It will be half a year before I come back. 译作_It wont be half a year before we meet again. 译作_练一练 填入适当的词：since, before, when, thatIt is five years _he finished his research.It was five years _he finished his research.It was five years later _he finished his research.It was 5 oclock _ he got home.II. 让步状语从句 让步状语从句由although（though），as，even if，however, whetheror, whatever，no matterwhenhowwhatwhowhere等词引导。一、though和although although是较正式语体，语气比（even）though强，且一般用在句首。（even）though比较通俗，较常用。下列情况只能用though：1.在部分倒装的从句中，如： Young though he was，he was burdened with a big family.2.在as though，even though等短语中though不能用although代替。值得注意的是，不管though还是although，都不能与but连用。 二、由as引导的让步状语从句 由as连词引导的让步从句是一种部分倒装句，其结构通常是：adj.(adv, n 或v)as主语谓语其他成分（主句）。注意，名词前不用冠词。如： Tall as he is，he cannot reach the top shelf（前面是形容词） Fast as he ran， he missed the first bus（前面是副词） Hero as she is，she is modest. （前面是名词） Try as I might，I couldnt lift the stone前面是动词原形 上述句子中的as都可以用though代替。下面三种结构意思相同： Though he was a child (_ /_)，he had won three gold medals in sportsIII. 原因状语从句一、for，because，since，as表示原因 for和because，since，as一样，都可作“因为”讲。但for不表示产生某种结果的必然因果关系，主从句之间用逗号隔开。because表示产生某种结果的必然因果关系，是全句的中心，主句反而成了次要的部分，有时主句甚至可以省略。回答why的问题只能用because比较： It must have rained last night，for the ground is wet The ground is wet because it rained last night二、since和as表示原因的份量不如because那么重，而且通常放在句首。如： Since you say so，I suppose its true. As it is raining，I will not go out.三、because用于否定句中时，有没有逗号意义是不相同的。 Im not interested in him，because he is poor（否定主句） 我对他不惑兴趣是因为他很穷。 Im not interested in him because he is poor.（没有逗号时，否定转移到从句） 我不是因为他很穷才对他感兴趣。 IV. 条件状语从句 条件状语从句用if, unless（if.not），as（so）long as（只要）等词引导，如果主句是将来时，条件状语从句用一般现在时表示： As long as I live，I shall work hard。 I shall not go to school unless I finish my homework. unless与if unless和if都可引导条件状语从句，但意义不同。unless的意思是if not，两者常可互换。如： Ill go if my wife is invited too. I wont go unless my wife is invited too.有时虽没有not，可用反义表达来互换。如： I go for a walk every day if weather permits I go for a walk unless bad weather stops meV. 地点状语从句 地点状语从句常用where，wherever等连词引导。 Wherever you go，Ill follow you. 注意where引导的地点状语从句不要和定语从句相混淆。 We shall go where working conditions are difficult（_从句） We shall go to the place where working conditions are difficult.（_从句）VI. 结果状语从句 结果状语从句一般由so，so that，sothat，suchthat引导，放在主句之后。例如： The box is so heavy that nobody can move it. It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it. So heavy is the box that nobody can move it 注意不要和定语从句混淆： Zhangjiajie is such a marvelous place_ everyone wants to visit it. （_引导_语从句）张家界是如此神奇的地方，人人都想去游玩。Zhangjiajie is such a marvelous place_ everyone wants to visit.（_引导_语从句并在从句中作_语，不/可省）张家界是如此一个人人都想去游玩的神奇地方。 VII. 目的状语从句 目的状语从句常由so that，in order that，lestfor fear that等引导，放在主句之后。一、so that， in order that They started early so that they might arrive in time They started early so as toin order to arrive in time. He works hard in order that he can serve his country well.注意：1)so that和so as to均不能位于句首. 2)与so that作结果状语的区别。如： He hurried to the station so that he could catch the early bus.（表目的） = He got to the station hurriedly so that he could catch the early bus 他匆匆忙忙赶到车站，为的是能搭上早班车。 He hurried to the station so that he caught the early bus.（表结果） = He got to the station hurriedly so that he caught the early bus. = He got to the station so hurriedly that hecaught the early bus.二、lest 和for fear that所连接的状语从句里常用should或原形动词, 译作以免；生怕；唯恐（that 用于fear，worry等词之后起连接作用，无实际意义） They started out early for fear that they (should) miss the train. Be careful lest you fall from that tree. 要当心，以免从树上摔下来。 I was afraid lest he might come too late. 我怕他来得太晚。VIII. 方式状语从句 方式状语从句放在主句之后，用as，just as，as if, as though等引导。as if和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，也可用陈述语气。例如： The old man runs very fast as if he were a young man. You may do as you please.IX. 比较状语从句 比较状语从句常由asas，than，not soas，the morethe more等词引导。比较从句部分常是省略句。例如： I know you better than he does. The more we can do for you, the happier we will be.附：状语从句的省略当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语, 那么，其谓语动词同时也不能完全保留。