英语_GRE写作分类提纲之科技类.doc

No.9 Science & TechnologyAffections of Science (13)88 Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics. 科学技术不但影响而且决定了社会风俗和道德规范。（67+6）Begin：I agree with the speakers assertio that technologies influence social ethics and customs. However, the speaker extends this influence factor to a determination factor, 是不正确的。1 技术可以影响社会传统。比如：工业革命是女性的地位提高了，可以走出家门工作；电脑、网络、手机的普及彻底改变了人们的生活方式和相处方式（贺年卡短信祝福；书信邮件，聊天工具）；先进的交通工具可以使人们不再需要必须住在城市。（transportation, communication, automation）2 技术可以影响道德规范。遗传学的研究使人们认识到近亲结婚的坏处(intermarriage, genetics); 医学发展被动吸烟的危害公共场合禁止吸烟。3 因为技术是为人类服务的，而社会传统和道德规范正是人的一种体现。相反，技术要受到社会传统和道德规范的影响。比如克隆人的研究一直被大多数国家禁止。Although we could benefit from the power of the atom which provides us with an inexhaustible source of energy, we should be aware of the fact it may also result in devastating disaster. So we should concertrate on 发电功能 rather than 核武器试验。End:In sum, Technology 是为人类服务的，它可以影响social customs and ethics, by which it should also be determined.114 Humanity has made little real progress over the past century or so. Technological innovations have taken place, but the overall condition of humanity is no better. War, violence, and poverty are still with us. Technology cannot change the condition of humanity. (17+2) 人类在上个世纪并没有真正的发展。科技发展，但是人类的整体面貌并没有得到改善。战争、暴力、贫穷一直困扰着我们。科技不能改变人类的处境。 Begin：The past century witnessed unprecedented war and violence as well as unprecedented technological progress. I agree that T can not ultimately prevent us from the enduring problems of war, violence and poverty. However, the speakers assertion fails to account for the significant positive impact that the modern-industrial and computer revolutions have had on the quality of life.1 With the innovation of T, the problems of war, p and V are still with us. T 不仅没有消除他们，at the even worse，还加剧了these problems. 核武器，生化武器；easy access to some violent movies by internet result in the hazard that some children and teenagers attempt to translate the scene of a movie onto reality.（不够的话再写对环境的污染）2 Nevertheless, we should not lose sight of the fact that T not only improves the quality of our lives, but also reduces human suffering.核能发电- 取之不尽的能量Telephone - 方便的沟通交流，在哪里都可以感受到家里的温馨。Internet - 网上购物，方便的比较，足不出户就可以买到最称心的商品Also, few would disagree that we humans have benefited a lot from the innovations in medicine and medical technologyfrom organ transplants to genetic decoding, from to 3 In my opinion, to improve the condition of humanity, 关键在我们自己，我们可以用先进的武器来发动战争，同样，我们可以用它们来维护和平；Internet尽管有暴力、色情内容，但经过我们严格的管制，it could also be used as the means of 宣传和平，鼓励救助穷人。End：In sum, whether T could change the condition depends on ourselves. Only through our ceaseless conscious efforts as well as our firm belief in the dignity and the goodness of humanity, can we essentially improve human conditions.129 Technology is a necessary but not always a positive force in modern life. (1) 同114科技对现代生活是必须的，但并非任何时候都能起到积极的作用。 Begin：同意。1 Undoubtedly, T play an important role in contemporary society. 核能发电- 为工业提供了取之不尽的能量Telephone -为商业上的快速决断与沟通提供了方便的手段。Internet 找点现成的例子T is a necessary force without which contemporary society could not survive for even on day.2 Meanwhile, we should not neglect the fact that new Ts are often used for negative or even evil purposes. 核武器，生化武器；easy access to some violent movies by internet result in the hazard that some children and teenagers attempt to translate the scene of a movie onto reality.