高考英语 科普知识类2.docx

（2010湖南）C People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why. Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly(均匀的) across a face as Westerners do, Easterners fix their attention on the eyes. We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions, Jack said. Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略) the mouth. According to Jack and her colleagues, the discovery shows that human communication of emotion is more complex than previously believed. As a result, facial expressions that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations. The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral. They compared how accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies. It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than Westerners did. The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions, Jack said. Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less. In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, examining how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Westerners will find themselves lost in translation. 1. . The discovery shows that Westerners . A. pay equal attention to the eyes and the mouth B. consider facial expressions universally reliable C. observe the eyes and the mouth in different ways D. have more difficulty in recognizing facial expressions 2. . What were the people asked to do in the study?A. To make a face at each other. B. To get their faces impressive. C. To classify some face pictures. D. To observe the researchers faces. 3. . What does the underlined word they in Paragraph 6 refer to?A. The participants in the study. B. The researchers of the study. C. The errors made during the study. D. The data collected from the study. 4. In comparison with Westerners, Easterners are likely to . A. do translation more successfullyB. study the mouth more frequentlyC. examine the eyes more attentivelyD. read facial expressions more correctly 5. What can be the best title for the passage? A. The Eye as the Window to the SoulB. Cultural Differences in Reading EmotionsC. Effective Methods to Develop Social SkillsD. How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding【语篇解读】本文为科普说明文。主要介绍了最新的科学研究发现：东方人比西方人更难于读懂他人的面部表情。1. A考点：细节理解题解析：根据第三段 “Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略) the mouth. ” 可以得出答案2. C考点：细节理解题解析：根据第五段 “by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of. expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral. ”可以判断选C3. A考点：词义猜测解析：根据定语从句 “that they show”所修饰的 eye movements 在研究中为the participants 所作（从the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people” 可知）可判断选A4. C考点：细节理解题解析：根据第六段 “It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners. ”可判断选C5. B考点：主旨大意题解析：文章首先指出科学研究的最新发现：东方人比西方人更难于读懂人的面部表情。之后更具体地介绍研究的结构及其研究过程，最后得出结论：文化差异丰富了理解情感的基本社会技巧，即：不同的文化背景使人理解他人情感的方式也不尽相同。由此判断最佳标题应为B（2010江西）EEvery day we experience one of the wonders of the world around us without even realizing it. It is not the amazing complexity of television, nor the impressive technology of transport. The universal wonder we share and experience is our ability to make noise without mouths, and so transmit ideas and thoughts to each others minds. This ability comes so naturally that we tend to forget what a miracle (奇迹) is. Obviously, the ability to talk is something that marks humans off from animal. Of course, some animals have powers just as amazing, Birds can fly thousands miles by observing positions of the stars in the sky in relation to the time of day and year. In Natures talent show, humans are a species of animal that have developed their own special act. If we reduce it to basic terms, its an ability for communicating information to others, by varying sounds we make as we breathe out. Not that we dont have other powers of communication. Our facial expressions convey our emotions, such as anger, or joy, or disappointment. The way we hold our heads can indicate to others whether we are happy or sad. This is so-called “body language”. Bristling (直立的) fur is an unmistakable warning of attack among many animals. Similarly, the bowed head or drooping tail shows a readiness to take second place in any animal gathering. Such a means of communication is a basic mechanism that animals, including human beings, instinctively acquire and display. Is the ability to speak just another sort of instinct? If so, how did human beings acquire this amazing skill? Biologist can readily indicate that particular area of our brain where speech mechanisms function, but this doesnt tell us how that part of our bodies originated in our biological history. 1. According to the passage, the wonder we take for granted is . A. our ability to use languageB. the miracle of technologyC. the amazing power of natureD. our ability to make noises with mouth2. What feature of “body language” mentioned in the passage is common to both human and animals?A. Lifting heads when sad. B. Keeping long faces when angry. C. Bristling hair when ready to attack. D. Bowing heads when willing to obey. 3. What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?A. Body language is unique to humans. B. Animals express emotions just as humans do. C. Humans have other powers of communication. D. Humans are no different from animals to some degree. 