高考复习专题一 -----名词 Microsoft Word 文档.doc

高三英语教学案 制卷人 罗 燕 定稿人 罗 燕 审核人 使用日期高考复习专题一 -名词学习目的1.复习名词的分类2.复习掌握可数名词复数的规则变化及不规则变化3.掌握有关名词的解题技巧学习重点1.复习掌握可数名词复数的规则变化及不规则变化2.掌握有关名词的解题技巧学习过程一、名词概论 名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns)，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1) 个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2) 集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3) 物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如: air。 4) 抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：名词专有名词普通名词个体名词可数名词集体名词物质名词不可数名词抽象名词二、名词复数规则变化构成方法读音例词一般在词尾加-s 在清辅音后读/ s / , 在元音及浊辅音后读 / z / ；以/ s/ /z / /ts / / dg/结尾时读/ iz/.desk- / desks/ 书桌brother- brothers / /兄弟bridge -_/ bridgiz/ 桥以-s, -x,- sh, -ch结尾的加- es -( e) s 一般读/ iz/.Glassglasses Box- Brush- Watch 但stomach- 以-y 结尾的 以辅音字母加y结尾的, 把y 改为i, 再加-es.以元音字母加y结尾的直接加-s -es一般读/ iz/.Factory ToyFamily SundayWay- 以f 或- fe 结尾的， 加s， 把f, -fe 改为v, 再加- es. 均可,如：-ves一般读/vz/.belief-beliefs roof-roofsWolf- Wife-Handkerchief-handkerchiefs / / handkerchieves以o 结尾的a. 加s， b. 加es， c. 均可，-(e)s 一般读/ z / 或 / iz /photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes zero-zeros /zeroes三、名词复数的不规则变化构成方法例词改变单数名词内的元音字母（有的还改变词尾的辅音字母）foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women goose- geese（鹅）louse- lice 词尾加- en 或- ren Ox oxen child-children单复数形式相同deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，swine（ 猪）,means, works, aircraft(航空器)，species(种类)，Swiss形式为复数，但用作单数的名词news,maths,physics, politics, economics, the Olympics集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。People, police, cattle, personnel( 人员)， militia (民兵)Poultry（ 家禽）一些外来词有其独特的复数形式Analysis analyses( 分析) crisiscrises ( 危机)， phenomenonphenomena ( 现象)， datumdata (数据、资料),bacterium- bacteria ( 细菌)formula formulae(公式) ，criterion- criteria（标准）注意：1、与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和 -women。 如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。2、the English，the British，the French，theChinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。如： The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。3、the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 4、 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。 The Arabian Nights is avery interesting story-book. 是一本非常有趣的故事书。四、只有复数形式的名词构成方法例 词有两个部分构成的scissors ( 剪刀)、trousers(裤子)、sleepers(拖鞋)、socks、gloves(手套)、scales（天平）、compasses(圆规)glasses(spectacles) （眼镜）以-ings结尾的名词savings (储蓄)、findings（调查结果）earnings（收入）、 surrounding（环境）winnings（奖金） doings（行为）、 lodgings （住处）、belongings（所有物）goods 等总是用复数形式goods(货物) riches（财富） customs （海关）remains （残余）statistics(统计) powers (强国)forces (军队)brains (头脑)stairs (楼梯)congratulations(祝贺) mountains (山脉)amusements(娱乐活动) movements (活动情况)tears(眼泪) jewels(珠宝) observations(观察报告) jaws(嘴巴) furs(毛皮衣服) allies(盟国) troops (部队)resources(资源) muscles(肌肉) boundaries(国界)ashes（灰烬） wishes（祝愿） outskirts（郊区）plastics（朔料制品） thanks（感谢）nobles（贵族）五、复合名词的复数形式构成方式例词一般将主体名词变为复数passer-by -passers-by (过路人) newcomer new-comers(移民者)father-in-law-_ (岳父)comrade in- arms-_(战友)runner-up-_( 亚军)没有主体名词时，在复合名词的词尾加-s touch-me-nots(含羞草)go-betweens(中间人)good-for-nothings（废物）以man, woman 为词尾的复合名词，按man, woman的变化规则进行变化Frenchman-_policewoman_以man, woman置于前面构成复合名词时，前后两个名词同时变复数。woman doctor - _manservant_但boyfriend_巩固练习1.It is autumn, for there are fallen _ everywhere. A.leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leafes2. In this strange village, there are many small flages on their _ A. roof B. roofs C. rooves D. roofes3. Which do you prefer, _ or _?A. potatos, tomatos B. potatos, tomatoes C. potatoes, tomatoes D. potatoes ,tomatos4. The ant has two _. A. stomaches B. stomacks C. stomach D. stomachs5. I dont think this book is full of _.A. difficulties B. many difficulty C. difficult D. much difficulty6. I saw many _ seated in the corner reading something .A. Japanese B. Japaneses C. of Japanese D. of Japaneses7. My family raise a lot of _, including two _.A. cattle, cow B. cattle, cows C. cows, cattle D. cattles , cows8. Where _ my trousers ? the boy asked. A. is B. are C. were D. are9. After three days, journey by sea, _ have arrived in good _.A. the good , condition B. the goods; conditions C. the good, conditions D. the goods; conditions10. They are _ of different presses( 出版社). Now they are having a meeting in one of the _ office. A. editor- in- chiefs, editors-in-chiefs B. editors-in-chief; editor-in-chiefs C. editors-in-chiefs; editors-in-chiefs D editors-in-chief;. editors-in-chiefs11. We are _ and they are _.A. Englishmen, Germans B. Englishmen; German C. Englishmans; Germans D. Englishmen; Germen 12. It is not rare in _ that people in _ fifties are going to university for further education.A. 90s; the B. the 90s C. 90s; their D. the 90s; their13. Mr. Li shook _warmly with a friend. A. hand B. a hand C. hands D. the hands 14. How happy they are！ Obviously, they are _.A. in nice sprits B. in nice spirit C. in high spirits D. in high spirit15. I have made _ with Billy. A. friends B. friend C. a friend D. the friend 16. China has got a good for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization.A. reputation B. influence C. impression D. knowledge17. -He says that my new car is a _ of money.-Dont you think those words are just sour grapes? A. lack B. load C. question D. waste18. Im trying to break the _ of getting up too late .A. tradition B. convenience C. habit D. Leisure19. Form their _ on the top of the TV Tower, visitors can have a better view of the city. A. stage B. position C. condition D. situation20. Most of the houses in the village were burnt to _ during the war. A. an ash B. the ash C. ash D. ashes 21. All the _ in the hospital got a rise last month. A. women doctors B . women doctor C. woman doctors D. woman doctor 22.After ten years, all these youngsters became_. A. growns-ups B. grown-up C. growns-up D. grown-ups 23.The police investigated those _ about the accident. A. stander-by B. stander-bys C. standers-by D. standers-bys24.The Nazi kept those _ in their concentration camp. A. prisoner-of-wars B. prisoners-of-wars C. prisoners-of-war D. prisoner-of-war25.Most air pollution is caused by the burning of _ like coal, gas and oil. A. fuels B. articles C. goods D. products 高考复习专题一 -名词（2）学习目的1.复习不可数名词及用法2.复习名词的所有格及用法3.抽象名词及物质名词具体化的应用；4.常考易混名词辨析学习重点1.复习不可数名词及用法2.复习名词的所有格及用法3.常考易混名词辨析学习过程一、不可数名词1概述不可数名词所表示的事物一般不能用数来计算，没有词形变化，不能与数词和a/an -起连用，但可以与some, any, much, little, several等词连用 。如：I dont want( any) advice or help. I want( some) information.我不需要任何忠告和帮助。我想得到一些信息。He has had no experience in this sort of work.他干这种活没经验。2物质名词量的表示方法(1)用much，a little，a lot of等表示多少。如： There is much water in the glass.杯子里有些水。 I have a little money.我有点钱。(2)物质名词需要计量时，用“数词或冠词+量词+of+物质名词”的结构来表示，量词可以是单数也可以是复数，但of后的名词只用单数。如：a piece of apple pie -份苹果派 two cups of tea两杯茶four items of news四条消息 four buckets of water四桶水a bar of chocolate一条巧克力 a fit of anger -阵怒火a drop of water -滴水 a ray of hope -线希望3物质名词的复数物质名词可用复数形式表示类别和数量。如：Which do you like better, tea or coffee?茶和咖啡，你更喜欢哪一样？Two coffees，please请来两杯咖啡。The old should take some health foods.老年人应食用些保健食品。We cant live without food.我们没有食物就无法存活。其他同类词还有：fish鱼fishes多种鱼 steel钢-steels多种钢 tea茶-teas多种茶coffee咖啡-two coffees两杯咖啡 food食物-foods多种食品4、具有双重特性的名词 有些名词既可做可数名词，又可做不可数名词，在意思上也有所不同。表示具体事物时，是可数名词；用于表示抽象或物质名词时，便为不可数名词。意义不同的可数名词和不可数名词有的名词在不同语义下有“可数”和“不可数”双重特性。如：a room房间 room空间 a chicken -只鸡 chicken鸡肉 a lamb小羊lamb羔羊肉an experience经历 experience经验 an agreement协议，契约 agreement同意单复数形式不同的可数和不可数名词这些不可数名词或个别可数名词加“-s”或“-es”后，意思发生了变化。常见air空气一airs神气 arm手臂一arms武器 brain脑-brains智力 cloth布料-clothes衣服 return归还-returns长寿 custom风俗-customs海关 force力量-forces军队 glass玻璃一glasses眼镜 green绿色一greens青菜 good好事-goods货物，商品 look看+looks外表 paper-papers文件time时间-times时代 work工作-works著作，作品 manner态度一manners礼貌 二、名词的所有格所有格表示所属关系，修饰另一名词，作定语。