英语写作离线作业(必).doc

浙江大学远程教育学院英语写作课程作业（必做）姓名：学 号：年级：2015秋学习中心：深圳Chapter 2 Diction (措词)1. List three levels of words and give several examples for each level. Answer: Formal words, such as approximately, accompany, conceal, etc. Common words, such as about, go with, hide, etc.Colloquial words, such as gonna, how come, guy, etc.2. What are the denotation and connotation of a word?Answer: Denotation is what a word stands for without any emotional associationsConnotation is the emotional, social, and political associations a word has in addition to its denotative meaning3. Fill in each blank with one of the following words: kill, assassinate, execute, massacre, slaughter, murder1) Two people were _killed_ in a car accident.2） Martin Luther King was _assassinated_ by a white people. 3） He is likely to be _executed_ as a murderer this year.4） They cruelly _massacred/slaughtered_ all the people in the village.5）According to the police, he _murdered_ his rival in cold blood. 4. List at least 9 types of figures of speech and give an example for each. Answer: 1.Simile, such as Her face is like a red apple.2. Metaphor, such as Hope is the poor mans bread.3. Personification, such as The time fate was smiling to him.4. Metonymy, such as Have you ever read Shakespeare?5. Synecdoche, such as Great minds think alike.6. Overstatement and understatement, such as Her beauty makes the bright world dim.7. Transferred epithet, such as She was so worried about her son that she spent several sleepless nights.8. Oxymoron, such as When the news of the failure came, all his friends said that it was a victorious defeat.9. Alliteration, such as Lead the land we loveChapter 3 The Sentence (造句)1. List the types of sentences in terms of structure, function and rhetoric respectively and give an example for each type. Answer: In terms of function, sentences can be classified into the following four types.1. Declarative sentence, e.g. Mary got married at 1997.2. Interrogative sentence, e.g. Did Marry got married？3. Imperative sentence, e.g. Do not late again.4. Exclamatory sentence, e.g. What a beautiful flower!In terms of structure, sentences can be classified into the following four types.1. Simple sentence, e.g. The dog baked.2. Compound sentence, e.g. The dog baked, and the cat yowled.3. Complex sentence, e.g. Although life is sweet, it is sometimes hard.4. Compound-complex sentence, e.g. When the heat comes, the lakes dry up, and farmers know the crops will fall.From a rhetoric point of view, sentences can be classified into the following two types.1. Loose sentence, e.g. I am willing to pay slightly higher taxes for the privilege of living in Canada, considering the free health care, the cheap tuition fees, the low crime rate, the comprehensive social programs, and the wonderful winters.2. Periodic sentence, e.g. Considering the free health care, the cheap tuition fees, the low crime rate, the comprehensive social programs, and the wonderful winters, I am willing to pay slightly higher taxes for the privilege of living in Canada.2. What are the features of an effective sentence?Answer: Unity; coherence; conciseness; emphasis; variety3. List several types of common sentence problems and the strategies to solve these problems. Answer: 1) Revising sentence fragmentsa. )It lacks a subject or a verb or bothb. )It is a dependent clauseTwo strategies to revise a fragmenta. Attach the fragment to an adjacent and independent clauseb. Turn the fragment into a sentence2) Revising run-onsFour Strategies to revise run-onsa.) revising with periods.b.) revising with semicolons.c.) revising with coordinating conjunctions.d. )revising with subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns. 3) Revising misplaced and dangling modifiersChapter 4 The Paragraph (段落)1. What are the features of an effective paragraph?Unity; coherence; transition 2. List several patterns of paragraph development and give some examples for each pattern.Development by time; process; space; example and generalization; comparison and contrast; cause and effect; classification; definition and a combination of methods.3. List several strategies for effective introductions and conclusions.Strategies for effective introductions: Beginning with quotation or series or quotations; beginning with question or series of questions; beginning with definition; or beginning with controversial statement.Strategies for effective conclusions: ending with prediction; ending with warning; ending with recommendation for action; or ending with quotation4. Which sentence is the topic sentence in the following paragraph?My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. (Topic sentence)Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Dont argue.Chapter 5 The Whole Composition (完整的作文)1. What are the features of an effective composition?Unity; good logic; balanced structure; important, interesting and fresh idea; clear, accurate and appropriate expression.2. What is a description?Description is painting a picture in words of a person, place, object, or scene.3. What details should a writer pay great attention to when describing a person? Give some examples. In describing a person, the writer should give details of his appearance, character, thoughts and feelings. Example: “There he comes!” somebody called, and then everybody who was in a position to see watched him as he hurried breezily alonga graceful, tallish man in very light gray suit and gray fedora hat, with a full square beard at least as white as his suit, who moved with energy, and smoked passionately at a big cigar.4. What is a narration?To narrate id is to give an account of an event or a series of events. In its broadest sense, narrative writing includes stories, biographies, histories, new items, and narrative poems.5. What aspects should a writer consider when planning a narrative? Give some examples.Context, selection of details, organization, point of view, and purpose6. What is an exposition?An expository paper explains or explores something, such as the process of making a machine, the causes of a natural or social phenomenon, the planning of a project, or the solution of a problem.7. How can a writer achieve clarity when writing an exposition?1) Limit the subject or scope of discussion, for it is impossible to explain many things clearly in a short essay. 