语法讲解讲义.doc

语法讲义句子的类型基础知识句子基本划分标志 主语谓语宾语表语定语（）状语 补语同位语/ /句子基本成分介绍 主语- 动作或状态的执行者，一般是人或物 谓语- 人或物所执行的动作或所处的状态宾语- 动作所指对象表语- 连系动词(be是；become,turn,get,go,grow变得；look,seem,smell,taste,sound,feel 看/起来)后的成分定语- 修饰名词，代词等的成分状语- 修饰谓语动词，表明动作发生的时间，地点，条件，原因，方式等的成分补语- 句子在有主谓宾成分的情况下，意义仍未完整，需要在宾语后加补充成分，这种补充成分叫宾语补足语。句子改为被动语态时，这种补充成分叫主语补足语 同位语- 置于名词之后，对名词起具体或补充说明作用的成分叫同位语 一简单句 1主谓宾结构 (1) The boy loves football. (2) I read English every day. (3) We have to finish it ahead of time.(4) Studyingwell means (a lot of) (hard) work. (5) Everyone should always be thinking about others. 2. 主谓结构 (1) He,/our monitor/, works hard. (2) The twin towers crashed (倒塌) suddenly. (3) The old man died on a cold night. (4) The heavy rain has lasted for a week.3. 主系表结构 (1) Rock music is exciting. (2) He is a (successful) manager. (3) Your idea sounds surprising. It seems like a (good) idea. (4) My job is teaching. My job (today) is to teach you Lesson One. (5) I feel cold. And his hands also feel cold. (6) Nobody got burnt in that big fire.4. 主谓+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语） (1) My father bought me a doll as a birthday present. (2) They offered me (a lot of) help during my stay here. (3) I would owe my parents my success (in English). (4) The father made the son a (model) plane. (5) As a child, I used to ask people (a lot of) questions.5. 主谓+复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语） (1) Karl Marx made London . (2) They left the door . (3) I think it to study English. (4) The boss ordered his fellow . (5) I noticed a man . (6) I saw a man . (7) Dont keep the window . (8) This puts me .分析下列语段The man is really careless. Yesterday the careless man left his door open the whole day. A thief broke in. He took away a lot of valuable things. This gives the man a heavy blow. Being careless makes him lose almost everything.二并列句 由两个或两个以上简单句组成，用and（表示并列，递进），but（表示转折），so（表示因果），for（表示原因）等并列连词连接起来的句子。 (1) He is a student and he works hard. (2) He has failed many times but he will never give up. (3) He is ill so he hasnt come for the meeting. (4) The gas must run out for the motor bike stops suddenly.三复合句 又称主从复合句。是由两个或两个以上句子组成，但其中有一个处于重要地位，其余处于次要从属地位，称主从复合句（主句+定语从句/名词性从句/状语从句）。 (1) I met a lot of visitors (who were from America). (2) who is the man (whom you shook hands with)? (3) This is the novel (which I am interested in). (4) The book has little (that is useful). (5) I will never forget the days (when we lived together). (6) The reason (why he was absent) was obvious. (7) I cant find the place (where he is working). (8) I havent found a way (in which the problem can be solved). (9) what you said was unbelievable. (10) I believe that he can pass the driving test. (11) My doubt is whether he can pass the exam. (12) I dont know who needs help. (13) I will help whoever needs help. (14) I cant find where he works. (15) I heard the news /that our team had won/. (16) If it should rain, we wouldnt go camping. (17) It is so heavy that nobody can move it. (18) When it is heated, it turns into gas. (19) Where there is a will, there is a way. (20) Despite the fact that it is raining, we will go there. (21) You must do everything as I do. (22) Because there was a delay of plane, he missed the conference. (23) I got up early in order that I could get there on time. 定语从句一 什么叫定语？对名词，代词起修饰作用的成分。二 定语的表达形式1 形容词The (beautiful) girl is an (honest) girl.2. 名词The (man) teacher is wearing a pair of (sports) shoes.3. 现在分词The boy (standing there) is a (hard-working) boy.4. 过去分词The (broken) vase was broken by the (well-known) naughty boy.5. 动名词A (swimming) pool is going to be built in the town. 6. 不定式 The house (to be built) is a hospital. 7 限定词 There are (a lot of) students in the room.8. 介词短语The ring (in the box) was sent by her boyfriend.9. 从句He is a boy (who never tells a lie).三定语从句 1 定义：（1）先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。 He is a man (who never tells a lie). Is there anyone (in your class) (who is an orphan)?