供应链管理SCM的关键特征.docx

供应链管理：关键特征Key Attributes of SCMA number of key attributes 重要特征 are associated with supply-chain management, including: Customer power客户实力（权力） A long-term orientation长期定位 Leveraging technology 杠杆技术 Enhanced communication across organizations组织间强化交流 Inventory control Interactivity交互性 Inter-functional，Inter-organizational coordination内部功能及组织间协作1. Customer powerSupply chains recognize the power of consumers and view customers as assets 供应链承认客户的权利并把客户看着是一种资产In recent years, a clear shift of power has moved away from the manufacturer and toward customer power. Todays customers “are demanding that companies recognize them as individuals and conduct business on their terms.” For example, todays customers are relatively unconcerned with a retailers trade class distinction (e.g. department store, specialty store) and more concerned with retailers honesty , trust , and respect . Two of the most successful retailers in the contemporary environment are Wal-Mart and Target. Implications for SCMThe increasing power of customers has important implications for the design and management of supply chains.Because customer needs and wants change relatively quickly, supply chains should be fast and agile , rather than slow and inflexible 僵硬的.Fast encompasses a speed / time component , while agile focuses on an organizations ability to respond to changes in demand with respect to volume and variety .Failure to be fast and agile can result in decreased market share, reduced profitability, lower stock price, and /or dissatisfied customers for supply-chain participants.2. Long-term orientation长期定位The definition for supply-chain management indicates that supply chains exist to improve “the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole.”This emphasis on long-term performance suggests that supply chains should employ a long-term as opposed to a short-term orientation with the various participants 参与者suppliers, customers, intermediaries , and facilitators.A long-term orientation tends to be predicated on 【predicate on / upon 使依据于, 使基于】relational exchanges while a short-term orientation tends to be predicated on transactional exchanges. 长期定位倾向于针对相关的交易而预测, 而短期定位是倾向于针对相互影响的交易而预测的.In order for relational exchanges相关交易 to be effective, a transactional “whats in it for me?” philosophy needs to be replaced by a relational “whats in it for us?” philosophy.Relational exchanges 相关交易tend to be characterized by a far different set of attributes than are transactional exchanges相互影响的交易, includingbut not limited totrust, commitment, dependence, investment, and shared benefits.At a minimum, relational exchange may result in individual supply-chain participants have to rethink and rework their approaches to other supply-chain participants.Commitment suggests that supply-chain participants recognize the importance of maintaining the relationship that has been established, as opposed to regularly changing participants in order to take advantage of short-term bargains.Relational exchangesand by extension, supply-chain managementcannot be successful without information sharing various participants.Partnerships 5pB:tnEFip, which can be loosely described as positive, long-term relationships between supply-chain participants, are part and parcel 5pB:sl of a relational exchange. A key decision with partnerships involves the degree to which it will be formalized.3. Leveraging technology杠杆技术It is argued that technology has been at the center of changes taking place that affect the supply chain, and that two key factorscomputing power and the Internethave sparked much of this change.Business futurists Joseph Pine and James Gilmore have referred to the Internet as the greatest force of commodization known nEun to man, for both goods and services.With respect to supply chains, the Internet can facilitate fE5siliteit efficiency and effectiveness by providing opportunities for supply chains to simultaneously improve customer service and reduce their logistics costs.4. Enhanced communication across organizationsBecause supply chains depend on huge quantities of real-time information, it is essential that this information can be seamlessly transmitted across organizations.5. Inventory control库存是一个公司运营有效性的重要标志之一。供应管理可通过提高“供应商的绩效Performance of suppliers”来降低库存Another attribute of supply-chain management involves various activities that can be lumped under the inventory-control rubric .Supply chain management attempts to achieve a smoother and better-controlled flow of inventory with fewer expensive inventory “lumps块煤” along the way. In this situation, the focus is on reducing the so-called bullwhip effect, which is characterized by variability in demand orders among supply chain participantsthe end result of which is inventory lumps. In short, one aspect of inventory control in supply chain management is to move from stops and starts to continuous flow.A second aspect of inventory control in supply chain management involves a reduction in the amount of inventory in the supply chain, or what one scholar has termed a JAZ (just about zero) approach.There are a number of ways to reduce inventory, such as smaller, more frequent orders, the use of premium transportation, demand-pull, as opposed to supply-push, replenishment and the elimination and / or consolidation of slower-moving product, among others.The supply chain disruptions caused by the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks (e.g. delayed shipments and the consequent manufacturing shutdowns) have caused some supply chains to reassess their emphasis on inventory reduction.Managing the flow of material is common to organizations in every segment of the economy: churches, governments, manufactures, wholesalers, retailers, and universities.5.1. Three aggregate categories of inventoryInventory exists in three aggregate categories, which are useful for accounting purpose. (1) Raw Materials, RMRaw Materials are inventories that are needed for the production of goods and services.They are considered to be inputs to the transformation process of the firm, whether they produce a product or a service.(2) Work-in-Process, WIP在制品Work-in-Process consists of items such as components or assemblies needed for a final product in manufacturing.WIP is also present in some service operations, such as repair shops, restaurants, check processing centers, and package delivery services.(3) Finished Goods, FGFinished Goods in manufacturing plants, warehouses, and retail outlets are the items sold to the firms customers.The finished goods of one firm may actually be the raw materials for another