人教版八年级上册英语知识点总结.doc

Unit 1 Will people have robots? 人类将会拥有机器人吗？ 一般将来时.1.由“Will/Shall+动词原形”构成的一般将来时.系动词am、is、are的原形都是be.如：It will be very hot tomorrow. Shall适用于第一人称I、We; Will适用于所有人称，通常可以用will来代替shall. Will、Shall均可缩写为ll.如I will=Ill; she will=shell.否定句形式：will not=wont, shall not=shant .2.与一般将来时连用的时间状语有：tomorrow、the day after tomorrow、next week、soon、in the future、in three days、some day.3.There be句型中的一般将来时.There will be+名词+其他成分 如：There will be fewer cars.yo4.形容词more、fewer、和less的用法.More 更多的 原形many和much. 修饰C复数或U.Fewer 更少的 原形few. 修饰C复数.Less 更少的 原形little. 修饰U.Unit2 What should I do? 我应该做什么？1.情态动词should. Should和can、may、must等情态动词一样，无人称和数的变化，后接动词原形，能独立构成疑问句和否定句.如：Who should pay the taxes? You shouldnt play football in the street.2.情态动词could.单独的情态动词，表“能，可以”.用来提供建议，后跟动词原形.它和should都用来提供建议.如：-I will take part in a party tomorrow night，but my clothes are out of style. I need some money to buy some clothes in style. What should I do?-You could borrow some money from your friends.-No，I dont like to do that.-Then you should get a part-time job and make some money.3.提建议.You should/could +do 你应该/可以Why not +do? 为什么不 ？做怎么样？Why dont you +do? 你为什么不 ？What/How about +doing ? 如何？Unit3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived? 当飞碟到达的时候你在干什么？过去进行时.1. 过去进行时表在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或发生的动作.是由“was/were+现在分词”构成.was用于第一、三人称单数，were用于其他人称.与过去进行时连用的过去时间状语有：at this/that time、yesterday morning、at that moment、at 10 oclock last night等.2. 过去进行时还可表在过去某个时间即将发生的动作.主要限于come、go、leave、meet、arrive、take off等动词.3. 判断句子是否用过去进行时.根据时间状语判断：at eight/ten oclock last night、at this/that time yesterday、at ten yesterday evening、from 7 to 10 yesterday evening等.根据when或while引导的状语从句判断，如：I was reading the newspaper when my father got home.根据上下文的意思判断，如：Last night，I was watching TV. Suddenly(突然) the light was out.4. when与while在过去进行时中的句型结构.(1) when的用法：when从句(一般过去时)+主句（过去进行时）动作：fell into the sea、fishing.例句：When one of them fell into the sea，the boys were fishing.意义：主句动作正在进行过程中，又发生从句动作.when从句（过去进行时）+主句（一般现在时）动作：walking、dropped down to.例句：When I was walking in the park，my wallet dropped down to the ground.意义：从句动作正在进行时，又有主句动作发生.(2) while的用法：while从句（过去进行时）+主句（一般现在时）动作：watching、began to rain.例句：While I was watching the football game，it began to rain.意义：从句动作正在进行时，又发生主句动作.While从句（过去进行时）+主句（过去进行时）动作：washing、cooking.例句：While Dad was washing his car，Mum was cooking.意义：从句动作正在进行的同时，主句动作也在进行中.5. 特别提示.When引导的从句既可表某一点时间，后接瞬间性动词（when句型）；又可表某一段时间，后接延续性动词.也就是说:当指一段时间时，when可用while代替；但当指一点时间时，when不能用while代替.如：When we arrived in shanghai，it was just eight oclock.(when指一点时间)When/while we were watching TV，he came in.(when与while指一段时间)！注意：while ()we arrived in shanghaiUnit4 He said I was hard-working. 他说我工作很努力.直接引语和间接引语.1. 含义：引述别人的话时，采用两种方式：一是引用别人的原话，两边用引号标出，称为直接引语；二是用自己的语言转述别人的话，称为间接引语.引述或转述要由动词来承担，有：say、tell、ask、think、write等.2. 直接引语变间接引语的方法.(1) 从句人称的变化.直接引语的主语是第一人称变化时要和主句的主语保持一致.直接引语的主语是第二人称变化时要与主句的宾语保持一致.直接引语的主语是第三人称变化时人称不变. 如：They said，“We will go there by bus.”They said they would go there by bus.She said to me，“Are you interested in science?”She asked me if I was interested in science.His mother told me that he couldnt go to school.(2) 从句动词时态的变化.主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，直接引语变化时，从句时态保持一致.