华东师大心理测量复习资料.doc

华东师大心理测量笔记大概的介绍。凡是客观存在的事物都是有数量的。桑代克凡是有数量的东西都是可以测量的。麦克尔心理用间接测量。测量行为，来推测心理。心理测量的结果不绝对。I. 心理测量的发展史一 中国古代的心理测量思想与实践1905 法国科学心理测量.孔子心理测量的思想“中人以上，可以语上也；中人以下，不可以语上也。”孟子“权，然后知轻重；度，然后知长短；物皆然，心为甚。”刘劭人物志，“观其感变，以审常度。”翻译后，名为人类能力之研究 韩非 一手画圆，一手画方。 到现在，用于测注意力 民间，周岁试儿 到现在，婴幼儿的动作测量 古代的问答法 到现在，临床谈话法，问卷法 庄子：九征 到现在，情景法 博弈（棋）、九连环、七巧板古代测智力水平的器具 八阵图。二 心理测量早期探索及尝试英国 高尔顿 最早想通过测量人的证明他的“遗传论”。 美国 卞特尔 心理学只有立足于实验与测量之上，才会有自然科学的准确度。 德国 冯 特 心理测量的思想。三 科学心理测量的诞生与发展1905 法国 比纳（Binet）1895创办第一本心理学杂志心理学年报心理测量的原理：把结果与他人比较，以求概括。1905：比纳西蒙量表（的标志）标志着科学心理测量的诞生。30题，从易到难。1908、1911两次修订，制订了“智龄”之后，有斯坦福”比纳量表（推孟修订，1916）现在的所谓“比纳量表引入了斯腾（德国）的心理商数概念，变化为： 智龄IQ=_ *100使不同年龄层次间儿童的智力水平比较成为可能。也叫比率智商实龄 后来量表的特点I. 操作性量表（比纳的量表是语言性量表）II. 团体测验 （比纳的量表是个别的测验）III. 教育测验（学习测验，eg桑代克，斯坦福成就测验）IV. 人格的测验V. 特殊能力测验（eg音乐，绘画能力etc）四 心理测验在中国的发展1916 樊炳清 介绍比纳的量表1920 南京高等师范学校（现南大），廖世承、陈鹤琴开设心理测量课。之后，制定量表，开创杂志抗日战争开始一度中断。1979后，心理测量在中国走进辉煌。智力测验方面，陆志韦，吴天敏；人格测验方面，肖孝嵘；艾伟，学业成就方面。中国国内著名心理测量方面的学者。第二章 心理测量的性质测量最基本的特征：对事物进行区分一 测量的基本问题。1.定义 ：利用一定的法则现在，心理学中的法则还不完善，所以结果不精确。用数字对事物心理学中，是对事物的特征及属性加以区分（描述）。“数字”的特性：I. 区分性II. 等级性/序列性III. 等距性IV. 可加性2.要素 绝对的零点（没有此特性）理想的参照点，加减乘除都可以I. 参照点：1 人为参照点 只能加减，不能乘除。 2 确定的意义II. 单位应有：1 s. This cannot be a good thing.Sages dont get into disputes in the first place because they give to others without expecting anything in return. It is as if they hold the left half of the lending agreement - the lenders copy - but do not use it to extract loan payments from the borrower.Those who possess virtue are like the sages. Metaphorically speaking, they also hold the left half of the lending agreement. They give; they do not take.Those who lack virtue are like the tax collectors. It is as if they hold the collections notice over other people. They take from everyone and give to no one.Given this is the case, how can it be that generous souls prosper while misers seem to be forever pinching pennies? Shouldnt those who only take end up with more than those who only give?It is not because the Tao plays favorites and treats giving people better. It is because the karmic principle - the Law of Cause and Effect - ensures that those who give in accordance with the Tao will always receive abundantly.NotesWhen the ancient Chinese people began building their civilization some five thousand years ago, they found themselves in need of a way to keep track of debts.The method had to somehow be proof against forgery, so less trustworthy individuals wouldnt borrow funds and then deny it or claim a smaller amount. Also, this was back in the days before the invention of paper, so that made the problem even more difficult.What they came up with was clever. Lender and borrower would get a piece of wood or tree bark, and carve the record of their transaction and agreement on it. Then, this contract would be split apart in the middle. The left part goes to the lender; the right to the borrower.Thus, the left side of the contract is the lenders proof that he has a right to demand payments. When the loan has been paid, the lender gives the left side to the borrower, thus making the contract whole.Because the tear in the wood or bark is uneven, it serves as the perfect and natural way to authenticate. A forged left side will never be able to match the right side - a brilliant solution.The Tao of GivingSomeone who gives in accordance with the Tao observes the following guidelines:1) Appropriate amount. Tao cultivators would not give so much that they damage their own ability to continue giving in the future. The important thing is to be like a small stream that keeps flowing, as opposed to an upended barrel that splashes water everywhere and has no more to give.2) Detachment. Tao cultivators give with no expectations or attachments. They give only for the sake of giving, not to win recognition or showcase their generosity.3) Based on need. Tao cultivators look for opportunities where giving would make the most significant difference for someone in need. In a snowstorm, they would deliver coal to someone who has trouble staying warm. This may not be very expensive to do, but it has meaning for the recipient that is priceless.4) Not necessarily tangible. Tao cultivators recognize that material things and monetary values are not the only ways to give. They are also ready