它有两种形式：一种是由名词词尾加s构成，另一种是由介词of+ 名词构成，前者多用来表示有生命的东西，后者多用来表示无生命的东西。1. 名词所有格的构成（1）s所有格的构成 一般在单数名词词尾加s，复数名词词尾如没有s，也要加s.Mikes pen迈克的钢笔 the boys mother 男孩的母亲 the childrens desks 孩子们的课桌the policemens skirts 女警察的裙子以-s或-es 结尾的复数名词加“，” two hours walk 两小时的散步 the teachers reading-room教师阅览室 ；the students dining-room学生餐厅 s所有格的构成（2）s所有格的用法 这种所有格形式除用于有生命的东西的名词外，还可用于：表示国家、城市等的名词。如：the citys park城市的花园 Chinas prosperity中国的繁荣表示自然现象的名词。如：the moons surface月球表面 the suns rays太阳的射线 the earths atmosphere地球的大气层表示时间、距离、度量、金钱的名词。如：fifty dollars value五十元的价值 one miles distance -英里的距离 todays paper今天的报纸 twenty pounds weight二十磅的重量 a years time -年的时间 half an hours drive半个小时的驾驶路程 表示某人的家或人们熟悉的、理发店等。如： my uncles我叔叔家 the grocerys杂货店 the Smiths史密斯家 the barbers理发店the Browns布朗一家的住处 the doctors诊所 the butchers肉店 the stationers文具店else本身可有所有格形式s。如：Who else，s umbrella can this be?这还可能是其他什么人的伞呢？Within our ranks everybody regards anybody elses difficulties as his own.在我们队伍里，人人都把别人的困难当成自己的困难看待。在一些复合名词中。如： my brother-in-laws father我姐夫的父亲 the editor-in-chiefs office总编辑室the go-betweens words中间人的话表示两者或两者以上共同拥有的，在最后的名词上加s；表示各自拥有某件东西时，每个名词后都要加s。如：The woman is Jane and Toms mother.那个妇女是珍妮和汤姆的妈妈。（两个人共同的妈妈）The shop deals in childrens and womens clothes.这个商店做童装和女装的生意。名词之后有同位语时，把s加在同位语的词尾Have you seen my sister, Kates bicycle? 你见过我妹妹凯特的自行车吗？用于一些习惯用语中a childs play容易干的事 a cats paw被人利用的人 at death，s door濒临死亡 at ones wits end智穷计尽 for friendships sake为了友谊 for Cods sake看在上帝的份上2. “of+名词”结构所有者为无生命的事物时，用“of+名词”结构。如：the name of the book ,这本书的名字， a picture of my family 我家的全家福在很多情况下，s所有格与“of+名词”结构可互换。如：Jacks car = the of Jacks3.“of+名词s”的双重属格形式兼用“s”所有格和“of”所有格的结构称为双重所有格（也称为双重属格）。如：that performance of the young girls小女孩们的那个演出 that silly son of your cousins你表哥的那个傻儿子4.、近年来，考查名词主要考查了在具体的语境中使用名词以及名词的习惯搭配。如：free of charge, do a good deed, learn by heart, take a message for,take the place, take care of, pay attention to, take part in,play a role in, keep in touch with, as a result of, have a word with等。注意名词作为考点，绝大多数考查名词词义辨析，所以要求能够辨词义相关或相近的词汇和短语；要对同义词进行专项的学习，反复记忆，用心领悟。 要能结合具体情境，正确判断、区别、使用纲所规定的词汇和短语。如：The manager lost his _just because his secretary was ten minutes lateAmood B. temper cmind D. passion常考的不可数名词advice（建议），furniture（家具），clothing（衣服），fun（乐趣），homework（家庭作业），information（信息），paper(纸)，sugar(糖)，work(工作)，fruit(水果)，harm（损害），news（新闻），progress（进步），traffic（交通），trouble（麻烦），weather（天气），wealth(财富)，value（价值）等。这些名词前不能直接用冠词和数词修饰，而应该与某些特定的的单位名词用，来表示“量”的概念。如：a piece of news/advice， an article of clothing/furnitureEg:1._ to have a talk with those humourous person！A. What a fun it is B. How funny C. Its such a fun D. What fun it is2. He gained his_ by printing _of famous writerA. wealth ; work B. wealths ; works C. wealths; work Dwealth; works三、抽象名词和物质名词具体化的应用表示特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪等抽象名词，如果仅仅表示“概念”，是不可名词；但如果表示具体的人或事，特别是前面出现形容词修饰时，就成了可数名词。常见的有 surprise, cold, pleasure, pity, failure, success, worry, honour, experience, must ,difficulty youth, beauty, wonder, danger, interest, knowledge, help, joy.Eg: She is _ success, _ woman as she is. A. a, a B. / a C. a , / D. the , the 四、名词作定语的用法名词作定语的用法是高考的重点，其表达方法有：1、表示时间；如：evening paper， afternoon tea等。 ；2表示地点：如：school life，railway station，street light，college student等。3表示材料或物质来源；如stone bridge，fur hat等。4表示目的和用途：shoe store，book shop，tooth brush等。5.表元职业、身份、性别等：girl friend，pen name，bus driver，woman teacher6其他类别：stamp collection，animal life，body temperature，telephone number注意表示时间、地点、身份这一类的名词，通常没有与之相应的形容词与之相应的形容词，因此，经常用作定语。