2) Prepare enough materials (details or examples) to help the explanation. 3) Present the facts and views in proper order, in the order of time or of logical sequence depending on the nature of the subject. 4) Pay attention to the accuracy and clarity of words and sentences; avoid ornamental as well ambiguous expressions. 5) Make the exposition, if possible, interesting and moving.8. List five patterns to plan an exposition, and explain the principles a writer should keep in mind when using each of the five patterns to plan an exposition. 1) Illustration a. Selecting sufficient examples wisely which are specific and typical, interesting and relevant. b. Arranging these examples logically - similar or related examples should be grouped together and arranged climatically. 2) Division and classification a. Choosing an appropriate principle of division/classification suited to your purpose. b. Applying your principle consistently and thoroughly, and avoid overlapping. 3) Comparison and contrast a. Only items of the same general class can be compared /contrasted. b. A comparison/contrast essay usually follows one of these two patterns: the subject by subject pattern or the point-by-point pattern. c. The comparison/contrast should be balanced; the two items being compared/ contrasted are to be given equal treatment. d. The comparison/contrast should be supported by concrete and relevant facts. e. A comparison/contrast shows similarities and differences in order to make a particular point. 4) Cause and effect a. Do not over-simplify causes. b. Beware especially of making a mistake in logic known as the fallacy of post hoc, ergo proper hoc. c. Distinguish between direct and indirect causes and effects and between major and minor causes and effects. d. Do not omit links in a chain of causes and effects. e. Be objective and support the analysis with solid, factual evidence. 5) Definition a. A definition paper discusses abstract terms such as liberty, equality, etc., the denotative and especially connotative meanings of which are often different to different people. b. A definition paper answers fully, though often implicitly, the question “What is ?” c. Definition papers follow no patterns. d. A definition paper may be either deductive or inductive.9. What is an argumentation?An argumentative essay tries to make readers agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade them to change their mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes.10. What are the features of an effective argumentation?A debatable point, sufficient evidence, good logic, clear logic, good use of the other three types of writing, an honest and friendly attitudeChapter 8 The Research Paper (论文)1. Describe the process of writing a research paper.1) Choosing a topic. 2) Collecting information. 3) Analyzing the information, organizing ideas and working out an outline. 4) Writing the first draft. 5) Revising the draft and finalizing the paper.2. Describe the structure of an academic paper. 1) Thesis statement and outline 2) Introduction 3) Body 4) Conclusion 5) Notes and bibliographyChapter 9 Practical writing (应用文)1. Describe the format of a notice.date and time, place, activity, background information, other details2. Write a note of appointment, apology, invitation, request and thanks respectively. Appointment:Jun.6Dear Jose,Could we see each other for about half an hour on Friday at 2 pm?DanielleApology:Jun.6Dear Mary,Sorry that I have an urgent meeting with foreign customer today. Shall we meet next Monday at 10 oclock?If not, please ring me to make another time. Many thanks.Danielle InvitationMr. and Mrs. Zhao ChuntianRequest the pleasure of your companyat a dinner at Sheldon Hotelon Friday, 10th June,2016 at 6p.m.RequestShirley, Please let me know what exact time of the Annual Meeting as soon as possible. Thank you. DanielleThanksDear Markus, Thank you very much for the invitation. I would be delighted to come.Danielle 3. Describe the format of a letter.A letter has six parts: the heading, the inside address, the salutation, the body, the complimentary close and the signature.4. Describe the format of a curriculum vitae.A curriculum vitae generally contains the following information: name, address, telephone, marital status, education, professional/work experience, awards/honors and scholarships, publications, professional affiliations/memberships, languages, references/referees, etc. 5. Write a note of about 50-60 words based on the following situation: You have heard that your friend, Jack, wishes to sell his walkman. Write him a note expressing your interest in it, asking him about its condition and offering a price for it.Dear Jack, I have heard that you want to sell your walkman. You know, I want to buy a used walkman in order to do some listening practice. I want to know if your walkman functions well. And I offer 200 yuan to buy it. Please give me some detailed information about it as soon as possible. Yours sincerely Danielle6. Write a business letter to your customer to talk about the price your company offers to buy his/her computers. You think that the price he/she offered is too high and you think that 5800 RMB for each computer is better for both sides. Now write a business letter to express this intention. Pay attention to the form of a business letter.Dear Sir,Thank you for your offer for the computer but it is too high. To accept the price you quote would leave us only a small profit on our sales because the principle demand in our city is for articles in the medium price range. I think 5800RMB for each computer is better for us to meet halfway. Please kindly reconsider it and give us a reply. Thank you.Best regards,Danielle7. Suppose now you are a freshman (大一学生) in a college. You want to have a part-time job. Yet your parents dont agree with you and urge you to focus your time and energy on your study. Now write a letter with no less than 150 words to persuade them to change their idea by telling them the importance and value of a part-time job to a college student and ensuring them that you can balance your study and the part-time job well. Pay attention to the form of a letter: the heading, the salutation, complementary ending, and make your letter as powerful as possible.Tuesday, June 07, 2016Dear Mom and Dad,It is sorry to hear that you dont a