to give an encouraging word, a cheery greeting, a smile, a blessing, a pat on the back, a helping hand, recognition, forgiveness, courtesy, praise. The world is full of wonderful ways to give.80Small country, few peopleLet them have many weapons but not use themLet the people regard death seriouslyAnd not migrate far awayAlthough they have boats and chariotsThey have no need to take themAlthough they have armors and weaponsThey have no need to display themLet the people return to tying knots and using themSavor their food, admire their clothesContent in their homes, happy in their customsNeighboring countries see one anotherHear the sounds of roosters and dogs from one anotherThe people, until they grow old and dieDo not go back and forth with one another The ideal place is a small country with few people in it. This place is free of conflict and strife. Even though they have hundreds of military instruments, they dont need to use them. The people treat life-and-death issues with serious regard, and do not need to risk their lives in a dangerous migration to faraway places.Peace prevails in such a place, so even though the people have boats and chariots, they have no need to use them to get away from this country. Similarly, even though they are no pacifists and possess armors and weapons, they have no need to show aggression by putting them on display.The people live simply and return to the old way of life. They make full use of simple solutions, such as tying knots to record events. Their food is not elaborate, but they find it delicious; their clothes are not extravagant, and yet beautiful in their elegant simplicity. Their homes are not luxurious, but they feel content, safe and comfortable in them. Their customs are down-to-earth, and yet they find them sincere, direct, and joyful.This country and its neighbors are not far apart. They are within visual range of one another, as well as hearing range. While in one country, one can hear the dogs and roosters of a neighboring country.Despite the close distance between them, there is no friction among these countries. The people of the region grow old and die without ever getting into petty squabbles with one another. Because they are content and peaceful, they simply do not engage in back-and-forth deception, contention and retribution with their neighbors.81True words are not beautifulBeautiful words are not trueThose who are good do not debateThose who debate are not good.Those who know are not broad of knowledgeThose who are broad of knowledge do not knowSages do not accumulateThe more they assist others, the more they possessThe more they give to others, the more they gainThe Tao of heavenBenefits and does not harmThe Tao of sagesAssists and does not contend Sincere words, spoken honestly, may be blunt and direct. People who wish to avoid the truth will not find them pleasant.Soothing, flowery words that appeal to vanity are not truthful. Such words distort reality in order to deceive or manipulate.Those who are good in the art of living recognize the futility of arguments, and therefore wisely refrain from engaging in debates. Sages who possess Te let actions reveal their virtues; they have no need to explain themselves with words.Conversely, someone who is overly argumentative - and thus constantly debates against others - is a person lacking the skill to live a life free of anger and stress. We should also beware of those who constantly explain themselves with glib words, for they do not possess real virtue.Those who possess true mastery of knowledge have no wish to acquire shallow learning in a broad spectrum of subjects. Someone who really knows, understands that the great Tao lives in the heart. There is no need to search for the Tao all over the place.Conversely, if someone claims to know something about everything, then chances are excellent that this person has little mastery of any one subject. Being obsessed with a wide variety of book knowledge is a sign of someone who has not yet found the Tao within.Sages have no need to accumulate worldly knowledge or goods, because they find contentment and abundance in helping and giving. The more they render assistance, the more fulfillment they possess; the more they