写作教程第版u4ppt课件.ppt

EnglishWritingII 1 Unit4Customs Thefocusinthisunitisonthefeaturesandorganizationalpatternsofprocessandtheuseofrelevantlinkingdevicesinwritingsofprocessanalysis Attheendoftheunityouareexpectedtobeabletousetechniquesofprocessdescriptioninparagraphwriting 2 PartIWarm upActivities Lookatthepicturesonpage34 anddescribehowcookiesaremade newwordsforreference 原料 ingredients擀 面 roll面团 paste蛋黄 eggyolks烤箱 oven烤 bake 3 Referencetotheprocessdescription 1 Blendalltheingredients 2 Rollthepasteintoroundcookies 3 Brushthepastewitheggyolks 4 Thenputitintheoventobake 4 PartIIProcessAnalysis Processwritingorganizesitsideasaccordingtothestepsoftheprocess Theproceduresorstepshavetobearrangedastheyreasonablyorobjectively notrandomly occur Thepurposeofprocessdescriptionisusuallytoinform teach orgiveideastothereaderabouthowsomethingnew orinterestingorconventional happensorinwhatwayitcanbecompleted 5 OrganizationalStructure Readsample1 2 finishtheirfollowingtables andsummarizethefeaturesastheyshowintheparagraphs Sample1Questions 1 Whatisthetopicoftheparagraph Thisparagraphoffersarecipeofmakingchocolatechipcookies 6 CompletethetableaccordingtothestepsinSample1 Step1Getreadyflour water sugar salt eggs andchocolate Step2Mixflourandbakingsodatogetherwithwater Step3Addsaltandputbutterandsugartogetherinaseparatebowl Step4Addtwoeggstothismixture 7 Step5MixinchocolatechipsandnutsaftercombiningalltheingredientsStep6Placethelittlecookiesformedfromthemixtureontoacookiesheet Step7Bakeallthesepiecesfor8minutesat375degreesFahrenheit Step8 result Herearethechocolatechipcookiesthatcanbeservedforafternoontea 8 Summarizethepatternofprocessdescriptionintheparagraph WehaveobservedthatthesampleparagraphexplainsordescribesthesuccessivestepsofmakingsomecookiesforafternoonteainBritain Thispatternoforganizationiscalledprocesswriting Inthispattern youmayillustratetheprocessofdoingsomethingindetailfrombeginningtoend Andthedescriptionofthesedetailshastofollowtheorderoftheactualsteps 9 Sample2Questions1 Whatisdiscussedinthetext ThisparagraphtellsusaboutthefamousbullfightinSpain 10 Nowdiscussingroupstheorganizationoftheparagraphandthenfillinthetablebelow Whatarethestepsinvolvedintheperformance Step1Performersareseenwalkingacrosstheringtothemusic audiencewaitingforthefirstbulltoruninfromthatsmallwoodendoor Step2Variousperformancesstart bytheassistantbullfighters thehorse riders thosetothrowsticks andthefinalbullfighter 11 Step3Thefightingbullsfinallygetkilled Step4Thebullfighterreceivesapplauseandawards orabuse cushionsorotherthings Step5Theringplaceiscleanedup 12 Summarizethepatternthesampleparagraphsfollow YoumayhavenoticedmanysimilaritiesaswellassomeslightdifferencesbetweentheorganizationalpatternsofSample1andSample2 Onthewhole Sample2followsasimilarpatternoforganizationtoSample1inthewayitdescribestheprocessfrombeginningtoend 13 Insuchapattern thewritermayconvenientlystructurehisparagraphbythestepsastheyactuallyhappen whileeffectivenessisalsoachieved Withinthisframework transitionaldevicesareoftenusedtoensureasmoothflowfromonesteptothenext 14 differences However Sample2isnotascompletelyadescriptionofaprocessasSample1inthatsentencesofexplanationorclassificationareaddedhereandtheretofurtherclarifytheprocedure Thisis infact moretypicalofprocesswriting 15 LinkingDevices Readthefollowingtwoparagraphsandanswerthequestions 1 Whattopicsdotheparagraphsmainlydealwith Bothparagraphsdealwithasimilartopic buyingChristmascards 2 Whichparagraphiseasiertounderstand ParagraphBiseasiertounderstand 16 3 Whatmakesthisparticularparagrapheasiertounderstand Ithascertainwordsandphrasesthathelpclarifytherelationshipbetweenstepsofthebuyingprocess 17 4 WhatpatternoforganizationcanbeidentifiedinParagraphB ThisparagraphcombinesthecharacteristicsofSamples1and2intermsoforganization Itnotonlystartsfromthepreliminarystagetotheendoftheprocess butalsocontainssomesentenceswhichprovidesupplementarycommentsorexplanationswherenecessary 18 NowworkingroupsandfindoutthosewordsandphrasesthatindicatetheorderofproceduresinparagraphB TheprocessofbuyingcardsWhenever begintofirstthen startdoingsomeotherfinallyInthisway butanyhow 19 Canyouthinkofanyotherexpressionindicatingprocessanalysis whenever begintodo startdoing atthebeginningof first then finally afterwardsthencomes someother 20 after beforethis inadvancenow whenallthisisdonesignaltheendof 21 UnitSummary Inthisunitwehavediscussedtwotypesofprocesswriting exclusivedescriptionoftheproceduresinaprocessanddescriptionwithsupplementaryexplanations Theexclusiveprocessdescriptionallowsthewritertocoverallthestepsorproceduresfrombeginningtoend whereasthesecondtyperequiresthewritertoclarifycertainstepswithadditionalstatements Thesecondtypeismorefrequentlyseeninpracticalwriting 22 Anotherimportantpointdiscussedinthisunitisconcernedwithrelevantlinkingdevices i e wordsorphrasesthathelpensureasmoothflowofstepsorclarifystepsinwriting Weneedtomakeaconsciousefforttousethesedevicesinwritingparagraphsofprocessdes