常出现如下结构： 连词（as, as if , once）+ 名词 连词（ though, whether , when）+形容词 连词(whether, as if ,while )+介词短语 连词(when , while , though )+ 现在分词 连词(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as ) + 过去分词 连词(as if ,as though ) + 不定式 另外，当从句的主语是 it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be 时 ，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容词的结构。如：Unless (it is) necessary ,youd better not refer to the dictionary. 还有，比较状语从句中的省略也略显特殊，如She can play the piano just as wonderfully as you (do). 她钢琴弹得和你一样好。 She has finished the work earlier than (it has been ) expected.EX. 1. Dont come in until you are asked to.不叫你请你不要进来Dont come in _ _ _2. Put in articles _ _ in the following passages. 在下列文章中需要的地方填入冠词。 3. There are few people nowadays, if there are any, who remember him. 很少有人能记起他。There are few people nowadays, _ _ . who remember him.4. He is a good man, though sometimes (he is) rather dull. 他真是个好人，尽管有时有点无聊。 He is a good man, _ _ _ _. 状语从句测试1. After the war, a new school building was put up _ there had once been a theatre.A. that B. where C. which D. when2. _ he took part in the competition, he won a second prize.A. For the first time B. At a time C. At one time D. The first time3. (2012辽宁卷) Leave your key with your neighbor _you lock yourself out one day. A. as long as B. even though C. in case D. as if4. I had just headed back for the house to change my clothes _ I heard the voices.A. as B. after C. while D. when5. The class went on with the story _ they had left it before the holiday.A. where B. which C. in which D. when6. The company has a free long-distance telephone number _ customers may call with any questions they have about its products.A. although B. as C. even if D. so that7. - Is Mr. Smith in the office?- Yes，_ he is in charge of the office，he must be there.A. since B. however C. whether D. for8. Someone called me up in the middle of the night，but they hung up _ I could answer the phone.A. as B. since C. until D. before9. - Dont look down upon Bob. He has his own advantages.- Oh, yes. _ others are weak, he is strong.A. If B. When C. Where D. Though10. The day must be breaking, _ the birds have begun singing. A. because B. as C. for D. since11. (2012浙江卷) Mike was usually so careful, _this time he made a small mistake.A. yet B. still C. even D. thus12. _ others say, the expert is sure that his theory is correct A. No matter B. It doesnt matter C. Whatever D. What13. Many places are flooded by heavy rainfalls, so they cant walk _ they like these days. A. when B. whenever C. where D. wherever14. His father began to work _ his childhood. A. since B. before C. as early as D. while15. The roof fell _ he had time to dash into the room to save his baby. A. before B. as C. after D. until16. - The thread of my kite broke and it flew away. - I had told you it would easily break _it was the weakest A. when B. where C. unless D. since17. The crowd started cheering _ he rose to speak. A. as B. since C. till D. where18. I had worked here _ you came here. But I shall leave for England _. A. before long, before long B. before long; long before C. long before, before long D. long before; long before19. Scientists say it may be five or ten years _ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.A. since B. before C. after D. when20. _ the Internet is bridging the distance between people, it may also be breaking some homes or will cause other family problems. A. When B. If C. As D. While21. (2012江西卷) You can borrow my car _ you promise not to drive too fast.Aunless Beven if Cin case Das long as22. The two girls look _ much alike _ no one can tell them apart. A. so, that B. so, and C. as, that D. such, that23. John shut everybody out of the kitchen _ he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. A. which B. when C. so that D. as if24. Beijing is larger than _ city in Africa A. any B. other C. each D. any other25. _ a car reaches the end of its life，it is taken apart and any part that can be reused is sold off.AFor BWith COnce DWhile 26. No matter_ hard life may be，I will carry the mission out.A. what B. whatever C. how D. however27. (2012四川卷) If you happen to get lost in the wild, youd better stay _ you are and wait for help. A. why B. where C. who D. what28. - Are you thinking about going to New York for the holiday?