Chapter 7 助动词.docx

Chapter 7Can 1. Ability2. Possibility: A leopard cant change its spots. 江山易改，本性难移。A cracked bell can never sound well. 破镜难圆。3. When denoting permission, can appears to be more common than May. You cant leave without a word.4. In negation and question, can is able to express such feelings as request, impatience, bewilderment, order, astonishment. P 165上5. Can is frequently used with perception verbs:感知动词，taste, see, hear, smell, feel, understand, remember, believe, imagine. I cant believe he told you about it.6. Idiomatic 惯用的只能He can but laugh at his own foolish acts.I cannot choose but to listen to her babbling.情不自禁I cannot but think of my ex-boyfriend.I cannot help but call you.She cant help laughing after hearing such a joke.7. Can + perfect infinitive完成不定式 is only used in a negative sentence or in a question, which denotes possibility in the past context. 仅限否定和疑问They cant have been there yesterday.Can he have revealed the secret, I wonder?Could1. Ability in the past tense context2. Permission in the past tense context3. Used in present context, could refers to polite or tentative offers, request and casual order.4. When you succeeded in doing something in the past context, we dont use could. Instead, we use be able to, succeed in doing and manage to do.不说They played hard and could win the game.而是说They played hard and were able to/ managed to/ succeed in + win/ winning the game.5. Could + perfect infinitive suggests what could haveMay 1. Possibility only used in positive or negative sentences.She may not at home.2. May I smoke here?Yes, please./ No, please dont.3. 表permission,在表示目的或让步状语从句中构成谓语She is saving her money so that she may go to study in United States. _(aim and purpose)However hard you may work, you cannot finish your homework on time. (Concession,让步)4. IdiomaticP 168 You may as well tell him the truth. Might 1. Possibility and permission in the past tense context2. 在表示目的或让步的状语从句中构成谓语3. Both may and might can indicate possibility in the past tense context, they can be interchangeable. 可互换的Will 和 would Will1. 推测性意义：I think it will rain tomorrow.2. 愿意、意图、坚持3. 表示现在或将来的事情 Tom will 30 next year.You will have heard the news last night.4. 表示意志力：I wont go, and thats final. 一定不会If you will eat so much, no wonder youre fat.Would 1.预测，推测性意义 2.意图，意愿，坚持 3.礼貌或不确定性 4.表假设，与相反 If I were you, I wouldnt do that.Shall 和should Shall 1. 预测，逻辑的必然性2. 意愿，意图，坚持3. Shall与第一人称连用：What shall we do? 与二、三人称连用：表示说话人的意愿和坚持 Should 是shall 的过去式。零碎知识点修饰限定的规则Det. + Num. + Subjective descriptive adj. + objective descriptive adj. (size, length, shape, new, age) + color adj. + Nationality or material + ing-participles + noun.限定词+数词+主观描述词+客观描述词+颜色形容词+表示国籍或是材质的现在分词+名词后缀 -able: comfortable, drinkable, and valuable -al: agricultural, central, national -ant: important, reluctant, and significant -ent: different, excellent, independent -ary: elementary, revolutionary, and necessary -ive: active, progressive, comparative -less: endless, priceless, helpless -ous: hazardous, famous, nervous -y: greedy, wealthy, salty -ful: doubtful, merciful, peaceful -ic: electronic, energetic, economicBut and related coordinators P2651. But, yet, while and whereas are to express a contrast2. But and yet are interchangeable, except in the structure: not but3. While and whereas can only introduce a clause; they cant introduce units of the same syntactic level.4. While and whereas can be put in the first position of sentence; but and yet cannot. 可以放在句首5. But and yet can introduce both a clause and units of the same syntactic level.P268假使，假定Assuming thatSupposing that Granted that Provided that考虑到，鉴于 Considering that Given thatBut that 若不是Save that 只是，要不是Seeing that 因为，由于For all that; with all that 尽管Now that; in that 既然，因为Insofar that 到程度，在范围之内According as 如果，倘若P279 先行词 nouns(common and proper nouns) personal pronouns 人称代词（非限） Nominaldemonstrative pronouns 指示代词Antecedent clauses Non-nominal verb phrases predicative adjective 表语形容词The clauses as antecedents are only followed by non-restrictive.The verb phrases as antecedents are only go along with 非限从。Predicative adjective as antecedents are only followed非限从。P280 The antecedent including all, any, some, every, no, none, etc. only go along with restrictive relative clauses. Personal pronouns could be followed by both restrictive relative clauses and non-restrictive relative clauses. 例如，1. You, who are so clever, will not believe his promises.2. She cycled from Hebei to Beijing, which is a marvelous job for an old woman. She dances well, which I dont.Nick is tall, which I will never be. 限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句，是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整，不用逗号隔开。指人时可用who, that;指物可用which, that.非限制性定语从句，只是对先行词的补充说明，如果删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思，用逗号与主句隔开。P281 书上画的P 282 书上画的 普通：非限人称代词谚语：限制 P287 In the restrictive relative clause, when the relative pronoun for personal antecedents plays the role of subject complement or object complement, we usually use which or that, not who.例子1. That was the kind of person which/ that he was.2. She became