8 9 10单元知识点.doc

八年级下 unit8-10 知识点归纳1. 现在完成时：1)含义：表示动作过去发生，但与现在有联系或影响，此时态常与以下时间词连用，如already已经,yet已经，还，just刚刚,ever曾经,so far到目前为止,before从前,times次数,for+时间段，since自从以来,how long多久，never从不，in the past.在过去.2)结构：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词（have/has是助动词，没有“有”的意义）肯定句：She has finished her work.她完成了她的工作。w W w .X k b 1. c O m一般疑问句：Has she finished her work?_Yes,she has./No,she,hasnt.否定句: She hasnt finished her work.3)动词的过去分词的构成：规则动词的过去式就是过去分词，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。4)现在完成时态与一般过去时的区别：句子中如有yesterday,last,just now,in1999等过去时间词出现就只用一般过去时。5)特别提醒：句子中如有when出现，一定不能用完成时例题：A:Jack has read the book, B:When did he read it? A:Last weekend2. Have/has gone to.,去了.（还没有回）Have/has been to.,去过.（已经回）例：1)-Where is your sister?-She has gone to the library.她去图书馆了（没有回，还在图书馆） 2)I have been to Beijing many times我去过北京很多次了。（我已经回了，没在北京了） 2.how long,for+时间段，since.不能与瞬间动词连用。 例：1）I have_B_the book for two days. A.bought B.had C.finished 新 课 标 第 一 网 解析：由于此题出现for two days,又因为bought，finished是瞬间动词，所以选择延续性动词had。 2）常见的的瞬间动词/短语和延续性动词/短语瞬间动词延续性动词go to.,come to.,have/has been in/atleaveHave/has been away frombuy.have/has hadborrow（借进）/lend（借出）have/has keptdiehave/has been deadarrive in/at,got to,reachhave/has been in/atThe film started/beganThe film has been on.joinhave/has been a member（成员）of.join the armyhave/has been in the army3. Me neither 我也没有。【解析】在英语中，表示“也”的知识归纳如下： 主语 + neitherA. 否定句中的“也” neither +助动词/be + 主语 完整的否定句后加either，但要加逗号隔开。 He didnt go to school. 他没有去上学。新|课 |标 |第 |一| 网 Me neither. Neither did I I didnt go to school , either. 主语 + too B.肯定句中的“也” so +助动词/be+ 主语 完整的肯定句后加too，且要用逗号隔开。 He is a good student. Me too.So am I Im a good student, too.4. Lets go to one tomorrow. 咱们明天去一个看看吧！【解析】 Lets 中的us 包括对方，反意疑问句用 shall weLets go and listen to the music, _? Let us 不包括对方, 反意疑问句用will youLet us wait for you in the reading room, _? Let sb. do sth 让某人做某事 （sb.应用人称代词的宾格形式）5. Lets go somewhere different today. 咱们今天去个不同的地方吧。【解析】形容词修饰不定代词/副词,放在不定代词之后。【注】somewhere 表达地点时， 前面不用介词。 Go and paly somewhere else.【拓展】不定副词：somewhere , anywhere, nowhere somewhere在某处用在肯定句中anywhere无论何处用在否定句或疑问句中nowhere在什么地方都不否定词，=notanywhereeverywhere各处，到处=here and there 【用法】：不定副词被定语修饰时，定语必须放在其后 somewhere warm 暖和的地方X k B 1 . c o m 6. 【反意疑问句】一、定义：即附加疑问句。表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实。 二、结构： 陈述句 + 附加疑问句？ Its hot today ,isnt it ? 三、原则： 1.前肯后否，前否后肯 2.前名后代 3.时态一致 They work hard, dont they?7. They have information about different computers and who invented them. 那里有各式各样的计算机的信息以及是谁发明了它们。【解析】information信息；资料【辨析】information/message/ newsinformation指电视、电脑或其它杂志等获得的信息，为不可数名词； a piece of information 一条信息You can get much information on the Internet. message“消息、口信、电报” 指书面、口头、无线电等传来的信息， 为可数名词； Ill leave a message for her. 我将为她留个口信。. news“新闻，消息”，指通过报纸、电台、电视等新闻媒介报道的最新消息，为不可数名词。 a piece of news 一则新闻【谚语】No news is good news 没有消息就是好消息 8. Its unbelievable that technology has progressed in such a rapid way! 真是难以置信，科技发展的竟然如此迅速。【解析1】unbelievable 难以置信的；不真实的（反）believe 【记】believe +able = believable 可信的 un + believable =unbelievable 难以置信的 That story is unbelievable.【解析2】progress v进步；进展 n(不可数n) make progress 取得进步 make progress in 在.方面 取得进步 I have made much progress in English.9. It also encourage governments and social groups to think about ways to improve toilets in the future. （博物馆） 并且鼓励政府和社会团体来考虑一下未来改进厕所的方法。