TranslationTechniques.ppt

TranslationTechniques Technique Aprocedureusedinthetranslation Approach method technique Approach anideaortheoryisbeingapplied theoreticalprinciplesTechnique AprocedureusedinthetranslationMethod asetofproceduresoracollectionoftechniquesusedinasystematicway Approach method technique Areviewoftranslationapproaches Thephilologicalapproach语文学翻译法Thelinguisticapproach语言学翻译法Thecommunicationapproach交际学翻译法Thesociosemioticapproach社会符号学翻译法 Approach method technique Areviewoftranslationmethods LiteraltranslationLiberaltranslationTransliterationForeignizationDomestication Approach method technique Approach Method1 Method2 Etc TechniqueA TechniqueB Approach method technique Thereforewehaveahierarchicalsystemfromwhichitfollowsthatdifferentapproachesmaysharethesametechniquesandeventhesamemethods anddifferentmethodsmaysharethesametechniques Translationtechniques Diction遣词用字Repetition重译法Amplification增译法Omission减译法Conversion转化法 Inversion次序调整法Negation正说反译法 反说正译法Changeofvoices语态变换法Division分译法Combination合译法 Diction遣词用字 WordsMeanings conceptualmeaningstylisticmeaninglinguisticmeaningpragmaticmeaningChoiceofwordsmeaning WordsMeanings 1 conceptualmeaning Referentialmeaning conceptualmeaning isbuiltontherelationofsignstotheirreferences Referentialmeaning conceptualmeaning istheabstractionofbasicfeaturesrepresentedbylinguistic Referentialmeaning conceptualmeaning isthosegenerallythoughtofas dictionarymeaning WordsMeanings 2 linguisticmeaning linguisticmeaningisbuiltontherelationshipofthesignswitheachotherinthesamesystem Linguisticmeaningmustbecarefullydistinguishedfromothertypesofmeaning linguisticmeaningismoredesignativemeaning Verbalsignshavelinguisticmeaningonthelevelofphonology lexisandsyntax WordsMeanings 2 linguisticmeaning E g 千山鸟飞绝 Fromhilltohillnobirdinflight 万径人踪灭 Frompathtopathnomaninsight 人无千日好 Mancannotbealwaysfortune 花无百日红 Flowersdonotlastforever Beautyisshort lived 红颜薄命 WordsMeanings 3 pragmaticmeaning Pragmatic connotative associative symbolic meaningisbuiltontherelationshipofthesignandinterpretant pragmaticmeaningreflectsthesignuser sattitudeoremotionstowardsthesigntheyuse pragmaticmeaningdealswithparticularutterancesinparticularsituations WordsMeanings 3 pragmaticmeaning E g 年夜饭FamilyreunionmealontheeveoftheSpringFestival大家见面 招呼了声 吃了吗 透着和气 Theygreetwitheachotherwitha hi justtoshowtheirgoodneighborlyfeelings 三个人品字式坐下了 Thetheremensatdownfacingeachother WordsMeanings 4 stylisticmeaning Somewordsorphrasesconveythesameideabutdifferinstylisticfeatures Stylisticimplicationisshowninalmostanycommunication Stylisticmeaningconcernsthesituationinwhichthelanguageisused WordsMeanings 4 stylisticmeaning Somewordsorphrasesconveythesameideabutdifferinstylisticfeatures E g WordsMeanings 4 stylisticmeaning SomewordsorphrasesconveythesameideabutdifferinstylisticfeaturesAnotherclassification