（2）定语从句：修饰名词，代词并放在其后，起形容词作用的从句叫定语从句 He is an (honest) man. He is a man (who never tells a lie).非限制性定语从句：定语从句和先行词之间用逗号隔开，定语从句只对先行词起补充说明作用，不起修饰限制作用的定语从句叫非限制性定语从句。His brother who is 18 has joined the army. 限制性定语从句“他的18岁的那个兄弟参了军” （兄弟不止一个）His brother, who is 18, has joined the army. 非限制性定语从句“他兄弟参了军，他18岁” （兄弟只有一个）2 引导定语从句的关系代词（1） 定义：关系起连接先行词和定语从句的作用。 代词起代替先行词的作用，并在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，表语，定语。（2）种类及基本用法指代功能人物人或物主语whowhichthat宾语whom whowhichthat定语whosewhosewhose注意点可用于限制性和非限制性定语从句可用于限制性和非限制性定语从句that不可用于非限制性定语从句 He is a man (who/that means his word). The people (whom/who/that you met in the campus) are from England. Is there anyone in your class (whose) father is an engineer)? The bike (which/that was damaged) is now being repaired. The book (which/that you are reading) was written by Luxun. The classroom (whose) window was broken) is ours.(3) 关系代词引导定语从句的特殊用法 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对先行词有描绘，限制范围的作用。非限制性定语从句所修饰的先行词具有唯一性，非限制性定语从句只对其起补充说明作用，并用逗号与先行词隔开不用that引导。China, which has a long history, is a country of much culture. His father, who is an engineer, is a learned man. “介词关系代词（which/whom）”引导的定语从句 a.这种从句中关系代词只能用which和whom，介词可根据上下文选用in, at, on, about, by, from, for, through, with, without, by means of, because of This is the man (about whom we talked just now). This is the room (in which he once lived)Sound is a tool (by means of which people communicate with each other).He is the kind of man (without whom the company cant work well). b.这种结构是将定语从句中动词短语后的介词或充当状语的介词短语中的介词提至关系代词前，但固定动词短语如：look for,look after,look forward to,take care of,come across等中的介词不能提前，否则会改变动词的意义。 This is the picture for which he is looking.(X) This is the picture which/that he is looking for. c.“介词+which+名词”引导的特殊的定语从句 Water boils at 100,(at which temperature it changes to gas). I arrived at 12,(by which time they had already had their lunch). I misunderstood you,(for which mistake I apologize). d.“介词from+where”也可引导定语从句 She stood near the window from where (=from near the window) she could see the whole garden. e.“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句可以省略成“介词+关系代词which/whom+不定式”不可改为“关系副词+不定式” He has a knife with which to defend himself. I havent found a place in which to store these goods. I dont think him the suitable man with whom to work. “名词/代词/数词+of+关系代词which/whom”引导的定语从句 The river (the banks of which are covered with trees) flows to the sea. The book contains 50 poems, (some of which were written in the 1930s). I saw some campists,(ten of whom are from Australia). 特殊的关系代词“which”与“as”引导的定语从句 a.which可以引导非限制性定语从句，代替的内容为整个主句或主句的部分内容 She won a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honour. She was patient to the children, which her husband seldom was. b.as 引导的定语从句 -引导普通的定语从句，修饰一个名词或代词，但他们由the same,such,so,as等修饰 People (who/that dont care for others) are selfish. Such people (as dont care for others) are selfish. I never give them a difficult problem which/that they cant work out. I never give them such a difficult problem/so difficult a problem/as difficult a problem (as they cant work out). the same 修饰先行词表示“同一”概念时定语从句用that引导，表示“和一样”概念时定语从句用as引导 She is wearing the same hat as I am wearing. She is wearing the same hat that I lent her. -引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个主句，先行词是整个主句 The earth moves around the sun, as we know. c.as与which都引导修饰整个主句的非限制性定语从句时的区别 -which 引导的非限制性定语从句放在主句后，as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前，中，后 The earth moves around the sun, as we know.As we know, the earth moves around the sun. The earth, as we know, moves around the sun. -as引导的从句中常出现表示心理活动的动词如：know, see, understand, suppose, expect, imagine, happen等，名词或形容词如：normal, natural, usual, the custom, the habit, the case等，或出现被动语态。 He was late again, as is often the case/as is usual. She married a rich man, as was expected by her parents. The hall became crowded, as often happened. 