give to people, the more blessings and wisdom they acquire.Sages recognize that the positive, uplifting Tao of heaven benefits all living things and does not harm them. In emulating this, sages also seek to benefit others by helping them, and refrain from harming them with contention.NotesThe first two lines, True words are not beautiful / Beautiful words are not true, can be misused. Sometimes, people who want to criticize others out of malice may use them as justification.The difference between such people and sages is in terms of intention. When sages speak plainly and truthfully, they do so out of the intention to assist or benefit others - sages have no wish to harm other people with words, or initiate an argument with them.Oftentimes we think we are helping friends by arguing with them (to make them see), but because this brings contention into the relationship, it is usually more harmful than helpful. People are hardly at their best when a debate causes them to become defensive and unyielding.Another important point related to the first two lines is that sages do not give insincere praise. Saying what people want to hear (beautiful words) may make them feel comfortable in the short term, but if such words distort or conceal reality, they can only lead to harm in the long run. English_Lindauer_TTKDasTao Te KingvonLao TseChinese - English byDavid Lindauer1A tao that one can taoIs not the entire taoA name that one can nameIs not the entire name.In the absence of namesLies the origin of heavens and earthThe presence of namesIs mother to the 10000 things.So viewing entireness without desireOne may see subtletiesViewing entireness with desireOne may see boundaries.That which is these bothGoes about as itself yet there are different names.Categorizing them together there is insightVery deep insightThe gateway to collective subtleties.2In the world each knows how beauty actsWhere there is beauty ugliness beginsEach knows how to valueWhere there is value lack of value begins.In this mannerPresence and absence give birth to each otherDifficult and easy complete each otherLong and short contrast each otherHigh and low attract each otherTone and voice harmonize each otherFront and back follow each other.Appropriately it happens that sagesDwell absent of acting with effortDo things without explaining in wordsMake the 10000 things blend yet without trying to describe themGive birth yet without possessingAct yet without relying on resultsAre of outstanding service yet arent willing to reside therein.In the end, only be unwilling to reside thereinAppropriately, a lack of detachment happens.3Being without esteem for principlesResults in people who do not contendBeing without treasuring goods difficult to obtainResults in people who do not act as thievesBeing without seeing what one can desireResults in the minds of people not being confused.Appropriately the governing of sages happens.Baring the mindSolidifying the centerLessening the willStrengthening self-natureThese entirely result in peopleWho are absent of knowing and absent of desireIn the end they also result in the wise not venturing to act.Acting absent of actingAn absence of being without governing follows.4Tao, like an empty bowlBeing used somehow lacks fullness.Such breadth!It seems to be a model for the 10000 things.Blunting what is sharpUntying what is tangledHarmonizing what is brightBeing together with the dusty earth.Such depth!It seems to somehow exist.I have no knowledge whose child it isIt appears to precede the emperors.5Heavens and earth are without humanizingIt happens that the 10000 things act as straw dogsSages are without humanizingIt happens that one hundred families act as straw dogs.The space bounding heavens and earth is just like the equal of a bellowsEmpty yet not subduedStirring yet more goes out.Much talk counts for littleIt cant compare to obeying the center.6The valley spirit has no deathIt is appropriately called the all-embracing femaleThe gateway of The all-embracing femaleIs appropriately called the root of heavens and earth.Continuous, soft, it looks like it exists-It is infrequently used.7Heavens, growth, earth, longevity.In heavens and earths placeThat which is able to grow and further be l