陈新仁词汇学答案.doc

Reference Answers to Unit 12Unit 12 Cognitive Aspect of English WordsCheck Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. FIn-Class Activities1. The following sentences involve simile or metaphor.a. He is a wolf in sheeps clothing.b. Kerry hit Bush hard on his conduct on the war in Iraqc. His voice sounded like a thunder in the hall.d. Money is a lens in the camera.e. Hitlers attack on Poland in 1939 was like lightning.f. Its time for us to rebuild New Orleans the one that should be a chocolate New Orleansg. Our society is making great strides.Ask: (1) Which sentences involve simile? Sentences c, e involve simile(2) Which sentences involve metaphor? Sentences a, b, d, f, g involve metaphor(3) How to convert the similes into metaphors or expand the metaphors into similes, if possible?Metaphor: A is BSimile: A is like/as Be.g. His voice sounded like a thunder in the hall. (Simile)His voice is a thunder in the hall. (Metaphor) 2. In much the same way that ideas within a paragraph are linked, a new paragraph must be linked in some way with the previous one. This, too, necessitates the use of discourse markers. Here are some different ways in which the opening of a paragraph can link back to what has happened before. The three basic types of paragraph-paragraph relationship are: reinforcement of idea; contrast of idea; and concession. Indicating these relationships builds a bridge between paragraphs and makes reading the text easier.a. A further example of this phenomenoncan be seenin Foucaults work. b. Jones (1999)further demonstrates this point in his mostrecent research.c.Jones, meanwhile/on the otherhand, expresses this notion as self-defence.d. This argument is not, however,accepted by all critics. For instance, Smith (1999) holds that.e.Although the ideas ofJones (1999)are interesting and useful, they do not take account of the growing problems ofidentity theft.f.WhileRoberts (2006)emphasises the importance of Foucaults notion of the panopticon, the opposite view is held by other commentators. For example,.Ask(1) What is the relationship of each sentence with previous paragraph?The relationship of Sentences a and b with previous paragraph is reinforcement of ideaThe relationship of Sentences c and d with previous paragraph is contrast of idea.The relationship of Sentences e and f with previous paragraph is concession(2) Can you give more examples to illustrate the function of discourse marker in paragraph development and coherence?3. In English, theuse of “bull” and “bear” to describe marketscomes from the way the animals attacktheir opponents. A bullthrusts its horns up into the air whilea bearswipes itspawsdown. These actionsare metaphors forthe movement of a market. If the trendis up,its abull market.If the trendis down, its a bear market. Look at the following pictures and collect more examples from newspapers with the metaphorical use of “bull” and “bear”:More examples from newspapers with the metaphorical use of “bull” and “bear”:bullstocks a bullish market, a bearish market4. What is the origin of the donkey and elephant as the symbols of the Democratic and Republican parties in America? Collect more examples with the metonymic use of “donkey” and “elephant”.The donkey gained its acceptance as the Democratic symbol in 1874 as a result of Thomas Nasts cartoons in Harpers Weekly and Ignatius Donnellys remark in the Minnesota Legislature, The Democratic party is like a mule-without pride of ancestry or hope of posterity.The elephant became known as a Republican symbol also because of a cartoon designed by Nast and published in Harpers Weekly (November 7, 1874.) See full explanation in Safires New Political Dictionary, pp.192 and 212. (R 320.03 Sa1)5. Look at the following political cartoon and explain the metaphorical description of economic crisis as “fire” and metonymic use of “donkey” and “elephant”.The economic crisis as “fire” is conceptualized as fire. “Donkey” stands for the Democratic Party and “elephant” stands for the Republican Party. They are doing BBQ (Barbecue) on the fire, which metaphorically means they take risk to get benefit from the economic crisis.6. In English there is a common conceptual metaphor “HAPPY IS UP; SAD IS DOWN” Read the following sentences:a. You are in high spirits.b. Im feeling up.c. Im depressed these days.d. Never let a friend down. Ask(1) Whats your posture when you are sad or happy?(2) What is the physical basis for this conceptual metaphor?(1) We have drooping posture when we are sad and erect posture when we are happy. Therefore we have the conceptual metaphor HAPPY IS UP; SAD IS DOWN. e.g. Im feeling up. That boosted my spirits. My spirits rose. youre in high spirits. Thinking about her always gives me a lift. Im feeling down. Im depressed. Hes really low these days. I fell into a depression. My spirits sank.