4. This passage is mainly about . A. the development of body language. B. the special role humans play in natureC. the power to convey information to othersD. the difference between humans and animals in language use1. A考点：细节理解题。题目: 根据文章, 我们认为理所当然的奇迹是:A: 我们使用语言的能力B: 技术的奇迹C: 自然的惊人力量D: 我们用嘴制造噪音的能力。解析：根据第一段倒数第二句话The universal wonder we share and experience is our ability to make noise without mouths, and so transmit ideas and thoughts to each others minds. 可知: 我们把使用语言的能力这个奇迹当做理所当然。B, C选项与文章不符, 在第一段第二句话中可得知。D选项易误导学生, 在文章中虽然有原话, 但一句话没有说完, 关键是通过嘴巴发出的声音去给其他人传递信息。故D选项也是错误的。2. D考点：细节理解题。题目: 文章中提到的“肢体语言”的什么特征对于人类和动物都是共同的:A: 伤心时抬头B: 愤怒时拉长脸C: 准备攻击时直立毛皮D: 乐意服从时低头解析： 根据第三段最后一句话“Similarly, the bowed head or drooping tail shows . . ”可知答案。A和B选项描绘的是人的肢体语言特征。C 选项描绘的是动物的肢体语言。3. D考点：推理判断题。题目: 从第三段可以推段出:A: 肢体语言是人类独一无二的B: 动物和人类一样表达情感C: 人类有其他交流的能力D: 人类在某种程度上和动物是相同的解析： 根据第三段后三句话可知: 人类在某种程度上和动物没有不同。从段落中可得知A, B, C 均与文章不符。4. C考点：主旨大意题。题目: 这篇文章主要讲述什么？A: 肢体语言的发展B: 人类在自然中扮演的特殊角色C: 给他人传递信息的力量D: 人类和动物在语言使用中的差异解析： 整篇文章谈论的都是给他人传递信息的力量, 使用语言的能力。A, B选项文章未提及. D选项较片面, 文章第三段中提到了相似点和差异二种。本文是介绍关于人类使用语言的能力的说明文, 主要阐述人区分动物的特殊能力及其相似性。（2010山东）DBatteries can power anything from small sensors to large systems. While scientists are finding ways to make them smaller but even more powerful, problems can arise when these batteries are much larger and heavier than the devices themselves. University of Missouri(MU) researchers are developing a nuclear energy source that is smaller, lighter and more efficient. “To provide enough power, we need certain methods with high energy density(密度)”，said Jae Kwon, assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at MU. “The radioisotope(放射性同位素) battery can provide power density that is much higher than chemical batteries. ”Kwon and his research team have been working on building a small nuclear battery, presently the size and thickness of a penny, intended to power various micro / nanoelectromechanreal systems (M/NEMS). Although nuclear batteries can cause concerns, Kwon said they are safe. “People hear the word nuclear and think of something very dangerous,” he said, “However, nuclear power sources have already been safely powering a variety of devices, such as pace-makers, space satellites and underwater systems. ”His new idea is not only in the batterys size, but also in its semiconductor(半导体). Kwons battery uses a liquid semiconductor rather than a solid semiconductor. “The key part of using a radioactive battery is that when you harvest the energy, part of the radiation energy can damage the lattice structure(晶体结构) of the solid semiconductor,” Kwon said, “By using a liquid semiconductor, we believe we can minimize that problem. ”Together with J. David Robertson, chemistry professor and associate director of the MU Research Reactor, Kwon is working to build and test the battery. In the future, they hope to increase the batterys power, shrink its size and try with various other materials. Kwon said that battery could be thinner than the thickness of human hair. 1. Which of the following is true of Jae Kwon?A. He teaches chemistry at MU. B. He developed a chemical battery. C. He is working on a nuclear energy source. D. He made a breakthrough in computer engineering. 2. Jae Kwon gave examples in Paragraph 4_. A. to show chemical batteries are widely applied. B. to introduce nuclear batteries can be safely used. C. to describe a nuclear-powered system. D. to introduce various energy sources. 3. Liquid semiconductor is used to _. A. get rid of the radioactive waste B. test the power of nuclear batteries. C. decrease the size of nuclear batteries D. reduce the damage to lattice structure. 4. According to Jae Kwon, his nuclear battery _. A. uses a solid semiconductor B. will soon replace the present ones. C. could be extremely thin D. has passed the final test. 5. The text is most probably a _. A. science news report B. book review C. newspaper ad D. science fiction story1. C解析：细节理解题。根据第三段的叙述可知Kwon在研究一种原子能电池，所以C项正确。答案:B解析：细节理解题。根据文章第四段可知Kwon举例的目的是为了说明原子能电池是安全的，所以B项正确。2. D解析：细节理解题。根据By using a liquid semiconductor, we believe we can minimize that problem可知D项正确。3 C解析：细节理解题。根据Kwon said that battery could be thinner than the thickness of human hair可知C项正确。4 A解析：推理判断题。本文讲述了Kwon的原子能电池的有关情况，文章体裁应属于科普文章，所以A项正确。（2010四川）B Boiler rooms are often dirty and steamy, but this one is clean and cool. Fox Point is a very new47-unit living building in South Bronx, one of the citys poorest areas. Two-thirds of the people living there are formerly (以前) homeless people, whose rent is paid by the government. The rest are low-income families. The boiler room has special equipment, which produces energy for electricity and heat. It reuses heat that would otherwise be lost to the air, reducing carbon emissions(碳排放)while also cutting costs. Fox Point is operated by Palladia, a group that specializes in providing housing and services to needy, people. Palladia received support from Enterprise Community Partners (ECP), which helps build affordable housing by providing support to housing developers. ECP has created national standards