【推荐】初中英语语法笔记-非常简明而全面.doc

目录索引词法-冠词名词代词（所有格）介词（介词短语）形容词副词数词连词动词-非谓语动词情态动词系动词及物动词、不及物动词六大时态被动语态主谓一致there be句型句子-句子成分特殊疑问句反意疑问句祈使句感叹句时间状语从句系列状语从句宾语从句定语从句第一讲 冠词一、冠词的分类1. 不定冠词：a/an 修饰可数名词单数2. 定冠词：the 修饰可数名词或不可数名词3. 零冠词：/ 修饰可数名词或不可数名词二、不定冠词的用法 （表示泛指）1. 音素掌门：判断一个单词或字母前加a还是an, 首先需要判断它发音的第一个音素若为元音音素，如a:, ei, 则用an an unusual day an hour; an honest man， an American an egg, 若为辅音音素，如p, h, 则用a a usual day; a European country, a one-eyed man， a broken egg， 2. a/an 大法：U 型大法，是指 U 有两个音，发/ju:/时用 a，发/时用 an。 eg. a UFO a uniform（制服） a usual man an unusual man an umbrella（雨伞） an ugly UFO a university（大学） an ugly dog a useful book：欧洲两怪，是指元音字母开头，但是发辅音。 eg. a one-year-old boy a European a one-eyed man a European country：隔山打牛。”山”是指开头不发音字母 h eg. an honest boy an hour a heavy box：吸星大法。字母单独出现时的用法。【第一个音素是辅音的字母】 a “C” in the word “CAT”【第一个音素是元音的字母】 下面字母单独出现时只能用 an eg. an NBA player; an “f”in the word “friend” 总结：(father 和 mother 能送来杏仁+a e i o) f h m n s l x r a e I o3.固定短语：1. It was getting late. She went back home _B_. | 总结：A. in hurry B. in a hurry C. in the hurry D. in hurriesdo sth. | in a hurry 匆忙地做某事2. I am in trouble. Could you give me _A_. |A. a hand B. hands C. two hands D. hand | give sb. a hand帮助某人*可数名词以其中一个代表一类时（强调整体）：A bird can fly。三、定冠词的用法口诀：独旧双方级乐序 姓形山河惯建筑具体：独一无二的名词前；文中出现过，下文再次提到的名词前；双方都知道的名词；表示方向的名词；最高级前面，西洋乐器前面，序数词前面； 姓氏复数前；形容词前加the表示一类人；山河湖海前；习惯用法；某些建筑前独：独一无二。the sun, the moon, the earth （独一无二的天体）旧：上文提到。There is a woman. The woman is a witch.双：双方皆知。 Look at the blackboard.（在课堂上）方：方向方位。the east, the west, the south, the north级：形容词最高级。the best, the most beautiful乐：演奏西洋乐器。【7下1】play the piano/guitar/violin序：序数词前。the first, the second, the third姓：the+姓氏 s, 表示一家人。the Smiths(史密斯一家人）； the +姓氏 s 表示“家；住宅”； the Smiths史密斯的家形：the+形容词表示一类人。the rich(富人） ， the young(年轻人） ，the old(老人)山河：某些山川河流。the Yellow River惯：习惯用法。in the morning, at night建筑：某些建筑前。the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the White House （独一无二的建筑物）特：特指某些人或物。【7下1】The girg under the tree is Lily。 国：国家全称和缩写前加 the, 简称前不加 theThe United States of America（全称）The USA（缩写） America（简称） the Peoples Republic of China（the PRC） 。Chinese（国家简称前不加 the）*only, same ，very等词前要加 the。*中国传统节日前。 the Spring Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival； 特例：Christmas Day（西方的不加 the）*不加 the 表第一功能，加 the 表第二功能。例如：go to school(去上学)，go to the school（去学校） 。go to hospital(去看病)，go to the hospital(去医院)。Go to church(去做礼拜)，go to thechurch(去教堂)。Go to bed(去睡觉)，go to the bed（去床上）四、零冠词的用法人名地名抽象名 （如 Tom，Beijing, love）复数泛指都加零 （泛指是说范围广泛，没有特定指哪个或哪些）季月节假日餐球 （季节，月份，节假日，三餐，球类）语言学科运动车 （语言，学科，运动球类项目，by+交通工具）1. 人名地名抽象名（如 Tom，Beijing, love） （抽象指的是看不见摸不着只能感受到的东西） （ 专有名词，抽象名词，国家名的简称，） Love is important（重要的）. Tom is a smart boy. Beijing is the capital of China.2. 