(2)The physical basis: Drooping Posture typically goes along with sadness and depression, erect posture with a positive emotional state.Study Questions1. Study the metaphorical use of the following words that match in meaning:襟若寒蝉close as an oyster轻如鸿毛light as a feather十分清醒sober as a judge守口如瓶mute as a fish强壮如牛strong as a horse坚如磐石firm as a rock泰然自若cool as a cucumber千真万确sure as a gun像狐狸一样狡猾as cunning as a dead pig 巧妇难为无米之炊you cant make bricks without straw一只老鼠坏了一锅汤a fly in the ointment快乐得像只百灵鸟as happy as a cow2. Study the metonymical metaphorical use of the following words that match in meaning:Hollywood好莱坞，美国电影业Kremlin克里姆林宫，俄罗斯政府Foggy Bottom雾谷，美国国务院Downing Street唐宁街，英国政府Buckingham Palace白金汉宫，英国皇室the Pentagon五角大楼，美国国防部3. Read the following sentences and generalize the conceptual metaphor of these metaphorical expressions:a. Youre wasting my time.b. I dont have the time to give you.c. How do you spend your time these days?d. That flat tire cost me an hour.e. Ive invested a lot of time in her.f. I dont have enough time to spare for that.g. Youre running out of time.h. You need to budget your time.i. Put aside some time for ping pong.j. Is that worth your while?k. Hes living on borrowed time.l. You dont use your time profitably.TIME IS MONEY, TIME IS A LIMITED RESOURCE, and TIME IS A VALUABLE COMMODITY are all metaphorical concepts. They are metaphorical since we are using our everyday experiences with money, limited resources, and valuable commodities to conceptualize time. This isnt a necessary way for human beings to conceptualize time; it is tied to the Western culture. The metaphorical concepts TIME IS MONEY, TIME 1S A RESOURCE, and TIME IS A VALUABLE COMMODITY form a single system based on sub-categorization, since in our society money is a limited resource and limited resources are valuable commodities. These sub categorization relationships characterize entailment relationships between the metaphors: TIME IS MONEY entails that TIME IS A LIMITED RESOURCE, which entails that TIME 1S A VALUABLE COMMODITY.We are adopting the practice of using the most specific metaphorical concept, in this case TIME IS MONEY to characterize the entire system. Of the expressions listed under the TIME IS MONEY metaphor, some refer specifically to money (spend, invest, budget, probably cost), others to limited resources (use, use up, have enough of, run out of), and still others to valuable commodities (have, give, lose, thank you for). This is an example of the way in which metaphorical entailments can characterize a coherent system of metaphorical concepts and a corresponding coherent system of metaphorical expressions for those concepts.4. The following text is taken from an article entitled “Land of the Giants” in TIME (Monday, Jan. 31, 2005). Underline the words which are used metaphorically and analyze the conceptual metaphors involved.Forget the accounting scandals, the CEOs fending off fraud charges, the churning stock market. The business world has become obsessed with corporate nuptials. Merger mania is back, executives are cashing out and, if history is any guide, investors should be running for cover. A couple of months ago, Kmart and Sears got engaged. Then Nextel and Sprint announced their $35 billion wedding. Johnson & Johnson is buying Guidant, a maker of medical devices, for $24 billion. Two of the splashiest deals came last week: SBC, the Baby Bell based in San Antonio, Texas, looked poised to swallow its former parent, AT&T, in a deal that could top $15 billion. Then Procter & Gamble said it would acquire Gillette for $57 billion, forging a consumer-products giant with brands ranging from Gillettes Right Guard deodorant and Mach3 razors to P & Gs Crest, Pampers and Tide. There are mainly two conceptual metaphors involved:(1) The Merging of Corporations is Marriage. e.g. The business world has become obsessed with corporate nuptials. A couple of months ago, Kmart and Sears got engaged. Then Nextel and Sprint announced their $35 billion wedding.(2) The Corporation is Person. e.g. Then Procter & Gamble said it would acquire Gillette for $57 billion, forging a consumer-products giant with brands5. Good writing requires, to some extent, proper use of discourse markers. Care must also be taken, however,to avoid over-use of discourse markers. Using too many of them, or using them unnecessarily, can make a piece of writing sound too heavy and artificial. Read the following text by a Chinese learner and spot the over-uses of discourse markers.Language can not only be used to exchange ideas, but also to create a harmonious atmosphere among communicators. However, any kind of sexism in English can hurt the feelings of communicators. Now, with the development of society and womens social status, especially with the upsurge of the feminism in America, the demand for the elimination of sexism in English becomes more urgent. Also, there are two key problems: how to eliminate the sexist words in English; in addition, how to avoid using third person pronouns that could cause sexism. The over-use of discourse markers as “now”, “also”, “in addition” makes this paragraph sound too heavy and artificial.6. The following sentences are taken from the article entitled “Computings new shape” in Economists (Sept. 21, 2002). Spot the metaphorical expressions used and describe the conceptual metaphors contained in them.a. As two industries collide, a new kind of computer may emerge.b. In short, the once-separate worlds of computing and mobile telephony are now colliding, and the giants of each industryMicrosoft and Nokia, respectivelyare squaring up for a fight for pre-eminence.c. Both camps are betting that some kind of pocket communicator, or “smartphone”, will be the next big thing after the PC, which has dominated the technology industry ever since it overthrew the mainframe 20 years ago.d. The answer is that there is unlikely to be a single winner this time around.e. But Nokia faces a direct challenge as Microsoft leads the computer industry on to its turf; its continued dominance of the mobile-phone industry is by no means assured, since it is not based on the ownership of proprietary standards.f. And as these titans slug it out, it will be consumers who emerge as the winners.The metaphorical expressions in the above sentences as “collide”, “squaring up for a