for healthy, environmentally (环境方面) clever and affordable homes which are called, the Green Communities Standards. These standards include water keeping, energy saving and the use of environmentally friendly building materials. Meeting the standards increases housing construction costs by 2%, which is rapidly paid back by lower running costs. Even the positioning of a window to get most daylight can help save energy. Michael. Bloomberg, New Yorks mayor plans to create 165,000 affordable housing units for500, 000 New Yorkers. Almost 80% of New York Citys greenhouse-gas emissions come from buildings, and 40% of those are caused, by housing. . So he recently announced that the citys Department of Housing and Preservation and Development (DHPD) , whose duty is to develop and keep the citys supply of affordable housing, will require all its new projects to follow ECPs green standards. Similar measures have been taken by other cities such as Cleveland and Denver, but New Yorks DHPD is the largest city developer of affordable housing in the country. 1. What is the purpose of describing the boiler room in the first paragraph? A. To explain the measures the city takes to care for poor people. B. To suggest that affordable housing is possible in all areas. C. To show how the environment-friendly building works. D. To compare old and new boiler rooms. 2. What is an advantage of the buildings meeting the Green Communities Standards? A. Lower running costs. B. Costing less in construction. C. Less air to be lost in hot days. D. Better prices for homeless people. 3. It can be learned from the text that, A. New York City is seriously pollutedB. peoples daily life causes many carbon emissions in New York CityC. a great number of people in New York City dont have houses to live inD. some other cities have developed more affordable housing than New York City4. What is the main purpose of this text? A. To call on people to pay more attention to housing problems. B. To prove that some standards are needed for affordable housing. C. To ask society to help homeless people and low-income families. D. To introduce healthy, environmentally clever-and affordable housing. 1. C考点：作者的写作意图解析：从第一段最后两句，作者描述开水房仅是从一个侧面展示整个建筑群的节能，环保，可以得出答案。2. A考点：细节理解解析：依据文章第三段倒数第二句：Meeting the standards increases housing construction costs by 2%, which is rapidly paid back by lower running costs. 可得到答案。句意为“达到这一标准会将建筑成本提高2%，但很快会被它的低成本运行成本补回”3. B考点：细节理解解析：依据文章第四段第二句：Almost 80% of New York Citys greenhouse-gas emissions come from buildings, and 40% of those are caused, by housing. . 可得出答案4. D考点：作者的写作目的解析：本文主要让读者了解这类健康、环保、经济类住房。（2010广东）CFood sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly. The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of the most common symptoms. Certain microorganisms（微生物）cause most types of food poisoning. Bacteria and other microorganisms can poison eggs, meat, vegetables, and many other foods. After entering the body, these tiny living things release（释放）poisons that make people sick. Some chemicals can also cause food poisoning. They are often added to food while it is being grown, processed, or prepared. For example, many farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill weeds and insects. Some people may have a bad reaction to those chemicals when they eat the crops. Some plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people. These include certain kinds of seafood, grains, nuts, seeds, beans, and mushrooms. When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small. Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that people should never touch food with dirty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from growing. Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganisms. People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it. Finally, people should not eat wild mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild. Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition, some types of fish can be poisonous. Most people recover from food poisoning after a few days of resting and drinking extra water. If people eat natural poisons, they must go to the hospital right away to have their stomachs emptied. 1. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Food when poisoned can make people sick. B. Food poisoning means death. C. Food poisoning comes in varieties. D. Food poisoning can be serious. 2. We know from the passage that the symptoms of food poisoning . A. are always accompanied by a feverB. are too common to be notedC. can be noticed within hoursD. can he ignored3. Food poisoning can be caused by all the following EXCEPT .A. some chemicalsB. low temperaturesC. some tiny living thingsD. certain natural materials4. From Paragraph 5, we can learn that . A. mushrooms should not be eatenB. vegetables are safer than meat and seafoodC. natural poisons are more dangerous than chemicalsD. different types of food should be handled differently 5. It can be inferred from the passage that . A. natural materials are safe in food processingB. chemicals are needed in food processingC. food poisoning can be kept under controlD. food poisoning is out of control1. B试题分析：由第一段中 “F