专八语言学.doc

03年1. The term transformational-generative grammar was introduced into linguistic in the mid-1950s byA. Leonard Bloomfield B. Edward Sapir C. Noam Johnson D. Michael Halliday（C）解析：转换生成语法（transformational-generative grammar）这个术语是Noam Chomsky(乔姆斯基)在20世界50年代中期引入语言学的。他是美国语言学家，在句法结构（1957）-书中所阐述的关于生成语法的理论使语言学研究发生突破性进展。2. In term of opposite of meaning, _is a pair of conversivesA. “long” and “short” B. “present” and “absent” C. “sell” and “buy” D. “dead” and “alive”(C ) 解析：从意义的对立（oppositeness of meaning）来看，C的sell and buy 属于换位反义词（conversives）。换位反义词也称为关系反义词。换位反义词的两个词语之间语义相互依赖。3. The word” marshal” used to mean “ a horse tender”; now it means” an officer of the highest rank”. The word has undergone a sort of semantic change calledA. Elevation B. degeneration C. extensive D. restriction（A）解析：marshal 以前表示“马夫”，现在表示“元帅”。这属于词义的升格（elevation）04年1. The _view of language acquisition holds that children are born with an innate ability to acquire languages of a specific typeA. Behaviourist B. nativist C. structuralist D. psycholiguist(B)解析：认为小孩生来就具有习得某种语言的天生能力（innate ability）是语言习得（language acquisition）的nativist天生主义者。2. The basic part of the lexical meaning of a word is often termed its_meaning.A. Social B. stylistic C. connotative D. denotative（D）解析：一个词的词汇意义（lexical meaning）的基本部分通常称为词汇意义外延（denotative）方面的意义。词的外延意义又称概念意义，是指词义中表达概念的部分，是客观事物经过人脑的概括并反映在语言中的意义，是词义最基本的核心部分。3. _first proposed the speech Act TheoryA. Searle B. Austin C. Grice D. Halliday（B）解析：Speech Act Theory(言语行为理论)的创始人是英国哲学家J.Austin. Searle(赛尔)发展了言语行为理论；美国哲学家Grice提出会话的合作原则（Cooperative Principle）;Halliday是功能语法的创始人。05年1. Syntax is the study of A. language functions. B. sentence structures. C. textual organization. D. word formation. (B)解析：句法学（Syntax）研究的是符号与符号的结合，也就是句子是如何构成的。具体的说，句法是研究词与词之间如何搭配才能构造出形式上合乎句法规则的句子的问题。2. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness. B. Productivity. C. Cultural transmission. D. Finiteness. （D）解析：任意性，多产性，文化传递性都是语言的区别特征，只有D不是。3. The speech act theory was first put forward by A. John Searle. B. John Austin. C. Noam Chomsky. D. M.A.K. Halliday. （B）解析：言语行为的理论最早由约翰 奥斯丁提出。2006年英语专八人文知识真题答案38. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion ofA. reference B. meaning C. antonymy D. context39. The words kid, child, offspring are examples ofA. dialectal synonyms B. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonyms D. collocational synonyms40. The distinction between parole and langue was made byA. Holliday B. Chomsky C. Bloomfield D. Saussure38.语境把语义学和语用学区分开来。39.kid，child，offspring是语体风格不同的同义词，语体上有口语，常用语和书面语之称。40.索绪尔把language和parole区分开来的。乔姆斯基区分的是语言能力和语言运用。2007年英语专八人文知识真题及答案38. _ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.A. PhonologyB. Morphology C. SemanticsD. Sociolinguistics39. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPTA. lexicalB. syntacticC. phonologicalD. psycholinguistic 40. The word tail once referred to “the tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean “the tail of any animal.” This is an example ofA. widening of meaning B. narrowing of meaningC. meaning shiftD. loss of meaning38.形态学研究词的内在结构以及构词规则。39.psycholinguistic不是言语变体的区分特征。40.单词tail开始意指马的尾巴，但是现在该词指所有动物的尾巴，这是词义的扩大。narrowing of meaning:词义的缩小。Meaning of shift 词义的迁移。2008年英语专业八级考试人文知识测试及答案38. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness. B. Displacement. C. Duality. D. Diachronicity. 39. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”? A. A simple sentence. B. A coordinate sentence. C. A complex sentence. D. None of the above. 40. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called A. hyponymy. B. synonymy. C. polysemy. D. homonymy.38 选D 历时性(diachronicity) 这个不是语言学的特性39选 B 并列句 but连接的两个分句40选D homonymy指的是语汇中一对对或是一组组的单词，虽然意思不同，但是发音相同，或拼写相同，又或者是发音和拼写都相同。这些一对对一组组的单词我们称之为homonym(同形同音异义词、同形异义词、同音异义词)。20091 The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production isA corpus linguistics B sociolinguistics C theoretical linguistics D phycholinguistics选DPsycholinguistics（心理语言学）是探究人类大脑语言理解，产出和习得认知过程的研究，是语言学的一个重要分支。Corpus linguistics（语料库语言学）指利用语料库对语言的各个方面进行研究。Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）是指运用语言学和社会学等学科的理论和方法，从不同的社会科学角度去研究语言的社会本质和差异。Theoretical linguistics（理论语言学）是注重考察人类语言的共同规律和普通特征，侧重理论探讨的语言学研究。2 A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called A dialect B idiolect C pidgin D register选CPidgin（洋泾滨语）由几种不同语言因经商，贸易或者传教等特定原因而形成的一种特殊的语言变体，这种语言通常是由讲不同语言的人群为了实现交际目的而创造的。Dialect （方言）是语言的一种变体，可根据不同因素分为地域方言，社会方言，种族方言等。Idiolect（个人语言）是个体言者的个人方言，通常是地域，社会，年龄等各类变体成分的综合体。Register（语域）是指语言使用的场合或领域的总称，它包括语场（field），语旨（tenor）和语式（mode）三个社会变量。3 When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking ,such as asking someone to open the window, he is performingA an illocutionary act B a perlocutionary act C a locutionary act D none of the above选AIllocutionary act（言外行为）是指说话者通过言语而表达某种意图的行为。Lutionary act（言内行为）是指言语者发出言语，传递字面意义的行为动作，即言说某事的行为。Perlocutionary act（言后行为）指言语者通过言说某事而实施或执行相关的动作行为20104 _ refers to the learning and development of a language.A Language acquisition B Language comprehension C Language production D Language instruction选ALanguage acquisition（语言习得）是指人类学习和发展语言的过程。Language comprehension(语言理解)Language production（语言产出）Language instruction（语言教学）5 The word “Motel” comes from “motel+hotel” . This is an example of _in morphology.A backformation B conversion C blending D acronym选CBlending（混成词）将俩个词中第一个词的词首部分与第二个词的词尾部分结合，或是将俩个词的词首部分相结合。Backformation（逆构词法），例如editor-edit ,hawker-hawk。Acronym（首字母缩写）Conversion（转类法），不改变词的形态，只是使词从一种词类转化为另一种词类，从而使该词具有新的意义和作用，成为一个新词。6 Language is a tool of communication. The symbol “Highway closed” on a highway servesA an expression function B an informative function C a performative function D a persuative function选BAn expressive function（表情功能）An informative function（信息功能）A performative function（施为功能）A persuasive function（说服功能）20117_is defined as the study of the relationship between language and mind.A Semantics B Pragmatics C Cognitive linguistics D sociolinguistics 选CCognitive linguistics （认知语言学）研究语言与心智之间的关系。Semantics （语义学）研究语言的意义。Pragmatics（语用学）研究语言的使用。Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）研究社会与语言之间的关系。8A vowel is different from a consonant in English because ofA absence of obstruction B presence of obstruction C manner of articulation D place of articulation选A英语原音与辅音最大的区别是发原音时，气流没有受到任何阻碍。Presence of obstruction 指有气流阻碍，发的是辅音。Manner of articulation（发音方式）指发辅音时气流的阻碍程度。Place of articulation （发音部位）指发辅音时造成气流阻碍的发音器官。9 The definition “the act of using, or promoting the use of, several languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers” refers toA Pidgin B Creole C Multilingualism D Bilingualism选CMultilingualism（多语）指同时使用多种语言的行为，观念或政策。Pidgin（混杂语）在不同语种的人们之间交际使用，有简单的语法和有限混杂的词汇。Creole（克里奥尔语）由多种语言共同使用而产生并在特定地区通用。Bilingualism（双语）指同时使用俩种语言的行为，观念或政策。201210 “The lettuce was lonely without tomatoes and cucumbers for company” is an example ofA Exaggeration B Personification C Understatement D Synecdoche选BPersonification（拟人）是用人类的特点，特性来描述人类以外的事物，使之人格化的修辞方法。Exagg