E g 1 forzen 拘谨 2 formal 正式 3 consultative 商议 4 casual 随意 5 intimate 亲密 refertothepassage97ofthebook WordsMeanings 4 stylisticmeaning Andtheformalitycanbeofthreelevels WordsMeanings 4 stylisticmeaning Stylisticimplicationisshowninalmostanycommunication E g Thedifferentwaysofsayinggood bye Good bye seeyou okay man Igottaasplit Inpractice wordsareactuallyclassifiedintothreecategories 1 colloquial 口语 2 commom 常用语 3 formal 书面语 refertothepassage99ofthebook Choiceofwordsmeaning Themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguageandeachword whenusedinanewcontext isanewword Takeword head forexample youshoulduseyourheadalittle Hehasagoodheadformathematics Thedinnercost5 ahead Letsdiscussthequestionunder5heads Hewasstandingattheheadofthestaircase Whereisthehead Choiceofwordsmeaning Themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguageandeachword whenusedinanewcontext isanewword Takeword 头 forexample 1 她正在梳头 Sheiscombingherhair 2 一辆小车停在桥西头 Acarwasparkedatthewestendofthebridge 3 他头天上午就来了 Hecameherethepreviousmorning 4 我们有30头牛 Wehave30cattle 5 这是我头一次来武汉 ThisisthefirsttimeIcametoWuhan 6 孩子们在山头上玩 Thechildrenareplayingonthetopofthehill Diction遣词用字 ThechoiceofwordmeaningaccordingtotheirpartsofspeechThechoiceofwordmeaningaccordingtodifferentcollocationsThechoiceofmeaningshiftsbetweentheabstractandtheconcreteThechoiceofaffectivemeaningsThechoiceofcontextualmeaning Bydiction generallyspeaking thefollowingaresomecommonly usedwaysavailabletofindanequivalentintheTL Thechoiceofwordmeaningaccordingtotheirpartsofspeech Awordmayhavevariousmeaningswithdifferentpartsofspeech E g 1 Likechargesrepel unlikechargesattract 2 Helikesmathematicsmorethanphysics 3 Inthesunbeampassingthoughtthewindowtherearefinegrainsofdustshininglikegold 4 Likeknowslike Thechoiceofwordmeaningaccordingtodifferentcollocations Severelooks严肃的神情Severeheating急剧加热Severetraining严格的训练Severereasoning严谨的推理Severecompetition激烈的竞争Severebrake急刹车 Severetest严峻的考验Severecontamination严重的污染Severewinter严冬Severewound重伤Severestyle淳朴的文本Severesentence重性判决 Thesamewordwiththesamepartofspeechmayhavedifferentmeaningsduetodifferentcollocations Forexample Severe 酒葡萄酒wine白酒alcohol烈酒spirit啤酒bear香槟酒champagne鸡尾酒cocktail白兰地酒brandy威士忌酒whisky杜松子酒gin Thechoiceofwordmeaningaccordingtodifferentcollocations Thechoiceofmeaningshiftsbetweentheabstractandtheconcrete InordertofindanequivalentversionwhichconformstotheusageofTL sometimesitisnecessarytoputthewordwithconcreteimageintoonewithabstractmeaningandviceversa 1 Ifyoudaretoplaythefoxwithme I llshootyouatonce 你要是敢和我耍滑头 我马上毙了你 2 Inthemodernworldslathasmanyusesbeyondthedinningtable 在当今世界 盐除了供食以外 还有许多其他的用途 Thechoiceofmeaningshiftsbetweentheabstractandtheconcrete 3 whenyounghequittedhishomeandtraveledtothemetropolis