特殊的关系代词but引导的定语从句(but=who/which/thatnot只引导限制性定语从句) There is not a single student in our class but studies hard. Who doesnt study hard. Not a single day went by but brought us good news. which didnt bring us good news. Who could he stay with but were beggers and thieves? that werent beggers and thieves? 特殊的关系代词than(兼连词特征)引导的定语从句 Never give him more money than is necessary. There are more demands than can be satisfied. (4)使用关系代词的注意点 不用关系代词which常用that的场合 a. 当先行词为something, anything, everything, nothing, all, much, little, few 等不定代词时或先行词被some, any, every, no, all, much, little, few等修饰时 The book has little that is useful. Thats all that I want to tell you. You can take any book that you like. b. 当先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best novel that I have ever read. c. 当先行词被序数词修饰时 This is the second school that he has worked in. d. 当先行词被the only, the very, the last, the right, the same等修饰时 This is the only thing that I can do now. e. 当先行词包含人和物时 They talked for an hour about the things and persons that they remembered in the school. f. 当关系代词在从句中作表语时，一般用that 引导从句，指代具有某种特性，品质，或才能的人或物 He isnt the man that he used to be. The village isnt the one that it was 10 years ago. g. 当主句是which或who引导的特殊疑问句时 Which is the novel that you are most interested in? Who is the person that is standing there? Who is the person (that/whom you shook hands with just now)? 不用关系代词that的场合 a. 在非限制性定语从句中 They have three houses, which are built of stones. Yesterday, I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very happy. b. 当从句中介词提至关系代词前时，关系代词不用that和who This is the pen with which he writes. The person to whom I spoke just now is the manager of the factory. c. 当先行词为someone, anyone, everyone, no one, those等指人的不定代词时，定语从句不用that引导，只用who,whom Anyone who breaks the law will be punished. Those who want to buy the book should write down their names. 关系代词的省略 a.在定语从句中充当动词或介词的直接宾语的关系代词可以省略 The man (whom/who/that) you saw just now is our manager. Is there anything (that) I can do for you? This is the news (which/that) he told me. b.定语从句中如果是there be 结构，引导该定语从句的关系代词虽作主语但可以省略 This is the only bus (that) there is to that park. c.非限制性定语从句中，所有关系代词都不可以省略 d.“介词+关系代词（which/whom）”引导定语从句时，尽管关系代词作宾语，但不可省略 This is the room (which/that) he lives in. This is the room in which he lives.定语从句中谓语动词的单复数a. 关系代词作主语时，后面的谓语动词与关系代词所代替的先行词的单复数一致 I met a group of visitors who were from Australia. I, who am Chinese, should be responsible for our country.b. 先行词如果是“one of+复数名词”时，定语从句中谓语动词用复数形式。先行词如果是“the (only) one of+复数名词”时，定语从句中谓语动词用单数形式。 He is one of the people in our office who were invited. He is the (only/very) one of the people in our office who was invited.3 引导定语从句的关系副词（1） 定义：关系起连接先行词和定语从句的作用。 副词起代替“介词+先行词”的作用，并在定语从句中充当状语（2）种类及基本用法先行词关系副词其他表达功能表示时间的名词whenat/on/in/+which从句中的时间状语表示地点的名词wherein/at/on/+which从句中的地点状语表示原因的名词whyfor which从句中的原因状语表示方式的名词/in which/that/不填从句中的方式状语 Ill always remember the day when we played together. This is the factory where he is working.I dont know the reason why he is absent.(3) 关系副词引导定语从句的特殊用法how不能用来引导定语从句，当先行词为way时，常用in which引导其后的定语从句，口语中in which可替换为that且可省略 I dont know the way in which he is able to work out the problem. that/-This is the way in which he behaves. that/-关系副词一般可以替换为“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句This was the time when/at which she left for Beijing.There was a time when/during which he was seriously ill in bed.I still remember the year when/in which I came to stay here.This is the factory where/in which he once worked.This is the farm where/on which he once worked.This is the reason why/for which I gave up the chance. 关系副词where的特殊用法Where引导的定语从句修饰的先行词常是表示地点的名词，也可以是兼有副词和代词属性的somewhere,或是表示情况形势的名词，如：situation, position, case, field，point等。Can you find a situation where/in which the phrase can be used?I found him somewhere where some wood was stored.(4)使用关系副词的注意点关系副词与关系代词的区别与联系 a. 区别：关系代词代替先行词，而关系副词等于“介词+关系代词”代替“介词+先行词”。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语等而关系副词作状语。 