如：He says，“I have finished my homework.”He says that he has finished his homework.She will say，“Ill do it tomorrow.”She will say that shell do it the next day.主句的时态是一般过去时，从句的时态要作相应的变化，即：一般现在时一般过去时.一般过去时过去完成时.现在进行时过去进行时.现在完成时过去完成时.过去完成时过去完成时（不变）.一般将来时过去将来时. 如：The girl said，“Im sorry for being late for class.”The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class.He said to me，“I am writing a letter.”He told me that he was writing a letter.(3) 直接引语如果是客观事实或真理，变化时，从句时态不变. 如：The teacher said，“The earth moves around the sun.”The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.3. 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化.（1） 指示代词变化：thisthat. thesethose等.（2） 时间状语变化：nowthen. todaythat day. yesterdaythe day before. tomorrowthe next day等.（3） 地点状语变化：herethere.（4） 动词变化：comego. 如：She said，“I will come this evening.”She said that she would go that evening.He said，“My sister was here three days ago，but she is not here now.”He said that his sister had been there three days before，but she was not there then.4. 间接引语的语序及引导词.直接引语变化时，间接引语应用陈述句语序.直接引语如是陈述句，主句与从句之间用that引导，有时可省略；如是特殊疑问句，主句与从句之间就用原来的疑问词引导；如是一般疑问句，主句与从句之间用if或whether引导. 如：My teacher said，“I come from shanghai.”My teacher said that he came from shanghai.He asked me，“Where do you come from?”He asked me where I came from.I asked her，“Did you watch the game yesterday?”I asked her whether she had watched the game the day before.Unit5 If you go to the party youll have a great time! 如果你去参加晚会你会玩得很开心的.If引导的条件状语从句.1. 含义与结构.If意为“如果”，可用来引导条件状语从句.条件状语从句属于复合句，从句表主句动作发生的前提或条件.if引导的从句在句中的位置比较灵活，可放在主句之前（这时要和主句用逗号隔开），也可放在句子的后面（不使用逗号）.其结构：If+陈述句，主句+谓语=主语+谓语+if+陈述句.意为“如果，就”.如：If you ask him，he will help you.2. 用法.(1)条件状语从句通常由连词if引导，意为“如果、假如”.主句不能用be going to表将来，而应该用shall、will. If you leave now，you are never going to regret it.() If you leave now，you will never regret it.()(3) if引导条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时（主将从现）.注意宾语从句中的if与条件状语从句if的区别.宾语从句中的if“是否”相当于whether，引导宾语从句，时态需根据语境确定.如：I dont know if it will rain tomorrow.Unit6 How long have you been collecting shells?现在完成进行时的用法.1. 概念及构成.现在完成进行时表从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作，而且还要继续下去，其结构：助动词+have/has been+动词ing.现在完成进行时的句子中多用延续性动词，如：live、learn、study、work等.常与for tow hours、since 1996、all this morning、these few days等表示一段时间的状语连用.如：I have been cleaning the room all this morning.我今天一上午都在打扫房间.Ive been studying English since I was 4 years old.自从4岁起我就一直学英语.2. 现在完成进行时的句型.(1) 肯定句：主句+have/has been+动词ing+其他.如：I have been learning English for ten years.我学英语已经十年了.I have been collecting stamps since I was ten years old.我从十岁起就一直在集邮.(2)否定句：主语+have/has +not +been+动词ing+其他.如：I havent been seeing films for a long time.我有很长时间没有看电视了.I havent been doing my homework since eight oclock.从8点钟我就一直没做作业.（3）一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+been+动词ing+其他？肯定回答：Yes,主语+have/has.否定回答：No,主语+havent/hasnt.如：Have you been doing your homework since this morning?从今天早上你就一直在写作业吗？Yes，I have.Has he been writing the letters to his friend?他一直在给他的朋友写信吗？No，he hasnt.(4) 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句？如：How long has it been raining? 雨下多久了？What book have you been reading recently? 最近你在看什么书？3. 现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别.