whichhereachedinastateofalmostutterdestitution 年轻时代 他背井离乡 徒步来到首都 几乎身无分文 4 well Iwonderwhatyouwillbetomorrow Colonel afterthepresidentsignsthebill 哎呀 上校 我不知道明天总统签署了这个议案以后 人家又会给你加个什么样的头衔呢 5 Idon tthinkthewomanreallylovesthebillionaire itsjustcupboardlove 我觉得那个女的并不是真的爱那个百万富翁 他只是对他另有所图而已 6 对于要参加研究生考试的人来说 两年的工龄是必需条件 Twoyears workingisamosttothepeoplewhowanttotakeupgraduatedexamination Thechoiceofaffectivemeanings Affectivemeaningreferstowhatiscommunicatedofthefeelingsandattitudesofthewritertowardsthereaders Threetypesofaffectivemeanings commendatory neutral andderogatory 1 Mr Brownfeltgreatlyflatteredwhenhereceivedtheinvitationtodeliveralecture 布朗先生接到做演讲的邀请是 感到非常荣幸 commendatory 2 Hanswastooobviouslyflatteringthegentlemanbysayinghewasthemostcourageousmanhehadeverseen 汉斯说 这位先生是他所见到过的最有胆识的人 这种阿谀奉承未免过于露骨 derogatory 3 You reflatteringmebysayingthat 那么说就过奖了 neutral Thechoiceofcontextualmeanings EnglishwordsaregenerallymoreflexiblebothinformandinmeaningthanChineseones Thesameword whenusedindifferentcontextsorfieldsofdiscourse hasdifferentmeaning ThereforeatranslatorshouldtrytofinditscontextualmeaninginTL Forexample Hiseyeswerewarmandfierceandbrightandhismoustachewasthinandcoarse johnSteinbeck pearl apositivefigurewhoisrustic braveandhonest Version1 他的眼睛热情 凶猛有明亮 胡子又稀又粗 Verision2 他的眼睛热情 锐利 炯炯有神 胡子稀疏粗硬 SpecialtechniquesemployedintranslatingawordHerearetotentechniqueswhichareapplicabletoE CandC Etranslation Deduction推演法Transplant移植法Extension引申法Substitution替换法Explanation释义法 Combination合并法Pictographic图形法Transliteration音译法Zero translation零翻译法transliteration Explanation音义结合法 Specialtechniquesemployedintranslatingaword Deduction推演法DeductionistodeducetheoriginalmeaninginthelightoftheexplanationofEnglishdictionarye g challenge toquestionthelawfulnessorrightnessof sb Orsth Software软件virtualspace虚拟空间Browser浏览器 Specialtechniquesemployedintranslatingaword 微波microwave蚁族anttribe超女supergirl双核dual core屏幕少年screenager抚养小孩baby pooling 微型电脑minicomputer网吧netbar超级宝贝superbaby淑女gentlewoman背包客backpacker乡间都市人ruralpolitans Transplant移植法Thisisaliteraltranslationofthepartsofagivenword Specialtechniquesemployedintranslatingaword Extension引申法Thiscanbeeitherfromspecifictogeneralorfromconcretetoabstract andviceversa Bottleneck瓶颈 交通狭口 阻塞Briandrain脑排干 人才外流 人才流失Palette调色板 五颜六色 形形色色杨不管Lackingresponsibility范跑跑Selfishperson恐龙dinosaur uglyfemale飞鸟flybird AnexperiencedInternetuser Specialtechniquesemployedintranslatingaword Substitution替换法Itistoreplacethewordsoftheoriginalexpressionwithsynonymsoridiomsinthetargetlanguageaccordingtodifferentsituation e g 杀一儆百 杀鸡给猴看tokillsb AsanexampleItneverrainsbutitpours 不鸣则已一鸣惊人晴天霹雳likeaboltfromtheblueTransienceinexistence昙花一现Thesameisnottruewithamortalillness 如果得了不治之症 情况就不一样了 Specialtechniquesemployedintranslatingaword Explanation释义法Thistechniquesiscommonlyusedwhenthereisnocorrespondingexpressioninthetargetlanguageandallabove