Ill never forget the days which/that we spent together. Ill never forget the days when/in which we played together. The reason which/that he gave me was that he was ill. The reason why /for which he was absent was that he was ill.b. 联系：在非正式场合,that可替换关系副词使用且可以省略，这种情况更常出现在先行词为time, place, way的场合 It is the first time that I have seen him. Can you find a place/anywhere that we can stay for the night?关系副词引导的定语从句与强调句的区别a. 强调结构是为了着重一个句子的主语，宾语，状语而用的“It is/was+强调部分+that/ who/whom+剩余部分”结构，如：I saw him in the street yesterday.It was I that/who saw him in the street yesterday.It was him that/whom I saw in the street yesterday.It was in the street that I saw him yesterday.It was yesterday that I saw him in the street .b. 区别定语从句和强调句 It is in this factory that my father works.It is this factory (where/in which my father works). He is in the factory (where/in which my father works).条件：句首it is 去掉it is和关系词之后句子完整 方法：满足条件即为强调句型；满足条件 不满足条件或满足条件不满足条件即为定语从句名词性从句 一定义： 具有名词性质，起名词作用，在整个句中充当主语，宾语，表语，同位语的句子，相对于整个主句来说起从属作用，因此叫主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句，统称名词性从句。 二引导名词性从句的词（一）连接词/关系词只起引导作用，在从句中不充当任何成分的词叫连接词或关系词，如：whether, if, that 1. that (1)只起引导作用，不充当任何成分 （2）本身无意义 That he has passed the driving test makes him very happy. 主语从句 I know that he has passed the driving test. 宾语从句 The good news is that he has passed the driving test. 表语从句 I have heard the good news that he has passed the driving test. 同位从句 注意点省略问题 （1）引导宾语从句时，that一般可以省略，引导主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句时that一般不省略。 I believe that he can pass the driving test. ()I believe he can pass the driving test. () That he has passed the driving test makes him happy. () He has passed the driving test makes him happy. () The reason is that he was ill then. ()The reason is he was ill then. ()Have you ever heard the news that he will come? ()Have you ever heard the news he will come? () （2）在后置的主语从句中，在口语场合常省略that. It is certain (that) he will come. （3）在直接宾语从句中that不可以省略 He told me that he would come the next week. （4）在真正的宾语从句中that不可以省略 I find it important that we should study English. （5）在宾语从句中有状语从句且置于that之后时that不省 I believe that if he comes he will give us wise advice. （6）在对宾语部分作答时，答句中若是单独的宾语从句，引导宾语从句的that不省 - What does he say? - That he is angry. （7）当宾语从句为两个或两个以上，第一个宾语从句中that可以省略，其余不省 He says (that) he will come here and that he will find a job then.(8)介词后that引导的宾语从句中that不可省略 I know nothing about the lady except that she is from America. () I know nothing about the lady except she is from America. () 辨别下列名词性从句类型并判断that可不可以省略(1) That he will come is impossible.(2) It is impossible that he will come.(3) We dont doubt that he will come.(4) He has told me that he will come.(5) The good news is that he will come.(6) We have heard the news that he will come.(7) I think it impossible that he will come.(8) - Whats your opinion? - That he will come.(9) I believe that he will come, and that he will bring us good news, and that he will stay with us forever.2. whether/if （1）只起引导作用，不起代替作用，在从句中不充当任何成分 （2）本身具有“是否”意义 （3）whether, if用法不同 Whether与if的用法（了解区别与联系） 功能关系词主语从句宾语从句 表语从句同位语从句+to do+or not+ or not.前置后置动词宾语介词宾语whetherif(1) _ he will come is unknown.(2) It is unknown _ he will come.(3) I dont know _ he will come.(4) I dont know _ he will come or not.(5) I dont know _ or not he will come.(6) I dont know _ to go there.(7) It all depends on _ he will come.(8) The question is _ he will come.(9) We still have the doubt _ he will come.3. whether/if与that的区别（1）表示“确定”意义的动词或短语，如：believe, know, be sure/ certain, dont doubt, no doubt等后面用that引导名词性从句.（2）表示“不确定”或“怀疑”意义的动词或短语，如：be not sure/ certain, be unsure/ uncertain, doubt等后面用whether/if引导名词性从句也可用that引导，意义不同.（3）疑问句中表示“确定”或“不确定”的词后均用that引导名词性从句. -Im sure _ he will come. -Im not sure _ he will come. -Are you sure _ he will come? -_ he will come or not is still unknown.（二）连接/关系代词 关系/连接-起引导名词性从句作用 代词-起代词作用,在名词性从句中作主,宾,表语等,指代人或物。功能连接代词指代从句主语从句宾语从句定语名词性从句的意义指人whowhom/whoWhose“某人做了某事”,从句表达一件事whoeverwhomever/whoeverwhosever“做某事的任何人”(anyone who/whom/whose)指物或事无范围what“某人所做的事”(all/anythi