（1） 现在完成时强调动作的完成，而现在完成进行时侧重的是动作的持续进行.如：I have read a book about birds. (已经读完)I have been reading a book about birds. (一直都在读，现在还在读，还会继续读下去)（2）两种时态都有延续性，但现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，无感情色彩；现在完成进行时表一个动作的延续，重复，有时有一定的感情色彩.如：She has been singing all the day.她都唱了一整天了.(抱怨，厌烦)Unit7 Would you mind turning down the music? 请你把音乐声音调小好吗？1. Would you mind？的用法.Would you mind?意为“你介意吗？”，mind后接动词ing形式.如：Would you mind moving your bike?Would you mind not singing here?（1）在Would you mind +doing?结构中，doing为动名词，用来提出客气的请求.动名词是由动词原形加词尾ing构成，其构成法与现在分词一样.（2）Would you mind?之后接sb.s doing形式，用来询问，征求对方的意见（在非正式的文体中，doing形式之前的所有格可换成宾格形式）.如:Would you mind my(me) smoking here.（3）在某些动词后只能用动名词，而另一些动词后只能用不定式.目前我们学过的有：mind、finish、enjoy等.如：He enjoys walking in the park.I finished reading the book yesterday.Would you mind opening the window.2.动名词的否定式：Would you mind not doing?如：Would you mind not shouting?3.回答带有mind的问句时应该注意yes或no都是针对mind选用的.表“介意，在乎”时，选用yes,后面跟句子，意思是不让对方做某事.表“不介意，不在乎”时，选用no，后面跟句子，意思是允许对方做某事.如对Do you mind my smoking here?的回答，用Yes，youd better not.是的，你最好别抽.用No，certainly not.不介意，你当然可以抽.4.情态动词shall、will及should的用法.(1)shall表说话者的意图、允许、警告、命令、决心等.用于陈述句的第二、三人称中，有“必须、应、可”之意.如：You shall buy that book tomorrow.你应该明天买这本书.询问、征求意见.如：Shall I close the window? 我关上窗户好吗？（2） should表义务、责任或劝告.有“应该、应当”之意.如：You should learn from each other.你们应该互相帮助.(4) will表意志、意愿.有“愿、要”之意.如：Will you help me with my work? 你愿意帮我做作业吗？（5） would是will的过去式，表请求个人想法，语气比较婉转.如：I would like to express(表达)my thanks to you.我非常感想你.Unit8 Why dont you get her scarf? 为什么不送她一条围巾呢？1.提建议.常用的提建议的方法：（1） Lets+动词原形.如：Lets go out for a wolk.(2) shall we+动词原形.如：Shall we meet outside the school gate(大门)？（3） How/What about+名词或动词ing形式.如：What about this one?How about playing football?（4） Youd better(not)+动词原形.如：Youd better catch a bus.Youd better not take in class.(5)Why dont you+动词原形？或Why not+动词原形？.如：Why not make it earlier?Why dont you come with us?（6） Would you like+名词或动词不定式？如： Would you like a cup of tea?如同意对方的建议，回答：Good idea/Great/Cool/Certainly/OK/Of course/Yes，please/Yes，I think so/All right/I agree with you/Id love to.如不同意，回答：NO，lets/Im afraid not/No，thanks/I dont think so/I dont agree.Unit9 Have you ever been to an amusement park? 你去过游乐园吗？ Unit1 Will people have robots? IIKey Words1in prep在之后（用于将来时） in l00 years 在一百年后 People will have robots in their homes in 100 years 一百年以后，人们家中会有机器人。 比较：after在之后（用于过去时，表示从过去某时间起一段时间之后） He will come back in two hours他两小时后会回来。 He came back after two hours 他是两小时后回来的。21ess，fewer 比较少； more 比较多 less是little的比较级，修饰不可数名词 fewer是few的比较级，修饰可数名词 more是much和many的比较级 much修饰不可数名词，many修饰可数名词 I have less money than he has我的钱比他的少。 There are more buildings in this city than in that city 这个城市的楼房比那个城市多。3fall in love with. 爱上 Last year l visited the art exhibition and fell in love with the work Of Picasso 去年我参观了艺术展，爱上了毕加索的作品。4a kind of. 一种 some kinds of. 几种 a kind of book 一种书 five kinds of flowers 五种花 many different kinds of gold fish 各种不同的金鱼 （fish单复数相同，此处是复数）5as well as 也；与too同义。 He likes this book and he likes that book, too Or: He likes this book as well as that hook他喜欢这本书，也喜欢那本书。 She can come here, too Or: She can come here as well她也能来。6worth adj值；值得；相当于的价值 This house is worth $l0 000这个房子价值一万美元。 