mentionedtechniquesfailtomakesense e g swansong绝唱 辞世之作 归天之作英年早逝Untimelydeath驴友peopletravelingtogetherMetime私人空间被慈善beingforcedtodocharityCompetitionoffamilybackground拼爹游戏 Specialtechniquesemployedintranslatingaword Combination合并法Thismeanstointegratemorethanoneintooneexpression e g animalpatients病畜agrimandtragicChristmas一个惨淡的圣诞节thebodyandmindcrampedbynoxiouswork有害工作造成的身心困顿wearandtear磨损lordandmaster主人gratitude感恩戴德ingratitude忘恩负义honest诚诚恳恳prosperity繁荣昌盛multicolored五颜六色 Specialtechniquesemployedintranslatingaword Pictographic图形法Bythistechniquewordsaretranslatedaccordingtotheirshapes H beam工字梁U bolt马蹄螺栓V belt三角皮带X brace交叉支撑丁字桥T bridge环形圈O ring Specialtechniquesemployedintranslatingaword Transliteration音译法e g Marxism马克思主义aspirin阿司匹林给力gelievable仙台sendaiWallstreet华尔街爱老虎油IloveyouSingapore新加坡麻将mahjong黑客hackerInternet因特网 Specialtechniquesemployedintranslatingaword Zero translation零翻译法e g KTV包房BP机CD唱片X光盘NBAIBMIQEQ transliteration Explanation音义结合法e g Tank坦克车rifle来复枪ballet芭蕾舞sardine沙丁鱼tango探戈稀饭 喜欢like befoundof油墨 幽默humor Translationtechniques Repetition重译法 RepetitioninE Ctranslation1 repetitionforclassification2 repetitionforemphasis3 repititionformakingthetranslationmorevividorfullofaestheticvalueRepetitioninC Etranslation1 repetitionasastylisticdeviceforemphasisandconveyingthesameforcecontainedintheoriginal2 variationormission3 substitution RepetitioninE Ctranslationrepetitionforclassification RepetitionofnounsRepetitionofverbsRepetitionofthenounsinChineseforthepronounsinEnglish Repetitionofnouns 1 Repetitionofthenounsasobjectivewhichhasmorethanonemodifierse g 1 Letusreviseoursafetyandsanitaryregulation 我们来修订安全规则和卫生规则吧 2 Repetitionofthenounsafterthelinkverbse g 1 Ignoranceisthemotheroffearaswellasadmiration 无知是羡慕的根源 也是恐惧的根源 2 Hebecameanoilbaron allbyhimself 他成为一个石油大王 一个白手起家的石油大王 Repetitionofnouns 3 Repetitionoftheomittednounsbeforetheprepositionphrasese g 1 Wesee therefore howthemodernbourgeoisieisitselfandtheproductofthelongtermcourseofdevelopment ofaseriesofrevolutionsinthemodesofproductionandexchange 由此可见 现代资产阶级本身是一个长期发展过程的产物 是生产方式和交换方式一系列变革的产物 2 Theuseofatomicweaponsisaclearviolationofinternationallaw particularoftheGenevaConvention 使用原子武器显然是违反国际法 特别是违反 日内瓦公约 Repetitionofnouns 4 Repetitionofthenounsasantecedentse g Hemadethesoundofsympathywhichcomessoreadilyfromthosewhohaveanindependentincome 他发出了同情之声 这种同情是那些有独立收入的人最容易脱口而出的 2 MayIextendmyheartiestcongratulationtothegreatChinesepeopleanditsCommunistparty throughyou fortheglowingsuccessofyourtremendousrevolution whichisnowinspiringtheworld 让我通过您最衷心地祝贺伟大的中国人民集其共产党 祝贺你们的巨大的革命的辉煌胜利 这个胜利正在鼓舞着全世界 Repetitionofverbs 1 Whenaverbisfollowedbymorethanoneobjectorpredicative itscommontorepeatthisverbinChinese e g 1 Peopleforgetyourfacefirst thenyourname 人们首先忘记你的容貌 接着又忘了你名字 2 