CHASEE 基础总结.docx

FIGURAATIVE LANGUAGEPersonification: to give an animal, object, or object characteristics that are considered humanExample: the branches groaned under the weight of the showMetaphor: a word or phrase that compares two different things, but does not use those words like or as.Example: the toddler was a tornado, ripping and tearing thought the house.Simile: a phrase that compares two things using the words like or as.Symbol: an object that stands for something with greater meaning, often an abstract concept.Example: she gone her heart to him and he cast it aside.Summary 1 A connation is the emotional meaning of a wordo Words have negative and positive connotations, which can help you determine the meaning and positive of an unfamiliar word A synonym is a word in the passages that means the same thing as another word There will be words in the passages that are different or challengingo Look for familiar roots, prefixes, or suffixes.o Use your knowledge of foreign languages.o Remember the word in context.o Use word changeo Work backward to eliminate answers. Many unfamiliar words can be divided into words parts.o A root is the main part of a word that provides the meaning.o A prefix is a group of a letters added to the beginning of a word to change the meaning. To prepare for difficult vocabulary words in a passage, use dictionary to find meaning of unfamiliar words.o Look at the guide words on the top of the dictionary page. Find the word and the definition that best fits. Flash cards are a tool that can be used to study vocabulary words and word parts.Summary 2 Literary passages offer a message or a theme Nonfiction passages are written for a specific purpose: to inform, explain, or describe. Approach reading comprehensive questions using these strategies:o Read the passageo Decode the questionso Research the detailso Predict the answer and check the choices You should know the following types of questions you will be asked:o Main ideao Detailo Inference There are many strategies for reading effectively:o Look for the main ideao Pay attention to structureo Mark up the passageo Use the paragraph topicso Break it downo Keep moving o Summarize o Researcho Make inference Nonfiction texts have similar features: texts with a lot of information unfamiliar words, graphics or diagrams, and a specific sequence.o A primary source is a text such as a journal that is written by someone who witnessed or was part of an event entry that collects information from a variety of parity sources.o Work place communications is any document that is meant to give information to employees at a workplaceo It is important to distinguish facts from opinions To understand what you read, you need to do the following:o Evaluate the credibility of the texto Make a real-life connationSummary 3 Fiction is a genre that includes short stories and novels Plat the sequence of events that makes up a storyo Plot consists of rising action the leads up to a climax and is resolved by the resolution The plot of the story resolves the problem that the main character faces in the story. There are three types of conflicts.o A conflict between two characters such as a fight or battleo A conflict between a character and herself such as a struggle for a character to change part of her personality.o A conflict between a character and the environment such as a character of the story is where and when the action takes place. Characters are the people who participate in a action of a storyo The protagonist is the main character of a story.o Subordinate characters are less-developed characters in a story that interact with protagonist to create action. The reason why a character acts a certain way in a story is called character motivation.o Internal motivation: a character might be motivated by his internal goals or conflictso External motivation: a character might be motivated by the actions of other characters to the readers. There are three types of characterization:o What the character says about him or her.o What the narrator and other character say about the character.o The characters own actions Point of new is the perspective from which the author chooses to tell the storyo The first-person narrator also a character in the storyo The third person narrator is an outside observer of the action in story who does not have access to the other characters inner thoughts and emotionso The third-person omniscient narrator is an outside observer of the action who also knows what each character is thinking. Poets use poetic devices and word play to create a mental picture and convey a message to the reader Imagery creates a mental image in the readers mind by appealing to the readers five senses Metaphor is a comparison between two things without using the words like or as Personification is figurative language that gives something nonhuman the character traits of a human. Poets use repetition (repeated lines or phrases) to emphasize the message of their poem. Symbols are objects that stand for some greater meaning in order to emphasize the theme. An allegory is a work of literature that relies on symbols to get its theme or moral across the reader. Drama is literature that is meant to be performed on stage. Stage directions are parenthetical words in the script of a play that provide directions for the actors and directions on stage Dialogue is a conversation between two or more characters in a drama or story.o A aside is part remark meant only for the audience to hear A soliloquy is a long speech by one actor alone on the stage that the author is trying to convey.Summary 4 A sentence consist of a subject and a verb A subordinating conjunction can make a sentence turn into a fragment A fragment is an in complete thought. You can fix a fragment in one of two ways:o By adding a subject or a verbo By attaching it to the previous or following sentence. A run-on sentence consists of two sentences with no punctuation or conjunction between. You can fix a run-on sentence in several ways:o By inserting a periodo By adding a comma and coordinating conjunctiono By inserting a semicolono By inserting a semicolon and an adverbial connective followed by a comma. A comma splice consists of two sentences joined by only a comma. To fix a comma splice, use one of these methods:o Add a coordinating conjunction o Remove the comma and add a subordinating conjunctiono Replace the comma with a semicolono Replace the comma with a semicolon and add an adverbial connective followed by a comma. Sentences must use parallelo Items in a serieso Verb tenseo Similar comparisonso Parts of speech in correlative, conjunctives. Subjects and verbs must agree in both tense and number Only pronouns in the subjective case (I, you, she.) can be used as subjects。 Only objective pronouns (me, you, him) can be used as objects Possessive pronouns do not inside quotation marks: semicolons and colons go outside Apostrophes are used to shoe possession and indicate a contraction. Commas are used:o With a coordinating conjunction to join two sentenceso To separate extra information that is not vital to the sentence.o Follow introductory words, phrase, or clauses.o To separate items in a serieso With a conjunctive adverb if it is simply and added word. Semicolons are used to:o Separate closely related sentenceso Separate parts of a lost that contain multiple, confusing commas. Colons are used to:o Separate a clause from a list.o Introduce long quotationso Set off an important piece of information Writing strategies strengthen an essay by providing focus. The thesis is the sentence that provides the main idea of essay and the writers perspective on the topic The topic sentence states the main idea of a paragrapho Topic sentences should directly support the thesis of the essay. Supporting evidence is the facts and details used to develop and explain the main ideaso Supporting evidence can be facts, commonly held beliefs, definitions, examples, hypotheses, or scenarios The test will not ask you identify the different kinds of supporting evidence presented in a passage, but it might ask you identify which pieces of supporting evidence are relevant to a paragraph. Authors use relevant and specific word choice to present their ideas.o Author should use precise language that offers vivid, concrete details or physical imageso Sensory details are details that make readers feel as if they are part of actions by appealing to the five sensestaste, touch, smell, sight, and sound Modifiers are adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional phrases that help authors add description to their writing.o An adjective is a word that describes a person, place or thing.o An adverb is word that describes an action by explaining how it was done. o Adverbs usually end in the letters lyo A prepositional phrase describe where something is in relation to something else The active voice in a sentence is when the subject of the sentence is performing the action The passive voice in a sentence is when the subject of the sentence is receiving the actiono Sentences in the passive voice frequently use the word by to name the subject doing the action You should combine sentences when the essay or paragraph consist of simple, short sentences of the name patt