3000单词外文文献翻译范文.doc

南京航空航天大学金城学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译系 部经济系专 业国际经济与贸易学生姓名学号指导教师曹冬艳职称讲师2014年 4 月 Research on the Agricultural Products Export in Shandong Province under Green Trade Barriers Chapter One Introduction1.1 Research Background and significance of the PaperGreen trade barriers closely related to green trade protection, which provides the trade protector a new concept and had a huge impact on international trade. Although green trade barriers blocked the international trade to some extent, it actually aims to protect environment and human health. Green trade is a trend in the international trade and an irreversible one in the world market.1.1.1 Research BackgroundAs the worlds largest developing country, agriculture industry is the traditional industry in China and agricultural products have been the traditional ones for trade. And green trade barrier will have a far-reaching influence on Chinas agricultural products export. Since Chinas accession to the WTO in2001, Chinas agricultural products export enterprises have been restricted not only by tariffs, quotas and other restrictions, but also suffer from the so-called “green requirements”, which led to difficulty in access to the world market. Under the WTO framework, more and more countries have adopted subtler, less transparent measures on their agricultural production and trade under green trade barriers, which makes it harder to monitor and predict. So Chinas agricultural trade and overall economic development will face new challenges, thus how to cope with green trade barriers has become key issues for us. 1.1.2 Significance of the PaperAgriculture in China has a long history. Early center of Agriculture has been identified in the Huang he (Yellow River) in China. Rice, millet, soybean, onion, and peach are among of the most important products originated in this region.China has been a nation of farmers for over 4,000 years. When the Peoples Republic of China was established in 1949, all arable land was under cultivation; agricultural infrastructure as irrigation and drainage systems constructed centuries earlier and intensive farming practices already produced relatively high yields (Library of Congress). Currently, even Chinas cropland is only about 75 percent of the US(8). The main crops cultivated are rice, wheat, maize, cotton, soybeans and tobacco. Agricultural of China is important due to the size of population and economic development. Since most of Chinese population is considered rural, agricultural activities is one of the main sources of employment in the country. Concerns about food security make the government put strong emphasis in production. In general terms, it must satisfy 21 percent of worlds population food needs with just 9 percent of world arable land.Chapter two2.1 Situation of Agricultural Products ExportReform and trade liberalization in Chinas external sector has proceeded progressively during last 20 years. Though this reform period, Chinas trade regime has gradually changed form a highly centralized, planned and import substitution regime to a more decentralized, market-oriented and exports promotion one. These changes in trade and other policies have significantly affected the total and composition of Chinas trade in favor of the products in which China has a comparative advantage. China tends to exports labor-intensive products such fruits,vegetables,fish and processed agricultural goods, which has been destined mainly to neighboring countries,especially Japan, Korea and others countries of Southeast Asia and also the USA and Europe.Exports of agricultural products are an important source of foreign currency in China, however ,even the value of agricultural products exportation continue growing, its share as part of the total export value has diminished gradually over the years, from a share of 20% in 1998 to 6.3% in 2000(21). China continues being a major world player in exports of agricultural products. In 2001, export of garlic and mushrooms were above 40 percent of world exports, while export of silk reached a share of 81 percent (measured in value).China exports a lot of vegetables, however not all in same big quantities. Garlic has been the main exported in this category with a quantity of 54.65 thousand Mt in 2001, and an average of 233 thousand Mt over the part 11 year period. Canned mushrooms and Dry onions reached averages of 171 and 103 thousand Mt each one during the same period. Other vegetables, also very important, that had big average exported quantities (in thousand Mt) are : cabbages (53.5), carrots (35.9), mushroom (35.5), watermelons (28.5), dried mushrooms (24.8), cauliflower (18.3), tomatoes (18.1), leeks (13.6), and green broad beans (11.6).In the group of meat (23), chicken meat and pork has been the most important with an average export of 237.2 and 190.2 thousand Mt per year. Other types of meat that represent relative large average quantities (thousand of Mt) per year are: meat preparation pigs (70) canned chicken meat (42.5), pig meat (35.3), beef and veal boneless (32.7), rabbit meat (21.7), and duck meat (15.8).In the cereal group, maize has been the most important product with an average exported quantity that surpassed 6.3 million Mt per year between 1991 to2001, and represented 73.1.