Review of Chemistry.doc

Review of ChemistryUNIT1: Safety in the chemical laboratoryI.1 Emergency EquipmentA. Fire ExtinguishersLocation: all the fire extinguishers in your laboratory; the closest fire extinguisher outside the laboratory.When to use: If you doubt that the fire is small enough that a fire extinguisher will do the job.How to use: take the extinguisher to the location of the fire, grab the extinguisher by the handle and yank the safety pin out of the side the handle with a sharp pull.B. Fire BlanketLocation: the location of the fire blanket in the lab.How to use: pull the cord at the bottom of the fire blanket “tube” to get the blanket out.When to use: a fire blanket can be used when a students clothing or hair catches fire; a fire blanket can be used to smother burning material on the floor or a bench.C. Eyewash fountain or eyewash stationLocation: The location of the eyewash fountain or eyewash station.When to use: the eyewash must be used any tome a chemical or solution gets into eyes.How to use: use of an Eyewash Fountain; use of an Eyewash BottleD. Emergency showerLocation: the location of the emergency showerWhen to use: the shower is used when hazardous chemicals spray over large areas of the body.How to use: one involves an overhead shower having a pull-ring, while the other is a hand-held shower with an on-off handleE. Acid-base neutralizing solutionLocation: the location of the neutralizing solutionWhen to use: use this solution whenever an acidic or basic (“caustic”) solution has come in contact with your skin.How to use: first wash the affected area with large amounts of water and then pour some of the neutralizing solution on the affected area and gently wash the skin with the solution.I.2 Protective EquipmentA. Safety gogglesLocation: the safety goggles are stored.When to use: safety goggles must be used whenever chemicals are being used or glass-working is being performed.How to use: goggles must fit snuglyB. Fume hoodsLocation: the location of the fume hoods.When to use: the fume hoods must be used whenever poisonous or offensive odorous are being produced.How to use: learn where the On/Off buttons for the fume hood are located (they generally are below or beside the fume hoods.)I.3 In case or firea) The first and most important thing to do is to back out of harms way and evaluate the situation.b) Next, warn the teacher and other students with a shoutc) CONTROLLED FIRES: if a fire is controlled, in the sense that it is contained in a breaker, flask or test tube, the fire can often be put out by placing a watch glass or inverted beaker over the top of the container and smothering the fire.d) UNCONTROLLED FIRES: of the fire is not minor and will possibly continue to spread, everyone must immediately the room except those who may be using a fire extinguisher.I.4 Some Laboratory HazardsHAZARDNATURE OF HAZARDHOW TO DEAL WITH HAZARDSpilled chemicalsChemical burnsNotify teacher for cleanup instructions, but keep away in the meantime.Broken glassCuts; chemicals in cutsNotify teacher for cleanup instructions if chemicals are mixed with the glass.Burning chemicals in containerBurnsStep back and notify class, then deal with the fire as outlined above.Chemicals on handsChemical burns; skin irritation or allergic reactionWash off immediately under fast-running water.Being asked to smell chemical vaporsStrong odors may injure nasal passagesHolding the container in front of you, dilute the smell by gently “wafting” the odor to your nose with a wave of the hand over the container and toward the nose.Bunsen burnersBurns; firesTie long hair back or use elasticsLoose hair or “floppy” clothing/accessoriesBurns or chemical spillage; equipment knocked onto floorTie long hair back or use elasticsI.5. Disposal of Chemicals1. Disposal of Unused Chemical2. Disposal of Used ChemicalI.6 General Rules of safe laboratory conduct1. There must be no horseplay in the lab.2. There must be no running in the lab.3. You must not carry out unauthorized experiments.UNIT2: introduction to chemistryII. 1 Unit ConversionAvoid the temptation to solve the problems by your own method; you should learn the Unit Conversion method.How to put everything together(UNKNOWN AMOUT)= (INITIAL AMOUNT) x (CONVERSION FACTOR)Summary of the procedure to be used with unit conversions1. Identify the unknown amount and its unit. 2. Identify the initial amount and its unit.3. Identify the conversion factor.4. Complete the problem by multiplying and/or dividing the amounts on the right-hand side.MULTIPLE UNIT CONVERSIONSII.2 SI UnitsA. Some selected base unit the international system (SI)QuantityWritten UnitUnit SymbolLengthMeterMMassGram*G*TimeSecondSAmount of substanceMolemol The actual base unit for mass in the SI system is the kilogram (kg), which is an inconsistent base unit, but for the purposes of Chemistry 11 the gram (g) is considered to be the base unit.B. Some additional units usedQuantityWritten unitUnit SymbolVolumeLiterLmassTonnetC. Multiples of base unitsWritten PrefixPrefix SymbolEquivalent exponentialMegaM106KiloK103DeciD10-1CentiC10-2MilliM10-3Microu10-6 D. Some important equivalence 1mL=1cm3 1m3=103L 1t=103kgWritten PrefixPrefix symbolEquivalent exponentialYottaY1024ZettaZ1021ExaE1018PetaP1015TeraT1012GigaG109Hectoh102DekaDa101Nanon10-9Picop10-12Femtof10-15Attoa10-18Zepto