Synecdoche提喻的概念及示例.doc

5、蕴涵新意的Synecdoche（提喻）Synecdoche（提喻） 是英语中常用的一种修辞格，Synecdoche 来自希腊语，是“共同担起”（GK “taking up together”）的意思。Websters Third International Dictionary对Synecdoche的定义讲得很明确:l A figure of speech by which a part is put for the whole, the whole for the part, species for genus, the genus for the species or the name of the material for the thing made.这个定义的意思是：Synecdoche是一种修辞格，它包括以部分代替整体，以整体代替部分，以某种事物代替某类事物，以某类事物代替某种事物，或者以原材料的名称代替由其制成的东西。Websters New World Dictionary的解释是：Synecdoche还包括“以个体代替一类”。A figure of speech in which a part is used for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for thing, or reverse of any of these.两者相比较，后者增加了一项，即Synecdoche还包括“以个体代替一类”。使用Synecdoche可以使语言富于新鲜感，变换一个说法，也可以使语言生动活泼。例如：大学英语精读第四册四单元课文中有这样一个句子：As a Sac and Fox, Jim had the colorful Indian name Wa-Tho -Huck 作为袋与狐的成员，吉姆有一个生动的印第安名字Sac and Fox本指一印第安人部落，这里是用一个部落来代这个部落中的某一个人，即用整体来代替部分，The western wave was all a-flame;The day was well nigh done!Almost upon the western waveRested the broad bright Sun;When that strange shape drove suddenlyBetwixt us and the Sun. (Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the ancient Mariner)白天即将过去，在西方波浪燃起红光。就像在西方的波浪之上，坐落着光辉的太阳。突然在太阳和我们之间，驶来那奇怪的形状。此例以波浪代替大海，突出表现了大海的特征，使诗歌的语言更生动形象，更富表现力。No eye saw him, but a second later every ear heard a gunshot. (Samuel Lover: The Death of a Great President)没有人看见他。可是，一秒钟以后每个人都听到了一声枪响。此例是以人的部分的器官eye 或ear来代替人本身。Synecdoche大体上可分为6类：以部分代全体，以全体代部分，以一种事物代替一类事物，用一类事物代替一种事物，用原材料代替其制品，以个体代替一类。下面一一举例说明：1、以部分代全体They were short of hands at harvest time.收获季节他们缺少劳力。手是人体的一部分，因此人们常用它来代替各种各样的人。这里以 Hand（手）代替 worker, labourer（工人）。Still, if all hands had been got together, they would not have more than half filled the room. (Charles Dickens: The Uncommercial Traveller)即使全体人员集合起来，也装不满半个房间。此句中的hands代替做某项工作的全体人员（staff，personnel）。This newspaperand probably the countrywill wait its time and see how the new faces perform before judging them.这家报纸大概全国也一样要等待一段时间，以便看一看这些新人物如何行事，然后再判断他们。这里以face（脸、面孔）代替person（人）。大学英语精读第二册第2单元课文中有一个句子使用提喻修辞格，属于部分代替整体这一类型：I will count three hundredthats five minutesand not one of you is to move a muscle. (Mona Gardner: The Dinner Party)我数三百下也就是五分钟你们谁都不许动一动。这个句子中的作为身体组成部分的muscle（肌肉）代替的是整个身体。Then Judas, which had betrayed him, when he saw that he was condemned, repented himself, and brought again the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders, saying, I have sinned in that I have betrayed the innocent blood. (Old Testament: Matt. 27:3)这时候，出卖耶稣的犹大看见耶稣已经定了罪，就后悔，把那三十个银币拿后来给祭司长和长老，说：我出卖了无辜之人是有罪的。此例以innocent blood（无辜人的血）代替无辜的人Jesus（耶稣）。The broken wall, the burning roof and towerAnd Agamemnon dead. (Yeats)坍塌的城垣，燃烧着的房屋和塔楼还有死去的阿伽门农。此例以roof（屋顶）代替这个house（房屋）。2、以全体代部分England won the football game.英格兰队赢了足球赛。这里以England（英格兰）代替England Football Team（英格兰足球队）。Then the surgeon cut me open and take out the appendix and stitched me up again.医生切开我的腹部，割除了阑尾，又把我腹部缝好。这是以me（我）代my abdomen（我的腹部）。He told the distance, “I am armed for war.”The next machine that has the power to pass.Will get this plasma in its goggle glass.” (Robert Frost: The Egg and the Machine)他向远处喊着：“我已全副武装准备打仗。下次机车再胆敢过来，血浆就将在它车窗玻璃上溅开。”Machine是一个涵盖内容非常广泛的词，包括各种机器，汽车，自行车，机动车辆等，在这首诗里，作者用它具体指火车。是用全体代替部分。All the plants in this cold country become green in the smiling year.在这个寒冷的国家，植物都在温暖的季节变绿了。 Smiling year 代替spring （春天）。Selma stuck her head out the car window and rolled her eyes. “Safe with US Army. Dont do anything I wouldnt do.” (Harry Mazer: Furlough 1944)塞尔玛把头伸出窗外，已经骨碌碌转。“跟美国大兵在一起很安全。别做任何我不愿做的事。”此例中的美国军队（US Army）实际指一个美国士兵杰克（Jack），以全体代替部分。3、以一种事物代替一类事物Oh, the spring should vanish with the rose!That Youths sweet-scented manuscript should close! (Edward Fitzgerald: The Bubaiyat of Omar Khayyam of Naishapur)哦，春天随着花儿的调零而消逝！青年芬芳的书卷也要关闭。这里用rose玫瑰代替flowers（花）。He manages to earn his bread.他设法谋生。这里以bread（面包）代food（食物）。But the horse didnt want itthey swerved apart; the earth didnt want it, sending up rocks through which riders must pass single file; the temples, the tank, the jail, the palace, the birds, the carrion, the Guest House: they didnt want it, they said in their hundred voices, “No, not yet,” and the sky said, “No, not there.” (Edward Morgan Forster: A Passage to India)但是马不要，它们逸出驿道；大地不要，它喷出岩石，骑者只能单行通过；庙宇，水槽，监狱，宫殿，飞鸟，腐肉