History of UK.doc

Unit 2 History of the UK A Brief History v -1st century AD: Celtic peoplev 55 -54BC,Julius Caesar/43 BC, Claudius Iv 410, Germanic invasion/Angles and Saxonsv 8th century, the invasion of Vikingsv 11th century: Norman invasionv The Hundrend Years War (1337-1453) v The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) v The Civil War(1642-1649) v The Glorious Revolution v The Rise and Fall of the British Empire Earlier residents: v Celt, Celts v 凯尔特人（Celt，拉丁文称Celtae或Galli，希腊文Keltoi）盖尔特人、克尔特人、塞尔特人、居尔特人 v Celtic culture- a powerful culture originating产生于 in central Europe, 2000 BCv Britain Briton, a Celtic tribev Celtic culture legend and folk tales v /a/20080320/000059.htmFirst invasion: v 55 BC, 54 BC twice invaded by Julius Caesar (history undocumented before 55 BC)v 43 AD was invaded again by Roman army under the leadership of Claudius I 克劳迪亚斯v Britain became a Roman province until the 5th centuryv Native Celts were driven to Scotland and WalesSecond invasion: v In 410, Germanic日耳曼人 barbarians异族人 attacked Rome v Soon after Roman armies left, Germanic warriors landed on the island Angles and Saxons v Britons driven to mountains remained as slaves奴隶 v The language of Angles (English) dominant language v England “the land of Angles” v The legend of King Arthur亚瑟 “round table” assemblyThird invasion: v In the 8th century, Vikings 维京人 invaded the northern and eastern sea coastThey were called by other Europeans as “Northman”北方来客, while they called themselves as “Viking”, meaning first “travel”, second “rob”抢夺. v Distinguish the northern people from the southern people Fourth invasion: Normans诺曼人 v from northern France/ descendants后裔 of Vikingsv Under the leadership of William the Conqueror, they crossed the English Channel in 1066. v William defeated King Harold哈洛德 and took the English throne王位, became William the First of England. v He built the Tower of London, a castle in the centre of London. The Hundred Years War (1337-1453):百年战争 v a series of wars fought between England and France over trade, territory, security抵押品 and the throne宝座 Edward III, Philip VI the King of England vs the head of the Valois House瓦罗王朝1st stage阶段 1337 - 1360v 1337, English army led by Edward III attacked French army, which was the beginning of the Hundred Years Warv 1340, English army took over接管 English Channel v 1346. English took over接管 Normandy诺曼底 v 1347, English took over Calais加来v 1348,黑死病（Black Death, Black Plague ) took away 1/3 of the population in Europe, the war stopped for 10 years v 1356, 普瓦捷 Poitiers, the French king, Jean II was captured俘获 by English army v 1360, a peace treaty条约 was signed, French territory in south west France was taken over by England2nd stage1360 - 1400 v 1364, Prince Charles took the throne Charles V 查尔斯五世 v 1369, started the war again, took back most of the lost landv 1396, ceasefire convention停火协议 was signed, to stop fire for 20 years3rd stage1415 - 1429 v 1415, Charles VI took the French throne, power struggle inside French, King of England, Henry V took the chance to attack France againv 1420, peace treaty, Henry V was entitled the privilege to inherit继承 the throne in France, marriage between Henry V & daughter of Charles VI. v 1422, Henry V & Charles VI died in the same yearv Fight between new French King, Charles VII and new King of England, Henry VI, for French thronev War started again 4th stage 1429 - 1453 v French people fought against English invadersv Joan of Arc (1431)贞德v Calais (1558)加来/programs/view/1J_vz9cJSNA/v The significant有意义的，重大的 impact of the Hundred Years War1) it promoted the concept观念 of English nationalism民族主义; 2) it promoted the development of the textile纺织工业 industry because it reduced the export of English wool; 3) it raised the social position of the bourgeois资产阶级 class. 4) Urged the centralization of authority中心机构The Wars of the Roses (1455-1458)玫瑰战争v the House of York约克角, white rose the House of Lancaster卡兰斯特, red rose v Richard, duke公爵 of York (south & east) the Lancastrian king Henry VI (north & west) v for power, wealth and ultimately the thronev Almost all the noble贵族的 families involved, great loss of life and property财产v lasted for 30 yearsv the House of Lancaster won v Henry Tudor King Henry VII (1485-1509)v 1458 1603v Medieval / Feudalism modern countryThe Civil War南北战争Stage 1: v Parliamentary clashes over monopolies, 17th century 议会对于垄断持有不同的意见v Parliament declared monopolies without its consent illegal v 1629, King Charles I dissolved融化 the parliamentv 11 years, no parliament国会v Demands for a new government increased要求增加一个新的政府 相关电影：亨利六世、理查三世Stage 2 v 1642, the Civil War broke outv the Royalists the Cavaliers保王党人 vs Parliamentarians 国会议员 the Roundheads圆颅党人v Oliver Cromwell克伦威尔 (1599-1658) , the New Model Army 新模范军 v 1649, the king was captured and executed 处决v The monarchy君主制度 was abolished v a commonwealth联邦 was declaredStage 3v Cromwell gradually became unpopular:不得人心的 * conservative in social reforms * Led an army to Ireland * Killed many royalists保皇主义者 * Restricted the freedom of Catholic 天主教的 * Tax were increased to keep the army suppliedv 1658, Cromwell died and was succeeded by his son, Richardv 1660, Parliament decided to restore Charles II to the throne of England The Glorious Revolution 光荣革命Stage 1v Charles II was crowned on April 23, 1661 v he tried to restore the old social order v 1685, James II, Charles IIs brother, a Catholicv soon showed his readiness意愿 to reestablish重建 Catholicism天主教 in England, against the English bourgeoisies willv William, head of the United Netherlands and his wife Mary, James IIs daughter were asked backv The invitation was accepted Stage 2v November, 1688, William landed in England with an army, James II fled to Francev A new Parliament declared the throne vacant and appointed William and Mary joint sovereigns.v This was called the Glorious Revolution光荣革命. Stage 3v 1689, Bill of Rights 人权法案v limited the power of the monarch v guaranteed the authority of parliament. v The Glorious Revolution was complete, in which Parliament succeeded in removing a ruling monarch they did not like and establishing a system known as constitutional monarchy君主立宪制. The Rise and Fall of the British Empirev 1583, Newfoundland(纽芬兰), the first British colony overseasv in 1837 Queen Victoria(1837-1901) ascend