be （well）worth doing sth（很）值得做 That film is （well）worth seeing那部电影（很）值得看 These books are worth reading twice这几本书值得看两遍7knock down. 击倒，撞倒；拆除 knock down the pins击倒球柱 knock down the machine拆除机器 knock组成的词语还有： knock on（at）the door敲门 knock into sb撞了某人 knock up叫醒二、课文重点知识详解1, Do you think there will be robots in peoples home?（1）Do you think后接宾语从句，从句的语序必须是陈述语序。引导词that可省略（2）there be句型，表示某处有某物 例：There is a book on the desk（3）there be句型的考点 There be + 物 + 地点 首先，就近原则，即谓语动词be和最靠近它的名词在形式上保持一致 there be的一般将来时形式是there will be / there （is/are）going to be（4）people 是一个集合名词，只能作为复数形式使用，没有单数形式2, People will live to be 200 years old.（1）live to be + 基数词 + years old 意为活到岁（2）live 是动词，意思是居住、生活、活 I live in Beijing.（live in + 地点） We live happily.3, There will be more/less/fewer/ people（1）More是many和much的比较级，其后既可以跟可数名词也可跟不可数名词，意思是更多。最高级是most（2）Less是little的比较级，其后只接不可数名词，意思是较少的，更少的（3）Fewer是few的比较级，其后只接可数名词的复数形式，较少的更少的4,Well, I dont agree. But I think there will be fewer trees. agree with 同意赞同，后接指人或表示意见、看法的词 agree to 同意赞同，后接表示建议、计划、安排的词 I quite agree with you. Do you agree with what I have said? He has agreed to our suggestion about the holiday.5, what sport will she play?（1）play+球类、棋类 Play+the+西洋乐器 Play+sports Play+with sth/sb（2）sport 作定语时通常使用复数形式 a sports meeting 运动会6, I went to Shanghai last year and fell in love with it. Fall in love with sb/sth爱上某人或某物 fall behind 落后 fall down倒下 掉下来 fall asleep 入睡熟睡7, Our apartment is too small. Too,“太，真是，非常”用来修饰形容词或者副词 Tooto太而不能 She is too young to go toschool.8, Keep sb doing sth 让某人一直做某事 Sorry, I have kept you waiting so long. Keep doing sth 一直做某事 Why do you keep laughingall the time?9, The head of one of the biggest movie companies in the US predicted that no one would want to see actors talk.（1）no one 没有人与nobody同义，作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数 No one/ nobody is in the classroom at the moment. None为不定代词，意为没有既可以指人也可以指物，其后可接of,作主语的时候谓语动词单复数都可以，但no one 只能指人，且不能与of连用 None of these pens work/works. How many tickets do you have?-None10, some scientists believe that there will be such robots in the future. However, they agree it may take hundreds of years.（1）such如此的，这样的。作定语，可修饰可数名词单数、复数、或不可数名词。常用搭配such+a/an+adj+可数名词单数 或such+adj+不可数名词 或such+adj+可数名词复数 I have never met such a man like him. It is such a nice day. It is such nice weather.（2）take 意为花费，固定搭配：It takes sb some time to do sth. 做某事花费某人多少时间 It takes him two days to finish the work.（3）数字+hundred / thousand / million / billion +名词复数 Hundreds / +of + 名词复数11,That may not seem possible now（1）seem to do sth似乎看来好像做某事I seem to have left my book at home.（2）it seems that 或 it seemed that 看起来好像是似乎 it seemed that he was very happy.（5）Seem to be + 形容词或名词 She seems to be happy. 三、单元语法语法-一般将来时一般将来时表示将来某一时刻发生的动作或状态， 或将来某一段时间内经常进行的动作或状态。一般将来时由助动词 shall / will+动词原形，或be going to + 动词原形构成基本句型：肯定句：I/We shall/will go. You/He/She/They Will go.否定句 :I/We shall/will not go. You/He/She/They Will not go.疑问句：Shall I/we go? Will you/he/she/they go?特殊疑问句：一般将来时的特殊疑问句是将疑问词放在句首，后接一般疑问句-why will you be here on Sunday?周日你为什么将要在这儿？-I will have a meeting on Sunday我将要在周日举行一个聚会一般疑问句be或will提到句首some改any,and改or一二人称互换We are going to go on an outing this weekend.-Are you going to go on an outing this weekend?