语言学Chapters 5.doc

Units 5 SemanticsI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. 1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.F 2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.F 3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.T 4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.F 5. Contextuallism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.T 6. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.T 7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meaning of all its components.F 8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.T 9. “it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.T 10. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1. S emantics_ can be defined as the study of meaning.2. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d_irect_ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.3. R _eference_ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. Words that are close in meaning are called s_ynonyms_.5. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h_omophones_.6. R _elational_ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.7. C_omponential_ analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.8. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s_electional_ restrictions, which are constrains on what lexical items can go with what others.9. An a _rgument_ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.10. According to the n_aming_ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.III. Multiple Choice1. Which of the following is NOT the concern of “sense”?B A. It is the study of the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. B. It is the study of what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world. C. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compliers are interested in. D. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.2. The meaning relationship between the two words “sheep” and “ewe” is _C_. A. Antonymy B. Homonymy C. Hyponymy D. Polysemy3. X: They are going to have another baby. Y: They have a child. The relationship of X and Y is _D_. A. synonymous B. inconsistent C. X entailing Y D. X presupposing Y4. According to the componential analysis, the words “girl” and “woman” differ in the feature of _D_. A. HUMAN B. ANIMATE C. MALE D. ADULT5. According to predication analysis, the predication of the sentence “It is hot.” is a _A_. A. no-place predication B. one-place predication C. two-place predication D. three-place predication6. The relationship between “voilet” and “tulip” is _A_. A. co-hyponyms B. superordinate C. hyponyms D. antonyms7. The relationship between “begin” and “commence” is _B_. A. Dialectal synonyms B. Stylistic synonyms C. Collocational synonyms D. Semantically different synonyms8. Predication analysis is a way to analyze _D_ meaning. A. phoneme B. word C. phrase D. sentence9. What is the relationship between the words “color” and “red”? D A. Synonymy B. Antonymy C. Polysemy D. Hyponymy. 10. “Fall” and “autumn” are _A_ synonyms. A. dialectal B. stylistic C. evaluatively different D. semantically different11. The four major modes of semantic change are _A_. A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation12. The semantic features of the word “girl” can be expressed as _D_. A. + animate, -human, + adult, + male. B. + animate, + human, -adult, + male. C. +animate, + human, + adult, -male. D. + animate, + human, -adult, -male.13. What is the sentential relation between “He likes skating.” And “ He likes sports.”? B A. Presupposition. B. Entailment. C. Contradiction. D. Hyponymy.14. The pair of words “borrow/lend” is called _A_. A. relational opposite B. synonyms C. complementary D. gradable opposites15. “Yellow” has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its _C_. A. conceptual meaning B. cognitive meaning C. associative meaning D. stylistic meaning16. X: He has been to France. Y: He has been to Europe. The relationship of X and Y is _C_. A. synonymous B. insonsistent C. X entailing Y D. X presupposing Y17. The ambiguity in “ pass the port” is caused by _D_. A. lexical items B. a grammatical structure C. homonymy D. polysemy18. Componential analysis is a method in the field of _C_. A. phonetics B. syntax C. semantics D. pragmatics19. “ Big” and “small” are a pair of _B_ opposites. A. complementary B. gradable C. complete D. converse20. We call the relation between “ animal” and “ horse” as _D_. A. synonymy B. polysemy C. homonymy D. hyponymy21. The word “ pen” originally meant “ feather used for writing with ink”. Now it refers to any devise used for writing with ink. This is an example of B_. A. degradation of meaning B. broadening of meaning C. narrowing of meaning D. elevation of meaning22. “ Buy” and “sell” form a pair of _A_. A. converse antonyms B. gradable antonyms C. complementary antonyms D. marked antonyms23. For Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of psychology and specifically of the brand of psychology known as _A_. A. behaviorism B. structuralism C. competence D. performance24. _B_ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. A. Sense B. Reference C. Symbol D. Thought25. Knight originally meant youth, but now it means a medieval gentlemen soldier. B A. broadening B. narrowing C. meaning shift D. class shift26. The classic semantic triangle or triangle of significance mainly illustrates the view of _A_. A. conceptualism B. contextualism C. behaviorism D. structuralism27. The words “rain” and “reign” are _C_. A. homographs B. complete homonyms C. homophones D. allophones28. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of _B_. A. word function B. word meaning C. word formation D. word system29. _A_ is the major concern of semantics. A. Meaning B. words C. Sentence structures D. Phrase structure rules30. The contexualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from _B_. A. function B. context C. instinct D. observation31. The naming theory is advanced by _A_. A. Plato B. Bloomfield C. Geoffrey Leech D. Firth32. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _B_. A. the conceptualist view B. contexutalism C. the naming theory D. behaviorism33. Which of the following is NOT true? D A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized. D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compliers are not interested in.34. X: Can I borrow your bike?Y: You have a bike.The relationship between X and Y is that _D_. A. X is synonymous with Y B. X is inconsistent with Y C. X entails Y D. X presupposes Y35. _B_ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis C. Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis36. “ alive” and “dead” are _C_. A. gradable antonyms B. relational opposites C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above37. _C_refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. A. Polysemy B. Synonymy C. Homonymy D. Hyponymy38. Words that are close in meaning are called _D_. A. homonyms B. polysemy C. hyponyms D. synonyms39. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _A_. A. grammatical rules B. selectional restrictions C. semantic rules D. semantic features40. What essentially distinguishes semantics and prag