【解析1】 encourage sb. to do sth 鼓励某人做某事 encourage sb. in sth 在某方面鼓励某人例题：Jessicas parents always encourage her _ out her opinions. A. speak B. speaking C. to speak D. will speak【解析2】social 社会的 society n 社会 socialist 社会主意者 social problem 社会问题10. Its a relaxing and peaceful place near a lake. 它靠近湖，是一个令人放松和安静的地方。X|k | B| 1 . c|O |m【解析】peaceful adj. 和平的，安宁的【拓展】peace n 和平 peaceful adj. 和平的 peacefully adv 和平地【拓展记忆】beauty n 美丽 beautiful adj. 美丽的 help n 帮助 helpful adj. 有帮助的 use n 用途 useful adj. 有用的 thank n感谢 thankful adj. 感激的 11. Watching them prepare the tea with the beautiful tea sets is just as enjoyable as drinking the tea itself. 看他们用漂亮的茶具来准备茶就像喝茶本身一样让人享受。【解析1】 tea sets 茶具关于“茶” 你知多少？A. Tea sets 茶具 the tea art 茶艺 the tea art performance 茶艺表演B. Green tea 绿茶 black tea 红茶 milk tea 奶茶 Oolong tea 乌龙茶C. Make tea 泡茶 serve tea to . 给.敬茶【解析2】itself 它自己反身代词(1)反身代词的构成一、二人称的反身代词构成:形容词性物主代词+self/selves构成单数myselfyourself复数ourselvesyourselves 第三人称的反身代词构成:第三人称宾格+self/selves单数：himselfherselfitself复数： themselves(2) 反身代词的常见搭配：enjoy oneself=have fun =have a good time玩得高兴by oneself =alone 独自 teach oneself=learn by oneself 自学 help oneself to 随便吃 introduce oneself to 自我介绍 hurt oneself 伤到自己 improve oneself 提高自己 look after oneself照顾自己 leave sb by oneself把某人单独留下 lose oneself in 沉迷于 say to oneself 自言自语 for oneself 为了某人自己 dress oneself 给某人自己穿衣服 (3) 反身代词必须与主语保持人称的一致。12. On the one hand , more than three quarters of the population are Chinese , so you can simply speak Putonghua a lot of the time, on the other hand , Singapore is an English- speaking country , so its also a good place to practice your English! 一方面，华人占到了人口的四分之三还多，因此，大部分时间里你只要讲普通话就足够了。 另一方面， 新加坡是一个讲英语的国家， 所以这里也是一个你练习英语的好地方。【解析1】on the one hand ， on the other hand http:/w w w.xkb 1. com 一方面， 另一方面（该短语常并列使用，用于列举原因，情况等） On the one hand , parents should take good care of their children; on the other hand, children should respect their parents.【解析2】 three quarters 四分之三（分数表达法） 【分数词的表达法】: 1).结构: a).分子用基数词,分母用序数词. 分子（基数词） 1 分母（序数词） 4 =one fourth = one quarter b).当分子大于1时,分母为序数词加s. = three fourths = three quarters 2).注意: 分数词的几种特殊形式. 1/3one third = a third 1/4one fourth = a quarter 1/2one second = a half 3/4three fourths = three quarters 3).分数词作主语时, 谓语动词根据分数词后面的名词来确定. 不可数名词 +动词单三形式分数 + of + 可数名词 + 动词变复数形式 Two fifths of the milk _(be ) drunk by Tom . One third of the students _(be )girls . X K b1 .C om13. Amy wants to keep her old things because they bring back sweet memories. 艾米想保留她的那些旧东西，因为它们能使她想起甜蜜的回忆。【解析1】keep （kept ; kept）保留keep 用法归纳如下： 一、用作系动词，意为“保持（某种状态）”，其后常接形容词作表语。 Please keep quiet / silent! 请保持安静！ 二、用作实义动词，. 保管；保存；保留 Please keep these things for me while I am away. . 赡养；饲养 I used to keep sheep in my childhood. 坚持；继续 接V-ing 形式作宾语。 If you keep practicing your spoken English, youll soon make great progress. 阻止；阻碍 keep sb/sth from doing sth 其中介词 from 不能省略。 The heavy rain didnt keep them from watching the football match. 保持。其后常接复合宾语，表示使（某人或某物）保持某种状态或使某一动作继续。 keep + sb/sth + 介词。 If your hands are cold, keep them in your pockets. keep + sb/sth + 形容词。 These gloves will keep your hands warm. keep + sb/sth + V-ing ，“让某人 / 某物一直”，强调动作的持续性。 Im sorry Ive kept you waiting. 很抱歉，让你久等了。 【短语】 keep a record 保持记录， keep in touch (with)保持与的联系 keep out (of) 把关在外面， keep up 保持；使不能入睡 keep ones / an eye on密切注视 keep away (from) 离开 keep in mind 牢记 keep ones word 遵守诺言14Because I dont read it anymore . 因为我不用再读了。