英语课后题3.doc

课文A 如何改变你的视角陈雪雷整理爱德华詹纳医生正忙于设法解决天花问题。在研究了一个又一个病例之后，他仍然没有发现可能的治疗方法。他的思维陷入了僵局。这时，他改变了策略。他不再把注意力集中在天花患者身上，而是把注意力转移到没有患天花的人身上。结果发现，挤奶女工显然从未得过这种病。从无害的牛痘能预防致命的天花这一发现，产生了疫苗的接种及天花作为一种灾难在西方世界的终结。 我们的思维经常会陷入僵局。我们观察一个问题，试图解决它，却似乎走进了死胡同。正是在这种时候，我们变得紧张，我们感到压力，不堪重负，忐忑不安。我们徒劳地挣扎，拼命想把问题解决。 然而，詹纳医生却对这种情况有所改进。他不再与这个问题搏斗，而只是改变了他的视角从他的病人们转向挤奶女工。想象一下这个过程大致是这样的：假定大脑是一台电脑。这台电脑已经将你所有的历史、经历、受过的训练和通过生活获取的信息并入它的数据库；电脑则根据所有这些数据进行编程。为了改变你的视角，你必须为你的电脑重新编程，从而解放你自己，接受新思想并逐步形成观察事物的新方法。詹纳博士实际上就是通过为他的电脑重新编程而清除了观察天花问题的旧思路，自由地接收新的选择。 你也许会说，这一切都很好，但我们具体怎么做呢？ 医生兼哲学家爱德华德博诺找到了改变我们视角的方法，他把它称作横向思维。 一般西方人解决问题的方法是与之搏斗。“进展越困难，硬汉子越向前”这句话便代表了这种解决问题的积极进取的态度。不管是什么问题，不管可以用来解决问题的方法是什么，我们西方人的思维方式所产生的框架总是搏斗。德博诺医生称之为纵向思维；即那种传统的、按顺序的、亚里士多德式的逻辑思维，坚定地从一步移到下一步，就像玩具积木一块搭在另一块之上。当然，它的缺陷是，如果在任何时刻其中一步没有达到，或者一块积木没有放对，那么整个结构就会坍塌。事情就会陷入僵局，沮丧、紧张和搏斗的情绪就会笼罩心头。 横向思维，德博诺医生说，是对事物进行思考的一种新方法种完全避免这种拼搏，用一种完全出入意料的方式解决问题的方法。 在歇洛克福尔摩斯的一个案例中，他的助手华生医生指出某条狗对那起案子并不重要，因为它看上去并没有做任何事。歇洛克福尔摩斯却持相反的观点，他坚持认为狗没有做任何事这一事实至关重要，因为它本应该做些什么，而正是根据这一点他侦破了这起案子。 横向思维听上去很简单。它也的确很简单。一旦你根据横向思维解决了某个问题，你就会奇怪你以前怎么竟会为它而心神不宁。关键是做出那个至关重要的重点转移，横跨一步避开问题，而不是正面去解决它。 在纽约私人开业的哥伦比亚大学的精神病专家A-A布里杰博士阐述了横向思维对他的病人是如何起作用的。“比方说，很多想戒烟的人来找我，”他说。“大多数人在他们试图戒烟时都失败了，因为他们最后都是对自己说，不，我决不吸烟了；不，我不该吸烟了；不，我决不吸了；不，我不能这是场战斗，结果是你最终吸得更多。” “所以我不再让他们用这种“不”的老方式来看待这一问题并与之搏斗，而是向他们展示了一个全新的视角你是自己身体的监护人，你是通过自己的身体来体验生活的。如果你停下来思考一下，你就会发现你的身体的确有一些不能无能为力的东西。它不能为自己做任何事。它毫无选择，就像一个婴儿的身体一样。于是你就开始用一种全新的方式看待它现在我将要通过戒烟来照顾自己，给自己一些尊重和保护。 “日本有一则寓言，讲的是一头驴被绳子拴在柱子上。绳子将驴的脖子套得很紧。驴越是挣扎，越是用力拉绳子，绳子就将他的咽喉勒得越来越紧直到最后驴子死了。从另一个角度看，驴子一停止挣扎，就发现绳子松了，他能兜着圈子走走，也许还会找到一些草吃这是同样的道理：你越是同什么东西搏斗就越是焦躁不安你在一种恶劣的境地中陷入越深，就越难逃离痛苦。 “横向思维，”布里杰博士继续说，“只是用我所谓的一种东方式的侧攻策略来对付一个问题。当一个信奉禅宗的弓箭手想要用一副弓箭射中目标时，他不是把注意力集中在目标上，而是集中在他手中的东西上，所以当他射箭时，他的注意力是在箭上，而不是在目标上。这就是东方式侧攻策略的内涵不是直攻目标，而是从侧面攻击它或者说是横向攻击而不是纵向攻击”。 “我想答案就在那个方向上，”布里杰傅士断言。“拿某人处于危机中的情况为例。汉语中危机一词分为两个字，一个字的意思是危僮，另一个字的意思是柳会。我们西方世界的人只注意到了危机的危险一面。在西方文明中，危机指危险，仅此而已。然而这个词也可以指机会。现在就让我们向那个处于危机中的人建议，不要再把那么多的注意力集中在有关的危险和困难上，而是集中在机会上因为危机中总是有机会的。从机会的角度来看待危机就是一种横向思维。”Their goal was to eradicate smallpox. 他们奋斗的目标是消灭天花Vaccination safeguards you from smallpox.种痘使你免生天花Reach an impasse in the negotiations. 谈判陷入僵局Break the impasse打破僵局Strategy and tactics战略和战术dairy product乳制品dairy industry乳品业Jenners experiment with cowpox opens up a new horizon in disease prevention.珍纳医师的神奇牛痘实验展开了疾病预防的新页Doctors suggest getting a vaccination every ten years.医生建议每十年接种一次疫苗Inflation was the greatest scourge of society.通货膨胀是社会上的最大祸害After the scourge of flood usually comes the scourge of disease.洪水灾难后带来的通常是瘟疫The violent argument created a tense atmosphere.激烈的争论使得气氛紧张While the politicians talked of peace, the situation on the ground remained tense.政治家在谈论和平的时候，战场局势仍然很紧张Be able to work under stress能够承受一定的工作压力How you deal with stress determines the outcome?如何处理压力决定了事情的结果?We drove into a dead end and had to back out.我们开车进了死胡同，只能返回They vainly tried to find out the strangers name.他们想查出那陌生人的姓名，却徒劳无功。All our hard work was in vain.我们一切的努力都是徒劳的Please erase the blackboard before class.请在课前，把黑板擦干净This operation will erase any existing configuration and data.此操作将删除所有的现有配置和数据Lateral thinking: you try to look at the problem from many angles instead of tackling it head-onA salesman must be aggressive if he wants to succeed.要想成为一个成功的推销员就必须有进取心Our organization is small, but we have a lot of opportunity for aggressive expansion.我们的组织很小，但是我们有很多机会积极扩张！The country already has a legal framework governing the opening-up policy to protect the rights and interests of foreign investors.中国政府已经有了一个法定的框架来管理开放政策以保护外国投资者的权利与利益Pride was the greatest flaw in his personality.傲慢是他品格上的最大缺陷Do our utmost to expand exports尽力扩大出口Earn my utmost respect赢得我最高尊敬At that time few people realized the significance of his discovery.当时几乎没有人认识到他的发明的意义You should also remember you are working in a team. So teamwork is of particular significance.