Theblowhurtnotonlyhishandsbuthisshouldertoo 这一下不仅震痛了他的手 也震痛了他的肩膀 2 Whenaverbisfollowedbyseveralobjects beforewhichthereisthesameprepositionorthereistheomissionofthesamepreposition Insuchacase itisnecessarytorepeattheverbinsteadofrepeatingthesamepreposition Repetitionofverbs e g Wetalkedofourselves ofourprospects ofthejourney oftheweatherofeachother ofeverythingbutourhostandhostess 我们谈到自己 谈到天气 谈到旅程 谈到天气批次的情况 谈论到一切 只是不谈我们的男女主人 Buthiswifekeptdinninginhisearsabouthisidleness carelessness andtheruinhewasbringingonhisfamily 可是他老婆在他耳边唠叨个没完 说她懒惰 说他粗心 并且说他的一家人都要会在他身上 RepetitionofthenounsinChineseforthepronounsinEnglish Englishpronouns includingpersonal reflexive conjunctive andrelativepronouns arewidelyusedtoavoidtherepetitionofnouns e g InChina they mademistake sufferedbythem acknowledgedandstudiedthem thusplannedvictory 在中国 他们 犯过错误 吃过错误的亏 承认错误 研究错误 从而制定了胜利的方案 Hehatedfailure hehadconquereditallhislife risenaboveit despiseditinothers 他讨厌失败 他一生中曾战胜失败 超越失败 并且藐视别人的失败 Eachcountryhasitsowncustom 各国有各国的风俗 repetitionforclassificationanothercase thereisnorepetitioninEnglish inordertoachieveclarification repetitionofcontentsinsteadofformsisoftenadoptedinChinese 1 Hewantedtosendmoreaid moreweaponsandafewmorepeople 他想给他们增加些援助 增添些武器 增派些人员 2 Tohim thebirdssang thesquirrelchatteredandtheflowersbloomed 鸟儿向他歌唱 松鼠对他叽咕 花儿也为他开放 Repetitionforemphasis RepetitionoforiginalrepeatedwordsorantithesisorparallelstructuresforretainingthesameemphasisinChinesee g waysandmeans方式方法pickandchoose挑挑练练eyeforeye toothfortooth 以眼还眼 以牙还牙 Andwehearayebirdstunethismerrylay cuckoo jug jug pu we to witta woo 我们倾听鸟儿的欢鸣 咕咕 唧唧 吱吱 嘤嘤 RepetitionoforiginalrepeatedwordsbyemployingsynonymsforretainingthesameemphasisinChinese Repetitionforemphasis e g IknowyouhatemeandIhateyou wehadbetterpartrightnow 我知道你恨我 我也嫌你 咱们最好即刻就分手吧 2 Itwasthebesttimes itwasthemosttimes itwastheageofwisdom itwastheageoffoolishness itwastheepochofbelief itwastheepochofincredulity itwastheseasonoflight itwastheseasonofdarkness itwasthespringofhope itwasthewinterofdespair wehadeverythingbeforeus wehadnothingbeforeus weareallgoingdirecttoheaven weareallgoingdirecttotheotherway 这是一个最好的时光 这也是一个最坏的时光 这是一个智慧的年代 这也是一个愚蠢的年代 这是信仰的时代 这也是怀疑的时代 这是光明的时代 这也是黑暗的时代 这是希望的春天 这也是绝望的冬天 我们面前万物皆有 我们面前也一无所有 我们都在直登天堂 我们也都在直下地狱 Repetitionformakingthetranslationmorevividorfullofaestheticvalue RepetitionbyChinesefour characterphrasese g 1 Buttherehadbeentoomuchpublicityaboutmycase 但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨 人人皆知了 RepetitionbyChinesereduplicatedwordse g 1 toandfor来来往往offandon断断续续Repetitionofsynonymouscharactersorwordse g 1 interestingstory引人入胜的故事2 vivid生动活泼3 horrified惊心动魄RepetitionbyintegratingChinesefour characterphrasesreduplicatedwordse g 1 Theradiosqueaksmidnight Thecafesmustbeclosing thelastguestsgoinghome Loversstandbeforehousedoorsunabletotakeleaveofeachother 