- No. But if I _ the time，I would definitely go.A. have B. had C. have had D. would have29. _ you are so weak，youd better stay at home.A. Since B. For C. Because D. Though30. English and French are taught here. You can choose _ you like.A. no matter which B. whichever C. which D. whatever31. - How long do you suppose it is _ he left Japan? - No more than half a month.A. that B. before C. after D. since32. I promise that Ill be back before you _.A. will leave B. will have left C. leave D. would leave33. The problem wont be settled until we _ a chance to discuss it thoroughly.A. have had B. will have C. will have had D. would have34. (2012四川卷) At school, some students are active _ some are shy, yet they can be good friends with one another.A. while B. although C. so D. as35. They went on working _ it was late at night.A. even if B. as if C. however D. as though36. Stay in bed longer today, _ you were working too late last night.A. now that B. except that C. so that D. providing that37. _ you talk to someone or write a message，you show your skills to others.A. At times B. Some time C. By the time D. Every time38. Although he is considered a great writer，_.A. however his works are not widely read B. but his works are not widely readC. his works are not widely read D. still his works are not widely read39. We should finish the important job，_.A. long it takes however B. it takes however longC. long however it takes D. however long it takes40. _ comes to the party will receive a gift.A. No matter who B. Who C. Which one D. Whoever41. CCTV is exactly like a window on the world _ you sit by it and fix your attention on what it shows.Aif Bas though Ceven if Dunless 42. Coach, can I continue with the training? (2012重庆卷) Sorry, you cant _ you havent recovered from the knee injure.A. until B. before C. as D. unless43. Why do you want to find a new job _ youve got such a good one already?A. that B. where C. which D. when44. _he is, he will be thinking of you.A. Wherever B. Where C. Now that D. As soon as45. You should make it a rule to leave things _ you can find them again.A. when B. where C. then D. there46. You can，_ the sky is clear，see as far as the old temple on top of the mountain，but not today.Awhen Bwhere Cthough Dbecause 47. - Shall Brown come and play computer games? - No，_ he has finished his homework.A. when B. if C. unless D. once48. Hardly had he arrived in Hongkong _ she rang me up.A. when B. than C. that D. and49. I was scared and feeling pretty anxious，_ in a new country.Afor the first time I was Bthis being my first time Cbeing my first time DI was the first time50. _，he never seems able to do the work beautifully.A. Try as he may B. as he tries C. Try as does he D. As he does try51. If _，I would have gone with him.A. had he told me B. he had told me C. he has told me D. he would tell me52. - Alice is moving to her new apartment next Saturday.- I would be glad to help her，_ need some help.A. should she B. if she will C. if she D. if she were53. Scientists generally agree that Earths climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years _ it has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age.Aso long as Bas much as C. as long as D. as well as54. I wonder if I _ time. If I _ time，Ill go with you.A. have；have B. will have；will have C. have；will have D. will have；have55. By the time you _ back，the supper _ ready.A. will get；will B. get；was C. get；will be D. will get；is56. Endeavour is a good，strong ship，though _.Abeing not very fast Bto be not very fast Cnot very fast Dis not very fast57. I really wonder _ he has posted me many packages _ we worked together.A. how；after B. why；when C. when；before D. why；since58. Please pronounce the word _ I did.A. by the way B. the way C. a way D. like the way59. I was about to leave