复数泛指都加零（复数名词表示泛指，是说范围广泛，没有特定指哪个或哪些） Boys like doing the sports. Water is also very important.3. 季月节假日餐球（季节，月份，节假日，三餐，球类） I went to Guangzhou in Spring/in July. Teachers Day is coming. We often have breakfast/lunch/supper at home. He often plays football/basketball.4. 语言学科运动车（语言，学科，运动球类项目，by+交通工具） English is very popular(流行的) in the world. He always plays basketball. He goes to school by bike.5. 独一无二的职位之前，做补语，表语，同位语 *职位、头衔和称呼等名称前。6 固定搭配中：不加 the 表第一功能，加 the 表第二功能。例如：go to school(去上学)，go to the school（去学校） 。go to hospital(去看病)，go to the hospital(去医院)。Go to church(去做礼拜)，go to thechurch(去教堂)。Go to bed(去睡觉)，go to the bed（去床上）版本二：0 1 2 3 4 6 7 X0： 球类运劢 12：月份 3：三餐 4：四季 6：by+ 交通工具7： 星期 X：学科 如at night, face to face, by car/busplay _/_ tennis in _/_ January have _/_lunchin _/_winter by_/_ bus on _/_Monday_/_(History) history is very interesting.7. 其他：*复数名词表示一类人或物时：I like tomatoes。 I cant stand thrillers。恐怖片*两个词义相同或相近的名词连用时。Year and year day and night *名词前已经有作定语的this、that 等指示代词的。或有my、your等物主代词的，或有some、any等不定代词的。 These clothes our room五. 易错点辨析1. go to school 去上学 go to the school 去学校（不一定上学）2. at table 吃饭 at the table 在桌子旁边（不一定吃饭）3. in hospital 生病住院 in the hospital 在医院（不一定生病）名词一、 名词分类：分为专有名词和普通名词；普通名词分为可数和不可数名词 二、名词复数一、规则变化口诀 “五明” 1)直接加 s, 例如 cars, book, bottles. 2)以 s， sh， ch， x 结尾+es， 例 如 bus-buses, watch-watches, brush-brushes, box-boxes,glass-glasses。 口诀:“不吃死蛇”(不X,吃ch, S-死，蛇sh)3)辅音字母加 y 结尾，改 y 为 i 加 es，例 如 family-families, city-cities.4)以 f 或 fe 结尾，去 f 或 fe 加 ves, 例如 wife-wives,leafleaves knifeknives 口诀：半片 树叶 自己 黄，妻子拿刀要杀狼，小偷逃命架后藏。 (half, leaf, self, wife, knife, wolf, thief, life, shelf)特例:直接加s ：giraffe, belief, chief, proof, cliff, roof 5. 以 o 结尾，有生命的加 es；无生命的加 s; potatoes radios 杀手锏：kangaroos bamboos zoos, bamboos, photos, kangaroos, pianos, radios加es口诀：口诀: 黑人爱吃西红柿芒果和土豆(+es)。(Negroes, heroes, tomatoes, mang potatoes)Negro, hero, volcano, potato, tomato, mango, mosquito, tornado, torpedo 黑人英雄在火山上，用土豆、西红柿和芒果，砸死一只蚊子，此时龙卷风带来一只鱼雷 二、不规则变化（一）口诀:五暗2、单词本身为复数 ：牛群人们无单数形式，例如 cattle-cattle; people-people;(集合名词)3、单复同形，例如 sheep-sheep; deer-deer;*a. fish 表条数，同种多条，单复同形，例如 five fish;b. fish 表种类，加 es，例如 many kinds of fishes;c. fish 表鱼肉，不可数，例如 I like eating fish.4.特殊变化 1) 变中间 鹅鼠呲牙齐步走，男女儿童去追牛 mouse mice foot feet tooth teeth goosegeese man men womanwomen2) 结尾+en/ren： ox oxen child children3) “国人”变复数 不变: Chinese, Japanese, Swedish瑞典人, Swiss瑞士人 a变e: Englishmen, Frenchwomen, Dutchmen +s: Americans, Australians, Greeks希腊人, Europeans欧洲人，Germans4) oo ee footfeet goosegeese toothteeth（二）口诀：五小鬼1) man-men;2) woman-women;3) child-children;4) chick-chicks;5) mouse-mice其中特例：a.chicken 表小鸡时可数，chicken-chickensb.chicken 表鸡肉时不可数(三)口诀：国人变化1)中日历史永不变 例 如 Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese.2)英法联军 a 变 e 例 如 Frenchman-Frenchmen, Englishman-Englishmen3)其它国人加 s 例 如 American-Americans, Australian-Australians,Canadian-CAnadians, Indian-Indians.4) 重点提防德国人 例 如 German-Germans*复合名词：名词修饰名词的复数变化（常考）1.