% of average exported cereals. Rice has been also important, ever its quantity is not so large as maize, but it reached an average export of 1,6 million Mt each year, and a share of 19% of total cereals exports:both maize and rice together represented 92.1% of cereal exports. Other cereals less important in quantity are sorghum and buckwheat, and finally with even less quantity are wheat, triticale and millet.Export of fibres were represented principally by cotton lint, which had an average of 115 thousand Mt per year, that is 55.9% of total fibres exports measured in quantity, but only 18.1% measured in value. Other products such cotton waste, scoured wool, raw and waste silk, and jute met average imported quantities of 16.6, 11.7, 10.9, and 9,7 thousand Mt respectively. With less quantity are other products like carded or comber hair, tow and waste of flax, ramie, unreliable cocoons and greasy wool. From the point of view of value, export were led by raw and waste silk, and carded or comber hair, with a participation of 30.9 and 26.8% respectively. Spices exports were dominated by ginger, which in 2001 reach a record quantity of 177 thousand Mt Exports of pimento reached 84.8 thousand Mt in 2001 and an average of 50.6 thousand Mt per year while cinnamon surpassed slightly an average of 23.3 thousand Mt per year. Other products are anise peppers. In the stimulant group, even China exports green coffee and cocoa powder, quantities are relative small to compare with export of tea, which accounted average of 201.3 thousand Mt in the 11 years period. In the other crops group, cigarettes and tobacco leaves has lead the list with an average export quantity of 40.3 and 15.5 thousand Mt tons per years respectively. Other products are natural rubber-232, hops, and oil of citronella.2.2 General Situation and The Trade of Export to Main Countries or Regions 2.2.1 General Situation of Export to Main Countries or Regions According to the Chinas Agricultural Yearbook of 1994, Chinese agricultural exports have reached more than 160 different countries and region region. Chinese agricultural exports are distributed all over the continents; however this distribution is not balanced. The average exports from 1994 to 2000 show that the Asian region was the main destination, concentrating 75.5% of total agricultural exports. The other regions have participated with different percentages: Europe 15.2%, North America 5.4%, Africa 2.3%, Latin America 1% and Oceania 0.6%.In the Asia region, exports are also concentrated in three destinies: Japan (30.9%), Hong Kong (18.2%) and South Korea (6.7%); these three destinies together have signified an average percentage of 55.8% per year. Other countries in this region with an important participation are: Singapore (2.8%), Indonesia (2.6%), Malaysia (2.5%) and Philippines with 2.1%.In Europe, the main buying countries have been Russia, Holland and Germany, each one with participation of 2.9, 2.7 and 3.1%.In North America, exports have gone to the United States (4.7%) and Canada (0.6%). In Africa the main destinies are Cote dIvoire (0.3%), Morocco (0.3%) and South Africa (0.3%). In Latin America Cuba (0.3%) and Brazil (0.2 %), and finally in Oceania is Australia (0.5%).China has had an important participation in several agricultural exports. Products with high share of world exports were ramie and raw and waste silk, with 91.9% and 87.7% in 2001. Both of these two products show increase in share between 1991 and 2001. When shares changed from 58.3% to 91.9% and from 72% to 87.7%, respectively.2.2.2 The Trade of Export and import In 1991, there were only 6 products its export share was above 50% of world exports: sweet potatoes, pork, raw and waste silk, ramie, unreelable cocoons and cake of cotton seed. In 2001 the number of products increased to 10 products; the new added products were buckwheat, oil of tung, hair (carded or combed), reelable cocoons, fresh or dried vegetables and ginger. At the same time some products decreased participation under 50%, as in the case of sweet potatoes, pork and cake of cottonseed.Other products that had participation between 30% and 50% in 2001 were: cassava tapioca, mushrooms (dried and canned), hair of horses, garlic, groundnuts (prepared, shelled, and in shell), and oil of citronella.In the group of products with share between 20% and 30% were: rabbit (meat and skins), wool shoddy, chestnuts, beeswax, canella, oil of sesame seeds, soya sauce, honey and dry beans. The rest of product had a share below 20%.Total agricultural exports show an increasing tendency, according to data from Faostat, it increase in 11.7% between 1991 and 2001.Exports of cereals have not had a defined tendency. In some years and in others drop. From the point of view of the quantity, China was a net exporter of some cereals such rice, maize, buckwheat, sorghum, triticale and millet. However in some years like 1995 and 1996 Chinas was a net importer of rice and maize, and again 1998 and 1999 for the case of maize. Sorghum exports only were higher than imports until 1997.In the meat products group, it was clear a decrease in pork and pig meat exports since 1995 and 1996 respectively, and a continuous increase in chicken meat exports. China was a net exporter Pork (until 1998), pigmeat, rabbit meat and goose meat principally. It is appreciably that canned chicken is the new tendency in export of meat; it already surpassed export of pork since 1999.Fruits and vegetables exports have had the best performance. Fruits show a continuous increasing tendency, especially pushed by increasing exports of apples juice during last years. Exports of main vegetables (garlic, onion, mushroom and tomato paste) increased year by year, and for 2001, the exported quantities of all vegetables were more than 300% of that one of 1991. In the vegetables group China was a net exporter except in few cases. In the case of fruits China was a net exporter of main fruit as apples (except for 1991-2-4-5), pears, canned pineapple, tangerines (with clementines), plums, mangoes and apple juice (single streng) principally. In the sum of total main fruit China was a net exporter between 1991 and 1995, and in 2001. Textile fibres exports shows a declining tendency, even the export of cotton lint attempted to recover during 1999 and 2000, but for 2001 it declined again. The other main exported products in this group except for jute (decline) show a stable tend. In silk (raw and waste), ramie and hair of horses China was a net exporter during all years of the period.Vegetable oil