2012-阅读理解--科普文类--方法突破--学案.doc

专题三阅读理解第一节阅读理解解题方法突破E. 科普文类1. 体裁特点综述1) 科普类的文章常以讲述一个科学道理,介绍一项新的发现或最新研究成果为主要内容。2 针对该文体的特点，我们如何快速有效地对文章进行整体把握？针对科普类的阅读文章，考生应该迅速浏览文章，把握：来源:Zxxk.Com（1） 文章介绍的主要内容是什么？（2） 该科学现象或最新发现是如何产生的？（3） 该现象或道理的发现对人们生活已经或将会带来什么影响？ 3. 解题方法突破（1） 迅速阅读文章的第一段，把握该文章介绍的主题内容；（2） 阅读全文，了解该发现或研究成果的形成过程及影响；（3） 带着文章后提出的疑问迅速定位相关信息，不作不确信的猜测，确保解题的正确性。体裁：科普文 限时： 6分钟 词汇量： 331w 难度:适中 In a world with limited land, water and other natural resources(资源), the harm from the traditional business model is on the rise. Actually, the past decades has seen more and more forests disappearing and globe becoming increasingly warm. People now realize that this unhealthy situation must be changed, and that we must be able to develop in sustainable (可持续的) ways. That means growth with low carbon or development of sustainable products. In other words, we should keep the earth healthy while using its supply of natural resources. Today, sustainable development is a proper trend in many countries. According to a recent study, the global market for low carbon energy will become three times bigger over the next decades. China, for example, has set its mind on leading that market, hoping to seize chances in the new round of the global energy revolution. It is now trying hard to make full use of wind and solar energy, and is spending a huge amount of money making electric cars and high speed trains. In addition, we are also seeing great growth in the global markets for sustainable products such as palm oil(棕榈油)， which is produced without cutting down valuable rainforest. In recent years the markets for sustainable products have grown by more than 50%. Governments can fully develop the potential of these new markets. First, they can set high targets for reducing carbon emission(排放) and targets for saving and reusing energy. Besides, stronger arrangement of public resources like forests can also help to speed up the development. Finally, governments can avoid the huge expenses that are taking us in the wrong direction, and redirecting some of those expenses can accelerate the change from traditional model to a sustainable one. The major challenge of this century is to find ways to meet the needs of growing population within the limits of this single planet. That is no small task, but it offers abundant new chances for sustainable product industries.文本把握1. 文章主要介绍了什么?2. 文章为什么提到了中国？1. The traditional business model is harmful because of all the following EXCEPT that _.A. it makes the world warmer B. it consumes natural resourcesC. it brings severe damage to forests D. it makes growth hard to continue2. What can we infer from Paragraph 2? A. China lacks wind and solar energy. B. China is the leader of the low carbon market. C. High speed trains are a low carbon development. D. Palm oil is made at the cost of valuable forests.3. To full develop the low carbon markets, government can _. A. cut public expenses B. reduce carbon emission C. develop public resources D. encourage energy conservation4. We can learn from the last paragraph that businesses have many chances to . A. develop sustainable products B. explore new natural resources C. make full use of natural resources D. deal with the major challenge5. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To introduce a new business model. B. To compare two business models. C. To predict a change of the global market. D. To advocate sustainable development.高三英语阅读-科普常识类2. Plants cant communicate by moving or making sounds, as most animals do. Instead, plants produce volatile compounds，chemicals that easily change from a liquid to a gas. A flower s sweet smell, for example, comes from volatile compounds that the plant produces to attract insects such as bugs and bees.Plants can also detect volatile compounds produced by other plants. A tree under attack by hungry insects, for instance, may give off volatile compounds that let other trees know about the attack. In response, the other trees may send off chemicals to keep the bugs away or even chemicals that attract the bugs natural enemies.Now scientists have created a quick way to understand what plants are saying: a chemical sensor(传感器) called an electronic nose. The “e-nose” can tell compounds that crop plants make when theyre attacked. Scientists say the e-nose could help quickly detect whether plants are being eaten by insects. But today the only way to detect such insects is to visually inspect individual plants. This is a challenging task for managers of greenhouses ，enclosed gardens that can house thousands of plants.The research team worked with an e-nose that recognizes volatile compounds. Inside the device, 13 sensors chemically react with volatile compounds. Based on these interactions, the e-nose gives off electronic signals that the scientists analyze using computer software.To test the nose, the team presented it with healthy leaves from cucumber, pepper and tomato plants, all common greenhouse crops. Then the scientists collected samples of air around damaged leaves from each type of crop. These plants had been damaged by insects, or by scientists who made holes in the leaves with a hole punch (打孔器)The e-nose, it turns out, could identify healthy cucumber，pepper and tomato plants based on the volatile compounds they produce. It could also identify tomato leaves that had been damaged. But even more impressive, the device could tell which type of damage by insects or with a hole punch had been done to the tomato leaves.With some fine tuning，a device like the e-nose could one day be used