如There are two _teaching some_ English .A. woman teachers; girls students B. women teachers; girls studentsC. men teachers; boys students D. men teachers; boy students随堂练习1. He was eager to make some extra money, since during these years he could hardly live on his_. a little wage b. few wage c. wage d. wages 2. Most of the houses in the village were burnt to _ during the war. a. an ash b. the ash c. ash d. ashes 3. The students at colleges or universities are making _ for the coming New Year. a. many preparations b. much preparation c. preparations d. preparation 4. Painting in _ is one of their spare-time activities. a. oil b. an oil c. oils d. the oil 5. In the view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here. a. much b. lots of c. a great deal of d. many 6. The large houses are being painted, but _. a. of great expense b. at a great expense c. in a lot of expenses d. by high expense 7. The room was small and contained far too _. a. much new furniture b. many new furniture c. much new furnitures d. many new furnitures 8. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the _. a. rooms number b. room number c. rooms numbers d. room numbers 9.Computers can do _ work in a short time, but a man can not do _ by himself. a great manymany b. a great deal ofmuch c. mucha great deal d. manya great many10. She didnt know _ he had been given. a. how many information b. the number of information c. how many informations d. how much information11. He invited all of his _ to join his wedding party. a. comrade-in-arms b. comrades-in-arms c. comrades-in-arm d. comrade-in-arm12. All the _ in the hospital got a rise last month. a. women doctors b. women doctor c. woman doctors d. woman doctor13.After ten years, all these youngsters became_. a. growns-ups b. grown-up c. growns-up d. grown-ups14.The police investigated those _ about the accident. a. stander-by b. stander-bys c. standers-by d. standers-bys15.The Nazi kept those _ in their concentration camp. a. prisoner-of-wars b. prisoners-of-wars c. prisoners-of-war d. prisoner-of-war 16.The manager was greatly appreciate that _ made by Linda lately. a. new reel b. news reel c. new-reels d. news reels 17.Marys dress is similar in appearance to her _. a. elder sister b. elder sisters c. elder sisters d. elder sisters dress 18.All the people at the conference are _. a. mathematic teachers b. mathematics teachers c. mathematics teacher d. mathematics teachers 19.Professor Mackay told us that _ of lead are its softness and its resistance. a. some property b. some properties c. properties d. property20.Physics _ with matter and motion. a. deal b. deals c. dealing d. are 21.He has written several books, but his last works _ well known among his friends. a. have b. have been c. is d. are 22.After he checked up my _ heart, the doctor advised him to rest for a few days. a. father-in-laws b. father-in-law c. fathers-in-law d. fathers-in-laws 23.He told me _ would come to his birthday party. a. many Jack friends b. Jacks many friends c. many Jacks friend d. many friends of Jacks24.I had my hair cut at the _ around the corner. a. barber b. barbers c. barbers d. barbers 25.Yesterday evening we had a lovely evening at _. a. Peter and Helens b. Peter and Helens c. Peter and Helen d. Peters and Helens26._ receives only a small portion of the total amount of the suns energy. a. The earths surface b. The surface earth c. The surface of earth d. The earth surface27.Numerous materials are available to _. a. today of designers b. todays designers c. todays of designers d. today designers28.Why did you speak to Peter that way? Dont you know he is an old friend of _? a. my brother b. my brothers c. my brothers d. my brothers friend 29._ is a well-informed man. He can tell you anything you want to know. a This Johns old friend b. This old friend of John c. Thats Jahns old friend d. This old friend of Johns30._ is too much for a little boy to carry. a. A bikes weight b. The weights of a bike c. The weight of a bike d. Biles weight 高考链接1.Whats the _ of having a public open space where you cant eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while? （2008福建） A. sense B. matter C. case D. opinion2.Most air pollution is caused by the burning of _ like coal, gas and oil.（2008天津卷） A. fuels B. articles C. goods D. products3.I bought a dress for o