对环境的污染3 In my opinion, it is, however, we humans rather than Ts should be responsible for the negative effects seemingly brought about by T. 我们可以用先进的武器来发动战争，同样，我们可以用它们来维护和平；Internet尽管有暴力、色情内容，但经过我们严格的管制，it could also be used as the means of 传播knowledge and wisdom. 环境污染已经非常严重，以至于我们不得不通过新的科技来解决一些非常棘手的问题：如废物回收利用，污染水源的治理，研究出新的能量，如太阳能来减少二氧化碳等排放等等。End: To summarize the issue, increased technology would cause continuously more difficult problems while at the same time, if utilized correctly and efficiently, would also provide better tools to solve these problems.135 While most of the environmental problems we face result from the use of technology, society must depend upon technology to find solutions to these problems. 虽然我们面临的大多数环境问题都来源于科技的应用，我们应该依靠科技本身来寻找这些问题的解决方案。 (4) 1.2.3 from 作文讲堂Begin：I agree with the speakers assertion that the use of technology result in most environmental problems. However, to solve these problems requires not only new technology but also a change of our thinking.1. Technology has been one of the tools that humans have used for the evolution of society. The use of a particular new technology may have unanticipated, possibly negative, results owing to in sufficient knowledge and consideration of existing circumstances.2. It should also be acknowledged that economic greed has been another factor that has led to environmental problems through the abuse of technlogy.3. Therefore, solving these problems requires not only new technology that either corrects the problems or stops creating them in the first place, but also a change of our thinking.End:150 Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete. 05/47; 06/5(70)由于电视和全球范围内的计算机网络，人们现在可以熟悉很多以前从未涉足过的地方。其结果就是使得旅游变得过时了。(旅游将会被淘汰，技术进步对人类社会的影响之旅游) Begin：This assertion actually consists of two claims: that new technologies such as television and worldwide computer connections make people more familiar with many places which they have never visited, and that tourism will soon become obsolete, or even decline as a result .While I agree with the first claim, I strongly disagree with the second one.1. As for the claim that new technologies will render tourism obsolete, we already have sufficient empirical evidence that this simply will not happen. In the recent information age, we have been peering through our television sets and at other countries and surfering on the internet for cultures of other countries, yet tourism is as popular as ever. In fact, tourism has been increasing sharply during the last decade. 2. On the contrary, the more reasonable conclusion would be that these new Ts have actually served to spark the peoples interests in visiting other places. 以前了解旅游的途径很少，所以人们不大可能跑很远，比如出国去旅游。现在不一样了，在人们从电视上了解信息后，可能帮助他们计划旅游. 互联网使得人们外出旅游更方便，能够定飞机票，能够获得更多有关旅游点的信息，最终缩短人们在旅游中寻找路途的时间，从而使人们在旅游的时候得到更舒适的体验，并让人们更愿意旅游。3. Moreover, 旅游是不能被替代的，旅游有很多好处。第一：旅游能够让人从繁忙的工作中解放出来，这也是很多人旅游的原因，如在California 的beach，你可以享受阳光，呼吸新鲜空气，游泳，to get away from our familiar routines and surroundings. Will television and computer connectivity fulfill this need? Certainly not.第二：旅游也是锻炼身体，人们去旅游总要travel，要走路，进行各种各样的relax games，而这些也是在家办不到的.(不够的话再写，旅游可以让我们真正的接触自然人文景观。亲眼看到的东西跟电视里面看到的是不好相比。埃及金字塔（Egypt pyramid），中国的长城,从自己的角度看景物，感受旅游地的风俗，文化，饮食，人们)End：In sum, global connectivity, especially the Internet, can only pique our curiosity about other peoples, cultures, and places. Tourism helps satisfy that curiosity, as well as satisfying a fundamental human need to experience new things first-hand and to explore the world.166 Over the past century, the most significant contribution of technology has been to make peoples lives more comfortable. (2) 上个世纪，科技的最大贡献在于使人们的生活更舒适。 