男人、女人 前后都变：但当 n1=man/woman 时，变复数，两者一起变。 a man teacher, two men teachers2.其他：中心词变：n1 of n2，变n1 some places of interest n1+n2, 一般只变 n2 a book shop, two book shopsThey are bus drivers. ( 正确) They are buses drivers. (错误 )They are woman drivers. (错误 ) They are women drivers. ( 正确)3. mother-in-law：三、不可数名词过关新闻；消息 news 信息 information 建议 advice 作业 homework 草 grass 家务 housework原则 1、不可数名词永远按单数处理，前面不能加 a(n), 后不加s Water is important.原则 2、不可数名词可用表示量得名词表示数量，表示量的名词可数。常用量词:a bar of a bowl of two cups of two pieces of a bag of a pair ofpiece：a piece of meat/paper/bread/music/information/furniture/machinery, etc.一片肉/一张纸/一片面包/一首曲子/一条信息/一件家具/一台机器等bar :a bar of chocolate/candy一块巧克力/一块糖bottle: a bottle of ink/milk/wine一瓶墨水/一瓶牛奶/一瓶葡萄酒注意：two bottles of water, two pairs of shoes（常考）代词代词定义：代替名词、名词短语和句子的词。A. 人称代词用法：主格动前，宾格动（介）后B 物主代词形容词性+名词=名词性（不接名词）C 反身代词常用短语：by oneself 独自一人 I finished my homework by myself.我自己一个人做的.enjoy oneself=have a good time=have fun 玩得开心look after oneself 照顾自己 (look after=take care of)help oneself to + n. 请随便吃 Help yourselves to some fish, children.make oneself at home: 不要拘束 Make yourself at home，Tom!D. 不定代词 ：谓语动词均为单数！*形容词作定语修饰不定代词时，形容词要后置E.g. I have something important to tell you.something wrong ( 正确 ) wrong something ( 错误 )不定代词1. some&any1) 作为“一些”的意思，some 用在肯定句, any 用在否定句和疑问句，但是 some 可以用在希望得到对方肯定回答的疑问句中,如：would you like some juice? Could you give me some money?2) some 在肯定句中还有某一的意思。3) any 在肯定句中是 任何一个的意思。*建议句型：Would you like some? How about some?3. 多多少少快没了*当前面有 just, only, quite 时要选 a little 或 a fewe.g., I want to buy some bread, because I have only a little. 4. 二 二 三 三都谓语动词单复都不之一范围Both复数Neither单Either单总=2All单/复None单Any单总=3例句：Both of them like Michael Jacksons songs.Either of them likes Jacksons songs. 易错点：There are many flowers on either side of the street.There are many flowers on both sides of the street.需要注意句子描述两边还是一边的地点词语：street、road、bridge等。5. it & one A: My watch is broken. Can you repair it? B: No, I cant. But I can buy a new one for you.that：同名不同物；特指，相当于 the + 名词eg: 1. I lost my phone, so I must buy one. 2. I lost my phone, so I am looking for it. 3. The phone I lost was cheaper than that in the shop. *each & everyeach: 可单独使用；两者或以上中的一个；each of +名词复数every: 三者或以上中的每一个6. other 系列 口诀：有the表特指，有s不加名！another/the other/others/the othersonethe other 剩余的最后一个oneanotherthe other 另一个（不是最后一个） ，可加单数名词somethe others 剩余的最后一些someothersthe others 其它/另外的一些，但不是最后的一些 I have two eggs. One is for Tom, the other is for Tim. I have three eggs. One is for Tom, another is for Tim, and the other is for Ken. I have many eggs. I want to give them to two students. Some are for Tom, theothers are for Tim. I have many eggs. I want to give them to three students. Some are for Tom, othersare for Tim, and the others are for Ken.