fight”， “camps”， “challenge”， “turf”， “dominance”， “winners” indicate the conceptual metaphors: BUSINESS IS WAR and MARKETS ARE BATTLEFIELDS. Reference Answers to Unit 13Unit 13 Change of English WordsCheck Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.1. F 2. F 3. T 4.F 5.FIn-Class Activities1. Throughout the history of English new words have been incorporated into the language through borrowing (from languages as varied as Latin, Greek, Scandinavian, Arabic, and many others) as well as through the application of morphological and derivational rules to existing words and morphemes. Words currently entering the language are called neologisms (from neo new and log word). Such words may be blends of existing words and the classic example of this is “smog”, a blend of smoke and fog, although this blend is so well established that itscomponents may be opaque to most people. Read the following sentences and pay attention to the underlined words.a. This fantabulous four-poster bed can be yours. (Television advert) b. Wanted a globoboss whos at home anywhere and sings the same tune- profits- everywhere. (Newsweek 12/2/96) c. .a message that I suppose irked Dag, who was bored and cranky after eight hours of working his McJob. (Generation X, pg. 5)Ask(1) What do these neologisms mean? Can you explain them?FANTABULOUS, adj. beyond fabulous. blend of fantastic and fabulousadj. Excellent, superlative, both fabulous and fantastic. blend of fantastic and fabulousGLOBOBOSS, n. A cosmopolitan executive that has the ability to perform well across the globe.blend of globe and bossMCJOB, n. A job in a service related field with low pay, low prestige and little opportunity for advancement analogous word formed from prefix Mc- and job(2) Can you give more example of this type? 2. Read the following sentence and pay attention to the different expressions about Homosexuality.Timeline Event: 1924, The New York Times first uses the word homosexual. It is in a review of the book The Doctor Looks at Love and Life, by Dr. Joseph Collins, which included a substantial chapter on homosexuality. Timeline Event: 1948,Life magazine publishes an article entitled Test By Portraits: Pictures of pathological Types Help Diagnosis of Mental Illness. Of course, two of the sixteen photographs are that of homosexuals. Timeline Event: 1950, The New York Times routinely uses the word perverts to describe homosexuals. Timeline Event: 1955, People Today, a national magazine, provides sympathetic coverage of a gay organization. This was the first instance of positive reporting about gay issues by a mainstream news source. Timeline Event: 1964, Life magazine publishes an unprecedented look at gay life, entitle Homosexuality in America. Timeline Event: 1978, Time magazine publishes a homophobic caricature of Gay Bob the worlds first gay doll, showing him with false eyelashes, lipstick, rouge and a lim wrist. They later apologized for reinforcing stereotypes. Timeline Event: 1987, The New York Times begins using the word gay as an adjective. Timeline Event: 1990, The San Francisco Examiner runs a long feature in its Style section on gay and lesbian dance clubs, featuring The Box, which it reported attracts a dance mad collection of blacks, whites, straights, gays, Asians, Hispanics and more. Timeline Event: 1993, Newsweek and New York Magazine finally discover lesbians, each running a cover story on so-called lesbian chic. Ask(1) How have the words and expressions in journalistic language changed over time in talking about homosexuality?(2) Take the specific contexts into consideration and discuss their different connotations of the words. 3. Read the poem written by Byron: And wilt thou weep when I am low? And wilt thou weep when I am low? Sweet lady! Speak those words again: Yet if they grieve thee, say not so I would not give that bosom pain. My heart is sad, my hopes are gone, My blood runs coldly through my breast; And when I perish, thou alone Wilt sigh above my place of rest.Ask(1) What are the corresponding contemporary English words for the underlined words in the poem?wilt: willthou: youthee: thou 的宾格, you(2) These words are widely used in poetry, but not in contemporary English. Can you describe the historic changes of them?4. You may have encountered various Internet slang on forums, chat rooms, emails, blogs and instant messaging, e.g. AFAIC means “as far as Im concerned”, BBS means “bulletin board system”, CMTW means “catch me at the web”. Ask(1) Do you use these Internet slang words on the Internet? (2) Can you describe the Internet slang on Chinese Internet?Some of the Chinas Internet slang words of 2008 and 2009:1) 不差钱 (Moneys not a big deal. )2) 哥吃的不是面，是寂寞。 (What Im eating is not noodles, but solitude.)3) .不要迷恋哥，哥只是一个传说。(Dont be infatuated with me. Im only a legend.)4) 人生就像茶几，上面摆满了杯具。（Tableware is to the table what tragedy is to life.)5)“囧” “槑”(The character “囧” originally means brightness, now shifts to meaning of sadness and depression; The character“槑”is an old Chinese which means innocence and stupidity ) Post-Class Tasks1. Supply the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.a. A b. A c. D d. A e. B f. A 2Study the words in the right column from a historical perspective and match the mechanism of lexical change in the left column with the words in the right column.specialization deer generalization holidayelevationwifedegradationmanuscript3. Read each of the following word and analyze its word-formation. What patterns of change can you trace in word-formation processes? Are there any signs of colloquialisation, social change, technological