Begin: I agree with the speakers broad assertion that technology has made peoples lives more comfortable, which is its most significant contribution in the past century. However, we should not neglect the fact that problems also have arisen (overlook certain problems that also accrue) along with the triumphs.1. The ultimate goal of technology should be to improve the quality of peoples lives. We can see this goal is reflected in todays technological developments. Thanks to the Internet, planes, telecommunication, computers and genetic decoding, peoples lives are becoming more and more comfortable and enjoyable.2. Admittedly, while appreciating the accomplishments of the technology, it must be acknowledged that problems have arisen along with and as a result of the triumphs: global warming, the threat of nuclear weapons, environmental pollution, ect. 3. However, reflecting on these problems makes clear that it is we humans rather than Ts should be responsible for the negative effects seemingly brought about by T. Our economic greed led to environmental problems through the abuse of technologyEnd: These drawbacks of technology do not surpass the benefits it has brought about.196 Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life. 05/15; 06/3(37+2)科技产生的问题多于所解决的，可能威胁或降低人们的生活质量。 Begin: Whether T enhances or diminishes our quality of life depends mainly on the means by which we humans utilize them. It is unjust for T to assert that it provides more problems that it solves, or even may do damage to our lives.1. 科技发展的本质是为了让社会变得更美好，可以让人类生活的更加舒适。（Nobel 造 explosive， 是为了让在矿场的工人更加方便，发明汽车是为了让人们的出行更加方便，发明网络是为了信息的交流更加畅通，还有各种药物之类的，这些科技初期的适当使用，都是给人类的生活带来了明显的改观，大大提高了人类的生活质量）。2. 但是人们过于依靠这些科技，或者滥用这些科技，给这个社会带来了很多前所未有的复杂问题（人们利用炸药做成武器，比起以前的剑之类，杀伤力增强。人们过分依赖汽车，以至于一点远的地方都要开车，不仅缺少锻炼，而且汽车排放的废气进一步引发温室效应，破化臭氧ozone，而且车祸成了世界上第一杀手。 网络的滥用让人们迷失自我，与自己生活中的亲人，家人生疏，且网络上一些有害青少年的信息太多，其实因科技引发的各种问题都有违背它的发明初衷，这不能怪那些科学家，是人类自己对待这些科技的心态，和利用的方式导致了这么多的问题）3. 科技还是需要进一步发展，因为很多问题还要靠科技的发展才能解决。因为科技发展到现在，很多问题不是回头看看历史就能解决的，而且很多迫切的问题使很多人们痛苦着，比如世界人口不断膨胀population explosive，需要进一步研究出高产量的粮食Yield。而且汽车尾气的问题无法通过限制汽车排放尾气的数量来降低，因为基数太大，必须发明一种新的无污染的新型燃料。我们不能停止科技进步的脚步，因为很多问题除了新的科技，已经无法缓和了。）End: To summarize the issue, technology would cause continuously difficult problems while at the same time, if utilized correctly and efficiently, would also provide better tools to solve these problems. 最终是我们的生活更加美好。124 Instant foods, instant communication, faster transportation-all of the se recent developments are designed to save time. Ironically, though, instead of making more leisure time available, these developments have contributed to a pace of human affairs that is more rushed and more frantic than ever before. （0） mainly refer to 244 syllabus快餐、实时通讯、高速运输，所有这些最新发展都是为了节省人们的时间。但具有讽刺意味的是，这些进步非但没有给人们带来更多的闲暇时间，反而让人们的生活节奏越来越忙乱。 1 Theoretically speaking, such recent inventions as instant foods, instant communication, and fast transportation have made it possible for us to set aside more time for repose and relaxation.2 Actually we are living a more hurried life today than ever before.3 In my opinion, what makes us hurry today is our values that give too much stress to competition and efficiency rather than these inventions which is developed to cater to our values.58 The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves. （1）快节奏的生活导带来的问题比解决的问题多。 