收音机传来了 嘟 嘟 嘟 的午夜报时讯号 咖啡馆正在打烊 最后一批顾客在离店回家了 出了店的情侣们仍然卿卿我我 难舍难分 RepetitioninC Etranslation Repetitionasastylisticdeviceforemphasisandconveyingthesameforcecontainedintheoriginale g 1 事实就是事实 factisfact 2 思悠悠 恨悠悠 恨到归时方始休 月明倚高楼 Endlessismyyearning Endlessismygrieving Thisgriefshallgoontillhishomecoming OnthemoonlightsIalonewaitbythedoorstanding Variationoromissione g 1 你们俩交换交换意见 Youtwohaveanexchangeofview 2 科学是老老实实的学问 来不得半点虚假 修妖付出艰巨的劳动 Sciencemeanshonest solidknowledge notallowinganjotaoffalsehood Substitutione g 1 哈佛是最早接受中国留学生的美国大学之一 中国教育界 科学界 文化节一直同哈佛大学保持着学术交流 HarvardisamongthefirstAmericanuniversitiestoacceptChinesestudents TheChineseeducational scientificandculturecommunitieshaveallalongmaintainedacademicexchangewiththisuniversity 2 有条件要上 没条件 创造条件也要上 Whenconditionexists goahead whentheydon t createthemandgoahead Amplification增译法 Byamplificationwemeansupplyingnecessarywordsinourtranslationworktomaketheversioncorrectandclear tomakeitappearmorelikethelanguagetranslatedinto Thewordsaddedintranslationmustbeindispensableeithersyntacticallyorsemanticallyforgoodreadability Broadlyspeaking amplificationisoftwokinds 1 wordssuppliedforsyntacticconstruction2 wordssuppliedforsemanticcompletion Amplification增译法 AmplificationinE CtranslationAmplificationinC Etranslation AmplificationinE Ctranslation Amplificationbysupplyingwordsomittedintheoriginale g1 Avoidusingthiscomputerinextremecold heat dust orhumidity 不要在过冷 过热 灰尘过重 湿度过大的情况下使用电脑 Amplificationbysupplyingnecessaryconnectivese g1 Heated waterwillchangeintovapor 水受热 就会汽化 Amplificationbysupplyingwordsindicatingplurale g 1 Flowersbloomallovertheyard 朵朵鲜花开满庭院 2 Thelionisthekingofanimals 狮是百兽之王 Amplificationbysupplyingwordsofgeneralization 概括性增词 e g 1 youandI你和我2 Thethesissummedupthenewachievementsmadeinelectroniccomputer artificialsatellitesandrockets 芦苇总结了电子计算机 人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就 AmplificationinE Ctranslation Amplificationbysupplyingwordsindicatingtensee g 1 Ihadknowntwogreatsocialsystem 那时以前 我就经历过了两大社会制度 2 HeisstayingindoorsbutistempedtoleaveTokyo 他现在呆在家里 但是很想离开东京 Amplificationbysupplyingwordstoachieveexpressivenesse g 1 thecrowdmeltedaway 人群渐渐散开 2 Aredsunroseslowlyfromtheclamsea 一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起 Amplificationforlogice g 1 Hisdiligence earnestness carefulnessandbrilliancemakehimpraisedbyall 他勤勉 踏实 细心 才华过人 凡此种种都使他受众人的夸奖 Amplificationbysupplyingsomenecessarywordstoconveythetoneoftheoriginal AmplificationinE Ctranslation e g 1 Don ttakeitseriously I mjustmakingfunofyou 不要认真嘛 我不过开开玩笑罢了 2 withhisaidyouwouldhavesucceeded 当初若有他的帮助 你早就成功了 Amplificationforpurposeofrhetoricorcoherence1 Amplificationbysupplyingnounstomakeanabstractconceptclear addnounsafternounse g 1 weshouldnotneglecttheevaporationofwater 我们不能忽视水的蒸发作用 Amplif