（8）形式代词 it 的用法指物，指人“三不明”：不明身份、性别、信息 Is it a boy or a g指天气，时间，季节，距离等 It is a fine day today./It is 8 o clock./ 4 kilometers far away from here. 句型：1. It is +adj. +to do sth: It is interesting to learn English. 学英语很有趣。2. sb. find/ think/consider it +adj. +to do sth.I find it interesting to learn English. 我发现学英语很有趣。3. It takes sb. some time to do sth.It takes me seven hours to get there. 我花了七个小时去到那里。名词所有格一、生命所有格a. 有生命的: (S 所有格)某人的+ s, 例如：Lilys bunny规则复数名词+ , 例如：the girls bunnies不规则复数名词+s , 例如：childrens bunnies注意节日表达: Teachers Day（教师节）; Fathers Day（父亲节）.Mothers Day （母亲节）. Womens Day （妇女节）. Childrens Day （儿童节）注意: Teachers Day; Fathers Day.(有很多老师，可只有一个爸爸)mothers Day. Womens Day. Childrens Day.b.无生命的：（of 所有格）B 的 A-A of B 例如：the door of the room the colour of the sky二、双重所有格某人 中的一个/一些: a/some +n. +of+sb.s例如：a student of my mothers, some friends of my brothers 三、另类所有格（变态所有格）路程、时间所有格用s 或 例如：20 minutes ride; 10 minutes talk (20 minutes ride = a 20-minute ride) 口诀：杠号相连作定语保单数)四、宅氏/家庭所有格the+姓氏 s 表示住所 例如：the Whites(怀特的家) the doctors(诊所)the+姓氏 s 表示一家人 例如：the Smiths(史密斯一家人)五、分家所有格共同拥有：A and Bs ; 例如：Lily and Marys bunny分别拥有：As and Bs 例如：Lilys and Marys bunnies介词1、时间介词 （必考）(1) in：早午晚、年月季(in the morning/afternoon/evening/1900/spring/July)in+时间段: 表一段时间以后（和一般将来时连用） ，in 3 days(2) at: 黎明（dawn）午（noon）夜（midnight）黄昏（dusk）点与分(3) on: 具体日期或是早午晚前后有修饰词时；on June 1st, 2013; on a sunny morning; on the morning of June 1st, 2013.(4) 不用介词的情况：这个那个上个下个每个今天明天今晚无介词。（this, that, last, next, every/each, today, tomorrow, tonight)Are you going out on this evening? (错) Are you going out this evening? (对)We swam in the sea in last summer. (错) We swam in the sea last summer. (对)2.地点介词区，用 in; 区，用 atKuan arrived in Beijing.Kuan arrived at Guangzhou Station.3.树上介词。 （本身 on, 外来 in)on the tree 树上长出来的 There are some apples on the tree.in the tree 外来的,在树上 There are some birds in the tree.4.墙上介词在墙表面用 on the wall, There is a map on the wall在墙里面用 in the wall. There is a window in the wall.靠着墙面 against the wall5.区域介词in 是在区域内；Guangzhou is in the south of China.on 是相邻接壤；。Guang Xi is on the west of Guang Dong. Jiangxi is on the north of Guangdong.to 是相邻不接壤 Japan is to the east of China.注： Tai Wan is in the southeast of China.E.g. Japan lies to the east of China.Mongolia lies on the north of China.Guangzhou lies in the south of China.6.身上介词衣服和鞋帽用 in, in a yellow hat/a pair of shoes饰品和伤疤用 with. with a doll in her hand7. 交通介词by+交通工具 by busin/on +修饰+交通工具 in a red car, on a bike, on a big busHow do you go to school? I go to schoolby car = in a /the carby bike = on a /the bikeby bus= on a /the bus in a car/taxi/helicopter/lift/boat on a bus/train/plane/ship/horse8.