Mainly refer to 讲堂P801 It is true that the rapid pace of life has resulted in an unprecedented high number of problems. (CarsGreenhouse effect, pollution; Instant communication 人与人亲情友情逐渐冷淡). In addition, an even worse situation is that the rapid pace has exerted high psychological stress and anxiety. 以上很多问题给人类造成的后果都是无法弥补的。2 However, the increasingly rapid pace of life is inevitable; it is the natural result of the development of society.3 在不得不适应这种快节奏的同时, we should not neglect the fact that a lot benefits are produced by the increasing pace of life. 高效率的社会发展使得人民的生活水平不断提高。快节奏带来了竞争，使得人们不断挖掘自己的潜力，更好的提高自己。115 It is through the use of logic and of precise, careful measurement that we become aware of our progress. Without such tools, we have no reference points to indicate how far we have advanced or retreated. （4） 北美P142通过逻辑思维和精确的测量手段才能获知我们的进步。没有这些工具，就没有参考点来标明我们进步了多少，退步了多少。 Begin: I agree that in certain endeavors quantitative measurements and logical analysis of data are essential for this purpose. However, in other realms objective data provides little guidance for determining progress. My view applies to individuals as well as society as a whole. 1. As for monitoring individual progress, the extent to which careful measurement and logical analysis of data are required depends on the specific fields. 跳高运动员布勃卡每次不断的超越自己，超越了人类历史从来没有人超越的高度，6米，他自己3 5次打破自己的世界纪录，而每次的进步都是只有几厘米，最后将成绩提高到了6.14米，如果没有精确的测量，怎么会意识到自己的进步呢。2. 然而一些方面，像人格，品德，才能等等都是无法用数字来衡量的。另外，人生命的价值不单单可以以生命的长短来判断的，有的人活了90多岁，但是总生碌碌无为，没有贡献，而有些人虽然只活了30年，甚至20年，但是他为人类作了伟大的贡献，人们永远记住他。如3. Turning to the social level, as on a personal level, the extent to which careful measurement and logic are needed to determine progress depends on the endeavor. Social-political progress is less susceptible to objective measurement. For instance, progress in social welfare might be measured by the number of homeless people, incidence of domestic violence, or juvenile crime rate. 道琼斯指数，GDP都反映了当前社会的经济状况，通过比较这些，我们可以分析出我们是进步了还是退步了4. In contrast，in some realms of the society, objective data provide little guidance for determining progress. 举例子？什么例子好呢？End: 237 Computers and video technology can make facsimiles of original works such as paintings and historical documents available to everyone. The great advantage of this new technology is that it will enable anyonenot just scholarsto conduct in-depth research without having access to the original works. (1)计算机以及视频技术可以制作原件的复制品，使得普通人都能接触到绘画或历史文件，此新技术的巨大优点在于它使得每一个人而不只是学者能够不接触原件而进行深入的研究。7 The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records. 05/52; 06/2 （82）数码相机可以精确、令人信服地记录当代人们的生活，作为一种记录方式，它的重要性已经超过了纸笔记录。 Begin: The video recording is a more important means of documenting contemporary life than a written record because video recordings are more accurate and convincing, however, the speakers assertion overstates the importance of video as a documentary tool, at least to some extent. After all, what we view through a camera lens provides only one dimension of our life and times; written documentation will always be needed to quantify, demystify, and provide meaning to the world around us.1. Admittedly. 摄像机真实的记录现实生活。( 人们可以知道过去发生事情的每个细节minutias，表情，动作movement 用摄像机记录婚礼，可是使夫妻很多年后仍找回当初的感觉) .在现场感比较强的场景( scene great visual impact)，影像资料更加震撼。比如911 事件中镜头记录下的飞机撞大楼（world trade center），人带来的冲击是任何文字无法带来的，人们对恐怖分子厌恶（Anti-terrorism）的情绪也到达历史高度。