01构词法与句子结构类型.doc

英语语法讲义01：英语构词与句子结构构词法基本上包括下列三项： 1词根（Root） 2派生词（Derivative） 3合成词（Compound Words）词类（Parts of Speech） ANoun-nMiss Lin is our English teacherJohn and Tom are good friendsI call my puppy “Luck”Can you ride a bicycle？You can go by taxiBPronounpronHelen is a studentShe goes to school by bus every day-Who is there ?-Its me ,Tom .I see her at school every dayHelen is my good friendI go to school together with her every morningC Adjective-a/adja good boy some beautiful flowers anything goodHelen is a beautiful girlHelen looks very beautifulDVerb-VTom goes to school by bicycle every dayHe is a very bright studentThe teacher punished the lazy studentsFarmers here grow rice and vegetablesThey are talking about the picnicDoes your father speak English?I didnt see her yesterdayCan you ride a bicycle?EAdverb-advWe do not go to school on SundaysMary reads very wellMy teacher always speaks slowly but clearly.She looks very happy today.Thank you very much.FPrepositionprep.A mouse ran out from under the wall.Bring me the book on your desk.They are studying quietly in the classroom.GConjuctionconj.boys and girls poor but happyin the city and in the country.by bus or by trainHe is not very bright but he studies hard.I didnt have breakfast this morning, so I am hungry now.Coordinate Conjunction: 表达并列功能的连词叫做并列连词，并列连词两端的词的词类必须相等。Subordinate Conjunction： 本身不能独立表达完整的意思而只在句子中作句子结构的一部分者叫做从句。用以连接从句使其在主句中发挥表达功能的词叫做从属连词。 as，when，since，that，who，which，what， 从句（Subordinate Clause.）I know that he is a very good student.People who use free time well are usually healthy and happy.Many people enjoy reading when they have free time.HInterjectionint.Ah！ O（h）！ Alas！ Dear me！ My God! Sentence structure:I. Basic types of clause例句:I am a Webaholic.I like chatting online.Chatting on the Internet is interesting.Chatting on the Internet brings me a lot of fun.We can call Internet addicts a Webaholic.Internet dating hurts.翻译：那件事太危险。这捆柴50公斤。中国地大物博，人口众多。例句：1. Man proposes; God disposes.Modesty benefits; pride hurts.The sun rises and the sun sets. Stars glitter and stars vanish. There are ups and downs in everyones life.They have been signing for half an hour. Great minds think alike.2. The leaf will turn yellow in autumn. Ive got to return the book this afternoon; it falls overdue a week.The best proof of love is trust. Bread is the staff of life. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. 判断正误：He looks happily. He shouted loudly.除了be以外的系动词：linking verbs1）单纯表示主语的特征、状态：feel, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, appear, etc.翻译：这玫瑰花闻起来不是很香。2)表示主语由一种状态转变为另一种状态的：become, grow, get, turn, fall, go, come, etc.Our supplies of sugar and rice fell short.The jokes fell flat.3)表示主语保持某种状态的：continue, remain, stay, keep, hold, rest, prove, etc.He has fallen into the habit of doing morning exercises to stay healthy.You may rest assured that he will come to the party.*4）近似于不及物动词的系动词：sit, act, arrive, blush, marry, die, be born, etc.Mr. Bean often acted weird in public.The boy blushed scarlet.All the audience sat silent.比较：He woks hard.He died young.比较：Jane Austin died a spinster.He died a heros death. 3. Beauty will buy no beef.The picture flattered her.4.A personal bodyguard had been assigned to her. Would you mind fetching some coffee for me.Fill in the blank:Which type of oil do you recommend _ my car?I recommend this book _ anyone with an interest in chemistry.I have decided to recommend you _ the directorship. The repairman charged me _ ten dollars. Can I ask a question _ you?Ive promised that book _ Tom.Ill bet you ten _dollars5. The couple named their baby Johnson.I keep the door open.The naughty boy knocked the bottle over.He ordered his men to fire.He heard me singing.I saw the vase broken.They look on him as a teacher.I asked him what he was doing.区分：I made John our chairman.I made John a cake.II. The modifiers of basic clauseattribute:1. adj. Poor John went to a hospital nearby.2. n. elevator girl man/woman police ball pen3. numeral Two boys need two pens.4. pron./genitive There are two boys of Toms her.5. prep. Phrase The boy in blue6. adv. The boy there The people here7. infinitive The boy to write this letter needs a pen.8. ing/-ed the smiling boy the broken vase9. clauseThis is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that lay in the house that Jack built.adverbial: 1. adv. stay here2. infinitive I come here to see you.3. prep. Phrase The boy was praised for his bravery.4. ing/-ed5. clause6. 相当于副词的词或短语 Ten years ago, she began to live in Beijing. Solutions of the problem of old age have to be considered against a historical back-ground of slow but substantial changes in Chinese family structure, caused by rising living standards and family planning.Tight supply conditions, exacerbated by losses in Pakistan, the worlds fourth-largest grower, after it suffered devastating flooding, have drawn hedge funds and other speculators to the New York cotton market.The expansion of basic clausecoordinators:but ,however,yet,although,on the contrary,while ,and, then, first second,or,not only.but also.,both.and.,neither.nor. 1. 并列连词：and Justice is on your side. And justice will triumph over injustice. neither. nor She could neither speak the language nor write it. both. and A man should have both courage and perseverance. not only. but also We should not only be bold, but also be cautious. as well as I have read one of his novels as well as a few of his plays. and thenWe had a week in Shanghai and then went to Beijing. 2. 表示选择的并列连词： or You may do it yourself, or ask someone else to do it. either. or I left it either on the table or in the drawer. 除了表示选择外，or和either. or还可以表示否定的条件： 1) Now I must go or (if not) I shall be late for the party. 2) Youll either behave yourse