你们还应该记得你们是在一个团队中工作。因此团队合作特别重要This attempt to sidestep the question was very ingenious.这种回避问题的尝试是非常巧妙的The car hit the tree head-on.汽车迎面撞到树上Face challenges head-on直面挑战Winter is the slack season at most hotels.对大多数旅馆来说,冬天是淡季A slack housekeeper.懒惰的主妇left frank / right frank左翼/右翼Do you realize fully what your words imply?你充分了解你话中包含的意思吗？That connection would seem to imply that achievement levels are not innate and fixed.这种联系似乎说明了数学成绩的水平并不是天生决定的Crabs can live in water and they walk sideways on land.螃蟹既能生活在水里，也能在陆地上横向爬行We affirm the need for moral values in business decision-making.我们坚持企业决策时要考虑其道德观You must come back night. Period!你必须晚上回来，就是这话When you cease to dream you cease to live.如果你停止了梦想，生命也就停止了The book looks at college life from a students point of view.When he first went for treatment at the hospital he seemed to be a hopeless case.Despite an impasse in the pay negotiations, progress has been made with other problems.The development of this new drug has come to a dead end because of doubts about its safety.Im glad somebody finally did something about the crime problem.Dont just stand there, do something - cant you see hes hurt?If payment is not received within five days, legal action will be our only alternative.I had no alternative but to report him to the police.Thanks to our aggressive marketing tactics, our sales have risen sharply this year.They want me to take over when Mr. Evans leaves.Prices seem to go on rising whichever political party takes over.Janet was hung up on the moral question of whether children should take care of their parents in their old age.Change point of view改变观点Study case after case研究了一个又一个病例Switch attention转移注意力From the discovery came vaccination从该发现形成了接种Dead end死胡同Feel overwhelmed不堪重负In a state of stress忐忑不安Take in new ideas接受新想法In effect实际上Receive new alternatives接收新的选择When the going gets tough, the tough get going.进展越困难，硬汉子越向前。The going was rough through the mountains.My boss has given me a tough job.He has a reputation for being resolute and tough.Aggressive attitude积极进取的态度Feelings of fight take over搏斗之情绪笼罩心头be/get hung up on/about sth.心神不宁Make vital shift in emphasis至关重要的重点转移In private practice私人开业Wind up doing以告终End up doing结束，结果是It wouldnt surprise me if he winds up in jail.If I stay here long enough, Ill wind up marrying her.They have ended up in prison for terrorist activitiesWe ended up taking a taxi there.III.1. tactic 2. utmost 3. structure 4. slack5. significance 6. head-on 7. dead end 8. erased9. framework 10. vertical; vertical 11. ceased 12. flaw13. implies 14. affirmedIV.1. wound up being 2. pulling on 3. take in4. in effect 5. take over 6. ended up teachingV.1. approach 2. fought 3. cure 4. pressured5. focus 6.approach 7.program 8.experienced9. switch 10.escape 11.fail 12.escapedVI. assistant accountant servant dependant attendant contestant defendant consultant inhabitant occupant1. attendant 2. servant 3. consultants 4. contestant 5. accountant6. occupants 7. assistant 8.inhabitants 9. dependants 10. defendantVII.1. of use2. of great importance3. of great/critical/extreme significance4. of little value5. of marked benefit6. of invaluable helpVIII.1. should have told me at once2. should have told me beforehand3. should have left the company long ago4. never should have happened5. should have left thirty minutes ago6should have phonedXI.1. Tom was hung up on the problem but could do nothing about it until he learnt to solve it with different tactics.2. Lateral thinking has helped him to advance his new theory which had seemed to reach a dead end.3. The framework of our latest construction plan has been affirmed by the local government. Whether it will be carried out on time is of the utmost sig