in greenhouses to quickly spot harmful bugs, the researchers say. A device like this could also be used to identify fruits that are perfectly ripe and ready to pick and eat, says Natalia Dudareva, a biochemist at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Ind. who studies smells of flowers and plants. Hopefully, scientists believe, the device could bring large benefits to greenhouse managers in the near future.1We learn from the text that plants communicate with each other by_.A. making some sounds B. waving their leavesC. producing some chemicals D. sending out electronic signals2What did the scientists do to find out if the e-nose worked?A. They presented it with all common crops. B. They fixed 13 sensors inside the device.C. They collected different damaged leaves. D. They made tests on damaged and healthy leaves.3According to the writer, the most amazing thing about the e-nose is that it can_.A. pick out ripe fruits B. spot the insects quicklyC. distinguish different damages to the leaves D. recognize unhealthy tomato leaves4We can infer from the last paragraph that the e-nose_.A. is unable to tell the smell of flowers B. is not yet used in greenhousesC. is designed by scientists at Purdue D. is helpful in killing harmful insects5. When we see well, we do not think about our eyes very often. It is only when we cannot see perfectly that we realize how important our eyes are. People who are near-sighted can only see things that are very close to their eyes. Everything else seems blurry. Many people who do a lot of work, such as writing, reading and sewing become near-sighted. People who are far-sighted suffer from just the opposite problem. They can see things that are far away, but they have difficulty in reading a book unless they hold it at arms length. If they want to do much reading, they must get glasses, too. Other people do not see clearly because their eyes are not exactly the right shape. They have what is called astigmatism (散光). This, too, can be corrected by glasses. Some peoples eyes become cloudy because of cataracts (白内障). Long ago these people often became blind. Now, however, it is possible to operate on the cataracts and remove them. Having two good eyes is important for judging distances. Each eye sees things from a slightly different angle. To prove this to yourself, look at an object out of one eye; then look at the same object out of your other eye. You will find the objects relation to the background and other things around it has changed. The difference between these two different eye views helps us to judge how far away an object is. People who have only one eye cannot judge distances as people with two eyes.1.When things far away seem indistinct(模糊不清) , one is probably . A. near-sighted B. far-sighted C. astigmatic D. suffering from cataracts 2. The underlined word blurry in the second paragraph probably means . A. obvious B. possible C. clear D. unclear3. Having two eyes instead of one is particularly useful for . A. seeing at night B. seeing objects far away C. looking over a wide area D. judging distances4. People who suffer from astigmatism have . A. one eye bigger than the other B. eyes that are not exactly the right shape C. a difficulty that can be corrected by an operation D. an eye difficulty that cannot be corrected by glasses7. The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not IQ, a generally bad predictor of success. Instead, it s purposeful practice. Top performers spend more hours practising their craft. If you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, youd take a girl who possessed a slightly above average language ability. It wouldnt have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar qualities. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same family background, or, shared the same birthday.This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self. It would give her some idea of a fascinating circle she might someday join. It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fuelling a desperate need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. Shed be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings.Then she would practise writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error focused. By practising in this way，she delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious, automatically performed skills. By practising slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repeating, she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of performance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance from the outside, correcting the smallest errors，pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems how do I get characters into a room dozens and dozens of times. She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems.The primary quality our young writer possesses is not some mysterious genius. It s the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine. The latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglected. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what were “hard wired” to do. And its true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behavior.1The passage mainly deals with_.A. the function of IQ in cultivating a writer B. the relationship between genius and successC. the decisive factor in making a genius D. the way of gaining some sense of distinction2By reading novels and writers stories, the girl could_.A. come to understand the inner structure of writingB. join a fascinating circle of writers somedayC. share with a novelist her likes and dislikesD. learn from the living examples to establish a sense of security3In the girl s long painstaking training process，_.A. her adviser forms a primary challenging force to her successB. her writing turns into an automatic pattern of performanceC. she acquires the magic of some great achievementsD. she comes to realize she is “hard wired” to write4What can be concluded from the passage?A. A fuelling ambition plays a leading role in one s success.B. A responsible adviser is more important than the knowledge of writing.C. As to the growth of a genius, IQ doesnt matter, but just his/her efforts.D. What really matters is what you do rather than who you are.8. Its impossible to determine how many people would have lost their lives without the contribution of African-American inventor Dr Charles Drew. Charles Drew was born on June 3, 1904, in Washington, DC. His early interest was in education, but he was also an outstanding athlete. While in college, he was awarded as the man who contributed the most to sports during his four years in school. Drews sister Elsie suffered from tuberculosis(肺结核) and died in 1920. Her death influenced his decision to study medicine.After becoming a doctor and working as a college instructor, Drew went to Columbia University, where he earned his Doctor of Medical Science degree. During this time he became involved in research on blood and blood transfusions (输血). At Columbia, he wrote a paper on “banked blood”, in which he described a technique he developed for the long-term preservation of blood plasma (血浆). Before his discovery, blood could not be stored for more than two days because of the rapid breakdown of red blood cells. Drew had discovered that by separating the plasma from the whole blood and then refrigerating(冷冻) them separately, they could be combined a week later for a blood transfusion. Drew became the first African American to receive a PhD in medical science. After World War II broke out, Drew was called upon to put his techniques into practice. He was named a project director for the American Red Cross but soon quit his post after the government issued an order that blood taken from white donors(献血者) should be separated from that of black donors. On April 1, 1950, after he attended the annual free clinic at the John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital, he and other three physicians decided to drive back home. As he was tired from spending the night before in the operating room, he lost control of his car. Drew was badly injured and was taken to Alamance General Hospital in Burlington, North Carolina. He was pronounced dead half an hour after he first received medical attention. Drews funeral was held on April 5, 1950, at the Nineteenth Street Baptist Church in Washington, DC.But contrary to popular legend, he was not refused a blood transfusion by an all-white hospital. He indeed received a transfusion but was beyond the help of the physicians attending to him. As Dr. John Ford, one of the doctors who survived the accident, later explained, “We all received the very best of care. The fact that he was a Black did not in any way limit the care that was given to him.” Over the years, Drew has been considered one of the most honored figures in the medical field. 1. According to the passage, _ might have contributed to the invention of blood banks. A. the combination of blood cells B. the rapid breakdown of red blood cellsC. the development of refrigerating techniqueD. the technique of separating plasma from the whole blood2. By saying “contrary to the popular legend” in the last paragraph, the writer _. A. cant understand the doctors decision B. indicates his concern about the legendC. feels disappointed with the all-white hospitalD. means what the doctors did was out of expectation3. We can learn from the passage that Dr Charles Drew is best remembered by people as _.A. an outstanding athleteB. a college instructor C. a medical researcherD. a project director 4. What conclusion can we draw from the passage? A. Charles Drew died in a medical accident.B. African Americans were still treated unfairly in the 1940s. C. Charles Drew was the first African American to receive a PhD.D. Physicians refused to give Charles Drew medical attention because he was a black.5. In which section of a magazine can we most probably find the passage?A. People B. Health C. CultureD. Entertainment9. Make Up Your Mind to Succeed1Kindhearted parents have unknowingly left their children defenseless against failure. The generation born between 1980 and 2001 grew up playing sports where scores and performance were played down because “everyones winter.” And their report cards sounded more positive (正面的) than ever before. As a result, Stanford University professor Carol Dweck, PhD, calls them “the overpraised generation.” Dweck has been studying how people deal with failure for 40 years. Her research has led her to find out two clearly different mind-sets that have a great effect on how we react to it. Heres how they work:A fixed mind-set is grounded in the belief that talent (才能) is genetic youre a born artist, point guard, or numbers person. The fixed mind-set believes its sure to succeed without much effort and regards failure as personal shame. When things get difficult, its quick to blame, lie, and even stay away from future difficulties.On the other hand, a growth mind-set believes that no talent is entirely heaven-sent and that effort and learning make eve