被动句：will/shall+be+v.ed（及物动词过去分词）The letter will be sent tomorrow 这封信明天将寄出去We shall be punished if we break the rule用will或shall表示“助动词will或shall+动词原形”这一形式，表示将来发生的事情，用于征求对方的意见或表示客气的邀请。1. Tomorrow will be Sunday. 明天就是星期天。2. Shall we go there at five? 我们五点钟去那儿，好吗？ 用be going to结构表示“be going to+动词原形”用来表示近期将要发生的动作以及已有迹象表明必将发生某事，意为“打算；就要”.如：1. Were going to meet outside the school gate. 用现在进行时表示表示位置转移的动词（如：go, come, leave, start, arrive等），可用现在进行时表示将来时。如：1. Uncle Wang is coming. 王叔叔就要来了。2. Theyre leaving for Beijing. 他们即将前往北京。 八年级英语第二单元What should I do知识点整理一、课文重点考点详解1. I dont have enough money. enough 充足的、充分的； 足够地。 I have enough time to do it.2. I argued with my best friend. argue with sb.意为“与争吵，争论”. He often argues with his classmates.3. My clothes are out of style. be out of style / fashion表示“过时”“不合乎时尚”4. Maybe you should call him up.（1）maybe用来表示推测，译为“也许，或许，大概”.如： Maybe you are right.（2）call sb up .打电话给某人。如：I called up Zhang Hong at eight oclock.原句中him为代词，所以放在call和up之间，不能说成call up him.如：Ill call her up this afternoon.注意：在动副结构的短语中，代词一定放在动副之间。5. I dont want to surprise him.“surprise sb.”,表示“使惊讶” The news surprises us greatly.6. No, he doesnt have any money, either. either的用法：用在否定句或否定词组后加强语气，表示“也”,“而且”,常用逗号隔开。 如：He doesnt like singing, and he doesnt like dancing, either. either用作代词时，常表示“两者之中任何一个”.如： Either of them will agree with you.7. I need to get some money to pay for summer camp.（1）need是个情态动词，也可以是行为动词。当它是情态动词时，后边直接加行为动词，表示“需要”,但need作情态动词时一般不用于肯定句。它一般用于否定句和疑问句中，例如：You need not meet him.Need I repeat it?（2）（sb.）pay（money）forsth.为而付款 （sb.）spend（money）on sth在上花多少钱 （sth.）cost sb.（money）什么东西值多少钱pay, spend指的是“人”,主语为人，而cost指的是“物”,主语为“物”.他昨天花10元买了一本书。用以上三个短语分别为：He paid10 yuan for the book yesterday.He spent 10 yuan on the book yesterday.The book cost him 10 yuan yesterday.8、She also says that these children may find it hard to think for themselves when they are older. find +it + adj.+（for sb.） to do sth. 发现做某事是如： I find it easy for me to finish the work in an hour.9、The tired children dont get home until 7 p.m. until 直到为止，如： I will wait for him until he comes back. notuntil, 直到才。如： he didnt go to bed untilhis father came back.10、I dont know what to do. what to do是疑问句加不定式结构，在句中做宾语，这种结构经常放在tell, show, teach, forget, find out等词后作宾语。如： I forgot what to do next. I dont know how to do it next. The teacher showed us what to do with it.11.ask （sb.）for sth.向某人寻求某物；要如：Dont ask for food every day.If you have any problems, you can askthe policeman for help.12、the same as 与相同 My cousin is the same age asme13.except 除以外；（不包括在内） My class has been invited except me.= Only I havent been invited. 除我以外，我的同学都被邀请了。 All the students went to the park except him besides 除以外（包括在内） We all went there besides him.= He went there.We went there, too. 除他去以外，我们也都去了。14.wrong adj.错误的；有毛病的；不合适的 Is there anything wrong with you? 你哪儿不舒服？ Whats wrong with you? 你怎么了？（你哪里不舒服？）15.get on/along well with sb.与某人相处融，发展。如： I get alone well with my classmates. How do you get on with you studies.16.have a fight with sb.= fight with sb.与某人打架。如： We cant have a fight with each other at school.17、词语辨析 borrow sth. from sb. 从某人处借进某物 lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人18、You left your home work at home. leave 遗留、丢下。如： I left my keys in t