【解析】no more ;not anymore/ no longer ;not. any longer不再 词语同义词用法no longernot any longer强调时间或动作“不再延续” , 与延续性动词连用no more not any more强调数量和程度“不再增加” , 与非延续性动词连用 位置区别： 当修饰动词时，no longer通常置于be或行为动词前；no more一般置于行为动词后。 not. any longer与not. any more常置于句末。新 课 标 第 一 网He can no longer walk. = He cant walk any longerThe little girl no more cried. = The little girl didnt cry any more.15. Because Ive had it since I was a baby. 因为自从我很小的时候我就有它了。【解析】since 自从Since +从句（一般过去时），主句用现在完成时 He has studied very hard since he came to our school.【辨析】since 与for 在现在完成时态中的用法：since其后接时间点或时态为一般过去时的句子，表示某事是从什么时候开始的 Ive been a soldier since two years agofor其后接时间段，表示某事持续了多长时间Ive been a soldier for two years.16. We can often guess what a text is about by using what we already know.我们通常可以用原有的知识来猜测一篇文章写的是什么。【解析】by的用法： (1)by doing sth 通过方式 by studying with a group【注】介词短语作方式状语，回答以How开头的问句， 表示“怎样做”。I study English by _(listen) to the tapesTom learns Chinese by _(watch) Chinese movies.( ) - _ did you get there? By _ a taxi. A. How; taking B. How ; take C. How; took D. What; taking (2) by+ 交通工具（交通工具前不能加限定词） by bike by train【短语】by the way 顺便问一下 by accident= by chance 偶然地 by mistake 错误地 one by one 一个接一个 step by step 一步一步地 little by little 逐渐地by the time 到为止 by oneself 独自地 by and by 不久之后 by hand 用手 by the end of 到. 末尾17. 各单元重点短语Unit8 1. on page 25 在第2 5 页2. the back of the book 书的背面3. hurry up 赶快;匆忙4. in two weeks 在两周之内5. go out to sea 出海6. an island fu ll of treasures 一个满是宝藏的岛屿7. w rite about 写作关于的内容8. finish doing sth. 做完某事9. wait for another ship 等待另一艘船到来10. learn to do sth. 学会做某事11. grow fru its and vegetables 种水果和蔬菜12. a few weeks ago 几个星期前13. the marks of another man s feet新|课 | 标| 第 |一| 网另一个人的脚印14. not long after that 不久之后15. run towards sp. 跑向某地16. use. to do sth. 用来做某事17. signs left behind by someone 某人留下的标记18. read the newspaper 看报19. science fiction 科幻小说20. can t wait to do sth. 迫不及待地做某事21. a good way to wake up 醒来的一个好办法22. number of people 人数23. used to do sth. (过去)常常做某事24. study abroad 在国外学习25. make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事26. come to realize 开始意识到27. ever since then 自从那时起28. the southern states of America美国的南部地区29. belong to 属于30. be kind to each other 善待彼此31. trust one another 互相信任32. the beauty of nature 大自然的美33. have been to sp. 去过某地34. do some research on sth. 对做研究35. hope to do sth. 希望做某事36. see sb. do sth. 看到某人做某事37. the first line in the song歌曲的第一行38. enjoy success in享受的成功39. at the end of the day傍晚的时候Unit91. at night在夜晚2. in a more natural environment在一个更加自然的环境中3. all year round一年到头;终年4. be far from 离远5. in the dark 在黑暗中6. in the past 在过去7. have been to sp. 去过某地8. science museum 科学博物馆9. history museum 历史博物馆10. amusement park 游乐园11. go somewhere different 去不同的地方12. go skating 去滑冰13. take the subway 坐地铁14. a great way to spend a Saturday afternoon一个过周六下午的好方法15. all the old movie cameras所有的古老的电影摄影机 16. learn about sth.了解有关.的情况17. on the weekend 在周末18. camp in the mountains 在大山里露营 19. put up a tent搭帐篷20. in such a rapid way 以如此迅猛的方式 21. different kinds of各种各样的 22. development of toilets 厕所的发展 23. social groups 社会团体 24. the tea art performances茶艺表演 25. make a perfect cup of tea with beautiful tea sets用漂亮的茶具沏一杯完美的茶26. a nice place to enjoy tea 一个品茶的好地方27. thousands of 数以千计的28. International Museum of Toilets国际厕所博物馆29. the Terracotta Army 兵马俑30. Southeast Asia东南亚31. Night Safari 夜间动物园32. three quarters 四分之三33. an English-s