export statistics suggest that large exported quantities (1994 to 1997) of this category were not sustained in the time. All exported quantities were under 200 thousand Mt, with exception for oil of soya beans in 1997 and for oil of palm in 1994-5. China was a net exporter of some kinder of oils such: oil of tung, oil of groundnuts, oil of sesame seed, oil of cotton seed and oil of safflower. In pulses, instability was also present, caused mainly by changes in dry beans exports. Exports were higher than export for the whole pulses value (quantity), and for dry beans, dry broad beans and lentils.Exports of nuts, except for the walnuts presented a stable tendency; the same situation was experimented by export of tea and livestock, although in livestock, pig and cattle export tendencies are a little inclined towards decreasing. China was a net exporter of nuts, especially chestnuts and walnuts; in stimulants products not only of tea, also of cocoa butter and coffee extracts; and in livestock most of animals export for horses and goats.Some exports show clear decreasing tendency, for example, export of sweet potatoes and dried cassava almost disappeared; quantities exported in 2001 represented only 1.63% and 0.0024% respectively compared with quantities exported in 1991. However taro and potatoes maintained its export levels. Oil-bearing crops also were in the declining tendency group, it was pressured by diminish of soybean oil exports, which didt recover high exported levels reached in 1991 and 1994. Fodder crops followed decreasing tendency for most of the years and the quantity exported in 2001 was 69.6% lower than the reached one in 1991. In oil-bearing crops China was a net exporter of groundnuts, sesame seeds, castor beans, sunflower seeds, cottonseeds and safflower seeds principally; In fodder products China was net exporter of dry beet pulp and some types of cakes like cotton seed, rapeseed, sunflower seed, linseed, maize and groundnuts, (in the case of soya bean cakes was a net exporter until 1995 and in 2001).Chapter Three3.1The Influence of Agricultural Products Export in Shandong Province under Green Trade BarriersThe research on main countries Shandong agricultural products export to under greed trade barrier. In the first part, it presents the general situation of Shandong Provinces agricultural products export to main countries and regions. Japan, U.S. And the EU are the major trading partners of Shandong Province. It is no doubt that green trade barriers enhances awareness of environment protection,human beings health, and animals and plants safety. Nonetheless, green trade barriers will also impose negative influence on trade. Many of the developed countries, with their solid financial strength and technological advancement, are moving ahead with respect to the environment standards and technical guidance. They have prepared a series of technical standards which can affect the development countries seriously. Obviously, the environment standards and technical standards set by the development countries are much higher than other countries, which is harder for the exporting countries to meet. Furthermore, the higher standards can result in extra costs,which make it even difficult for exporters to do business in the World. Japan has taken restrictive measures mainly on Chinas products such as vegetable, shellfish and other products. On May 29th,2006, “Positive List System ” was formally put into effect in japan. Under this system, maximum residue limits were established for all agricultural chemicals residues, covering 302 kind of food, 799 kinds of agricultural chemicals, and 54,782 limited standards, which comprehensively increase the technological threshold of agricultural products import for entering the market.”Positive List System”, with checks staring overseas is a new comprehensive safety and sanitation monitoring program. The EU has come up with more requirements for the food exporters, which means export of agricultural products to the EU, should not only reach the EU food safety standards, but also attach importance to food safety management, and U.S. Has set higher requirements in food safety and hygiene of imported products. In the following parts, characteristics of technical regulations and standard were analyzed under green trade barriers of Japan, the EU and U.S. Then analysis of negative influence on relevant agricultural products exported data and information and corresponding countermeasures were made to deal with the negative effect of green trade barriers.3.2 The Suggestions to Green Trade BarriersBased on the above studies, the main suggestions are provided from the level of government, enterprises and non-governmental organization: firstly, at the national level, the government as a policy maker should promote the concept of green-consumption, improve standards and certification systems, actively develop ecological agricultural and production bases to improve overall quality level of agricultural products, and establish an early waring system to prevent from foreign green trade barriers. Generally, government is responsible for establishing the system of perfecting agricultural standard, improving the quality level of agricultural products study and following the trail of the international standard constantly. By adopting the international standard and advanced standard of foreign countries actively and accelerating upgrade of the agricultural quality, government is supposed to take responsibility to strengthen the export competitiveness of agricultural products. Furthermore, being the regulator of import and export, government should take steps to perfect the supervision and inspection. In order to achieve the goal of introducing and improving monitoring technology as well as enhancing our domestic products quality at the same level with the developed countries, we should reach the same standard with the country with adva