2. Though the video camera provides an accurate record of physical life and phenomena, for certain purposes written records are advantageous to an more appropriate than video records. For example, video records could not competently prvide insight into the mind, impressions, or reflections of an event or experience. 就好像电视取代不了报纸一样。人类思想的精华都是用文字传承下来的.用摄像机阐述形而上学（metaphysics）就像让一个刚会说话的孩子去当教授一样不可能。因为抽象的东西在生活中根本是看不见的。Moreover, a video record can not take the place of a written record in documenting statistical or other quantitative information. For instance, progress in social welfare might be measured by the number of homeless people, incidence of domestic violence, or juvenile crime rate. 道琼斯指数，GDP都反映了当前社会的经济状况，通过比较这些，我们可以分析出我们是进步了还是退步了.Undoubtedly, a video record is of no use in those described ocassions.3. Furthermore, 这两者的经济成本不同，所以大多数时候还是用文字记录的。用摄像机你要有磁带，这次都要钱，而纸和笔很便宜，经济上面不允许我们都用摄像机。而且我们不可能一直带着摄像机，但是我们可以随身带笔，随时都可以记录。这些特性都决定了在文件记载方面还是文字占多数。End: In sum,我们要看到各有各得优势。We should make good use of technology without abandoning traditional methods. These two media can build upon one another, resulting in a multimedia testimony to moder life.41. Such non-mainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science. 05/71; 06/5 （132）上官研究界的一些非主流领域，比如星象学、占卜术和意念及超自然探索，在社会中起到了很重要的作用，因为它们满足了人们无法从主流科学获得的需求。(少数和多数之非主流学科) Begin: I concede the speakers assertion that astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits respond to certain basic human needs. In my point of view, however, the potential harm they can inflict on their participants and on society far outweighs their psychological benefits.1、不可否认，非主流科学确实能够满足人们的某些精神需求，而这些需求又是主流学科所无法很好解释的。例如，占星术所揭示出的人性格之间的和谐与不和谐，心理学就没能够给出更好的解答；与占星术中的那些生动的性格描述术语相比，心理学中的术语则显得过于死板和枯燥；另外，心理学、精神分析学等都不能给出对一个人未来事业和命运的预测；天文学虽然能发现新的天体，甚至做出了彗星撞击木星这种准确的预测，但是就人与人、个人与未来之间的微妙关系，它仍然无法给出丝毫的启示。2、非主流科学在满足人们精神需求的同时，有可能给人类带来危害。首先，它容易让人们产生依赖性；其次，由于缺乏科学根据，大部分是靠猜测，所以无法很好的指导人们去认识世界、改造世界。3、一些现在的非主流科学很可能成为将来的主流科学，反之亦然，两者之间存在着互相转换。例如，哥白尼的日心说理论在当时就被认为是所谓的歪理邪说，是绝对的非主流科学和理论，但是随着人类科学的进步，认识问题的能力和手段的提高，哥白尼的日心说的主流意义逐渐显露出来。所以，我们应该以客观的态度来审视所谓的主流和非主流科学，做出正确的、符合客观规律的判断，以指导我们更好的认识和改造世界。Position: balancedI agree with the speaker that astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits meet certain basic human needs and solve some problems inherently cannot be solved by other mainstream sciences. However, in my view the potential harm they may inflict on their participants and on society should not be ignored.1. Admittedly, non-mainstream areas of inquiry have survived for thousands of years and still hold considerable influence over the masses. This is mainly because non-mainstream sciences address certain human needs - primarily mental needs - which mainstream sciences and other areas of intellectual inquiry cannot. One such need involves curiosity, which is universal human nature to all of us. For people with such propensity to know their fate and future, whether good or bad, astrology, fortune-telling, and psychics serve as the primary source of comfort. Another such need involves our common experience as humans that we freely make our own choices and decisions in life and therefore carry some responsibility for their unknown consequences. Faced with infinite choices, we all experience uncertainty, insecurity, and confusion. And understandably, to prevent these bad feelings many people try to shift the burden of making difficult choices and decisions to some nebulous authority outside themselves by relying on the stars or on