“除了”介词besides: “除了之外，还有”（+）（包含） except: “除了之外”（-）（不包含），不放在句首 except for: “除了”, 表示美中不足美中不足），可用在句首 I love all the fruits except durian. 我喜欢所有的水果，除了榴莲。（不包含榴莲） I love bananas besides durian. 除了榴莲我还喜欢香蕉。（喜欢的水果包含榴莲） I love durian except for its smell. 我喜欢榴莲，除了它的气味。（榴莲美中不足的是气味，是事物的某个方面。）E.g. Tom has arrived. Besides him, another two students came, too.Mary is 16 years old. Except her, we are all 17 years old.The composition is perfect except for some spelling mistakes. Grammar Focus：介词（下）1. 方位介词:1 上上下下on: 在表面（有接触） 贴上贴下: on，beneathover: 在正上方under: 在正下方 正上正下: over，underabove: 在斜上方below: 在斜下方 斜上斜下: above，below2 靠近旁边 near, beside, next to near , near 表示”在附近”,表示的距离比 beside 稍微远些,也时常换用beside 表示”在旁边”(强调左右两边)next to 表示”紧靠的旁边”3 前前后后in front of: 在一个整体外部的前面 There is a tree in front of my house.in the front of: 在一个整体内部的前面 The driver is sitting in the front of the bus.before：在时间，地点，物体的前面behind 在的背后;在的后面;向的背后at the back of 在的后面/后部4 中间 between, amongbetween 两者之间among 三者或三者以上之间5 穿过across: 平面穿过 go across the street:过马路through: 立体穿过 go through a forest:穿越丛林*二、介词辨析1. with: 用工具（具体、有形的） in: 用语言、墨水、颜色 by: 通过方式/手段E.g. write with a pen, write her name in black ink, get her autograph by beggingsee with eyes, strike with a hammer say it in English, The girl is in red.2. at the end of: 接of短语，表“在末端，尽头” in the end: “最终”，相当于finally by the end of: 接of短语，“到为止”，常与完成时连用E.g. We won the game in the end.There is a bookstore at the end.I had finished the composition by the end of last night.5. before long: 不久之后 long before: 很久以前E.g. I will come back before long. They left here long before.2. 介词三杀手(1). 门的钥匙the key of the door (X)the key to the door 去的路 the way to问题的答案 the answer to the question通往的入口 the entrance to(2). 三天后after 3 days（x）in 3 days （三天后，一般用在将来时态）(3). 在某人的帮助下under ones help（x）with ones help without ones help 没有某人的帮助四、高频率介词1. be famous for 因 而出名2. be full of 充满3. be interested in 对 感兴趣4. be good at 擅长于 Beijing is famous for the Great Wall.The cup is full of water.I am interested in music.I am good at playing basketball.3. 易混淆介词-词语辨析*be made of/from/into/inbe made of 由制成（能看出原材料）be made from 由制成（看不出原材料）be made into: “被制成”The cup is made of glass.The paper is made from wood.This kind of wine is made from grapes. The T-shirt is made of cloth.E.g. The table is made of wood. Paper is made from wood. Wood is made into paper.2、四朵金花、sb. spend some time/some money on sth/(in) doing sth.sth. cost sb. some moneysb. pay some money for sth.It takes/took sb. some time to do sth.It took me 3 months to finish this work.He paid 20 dollars for this book.This beautiful dress cost her 300 yuan.My mother spent much money in buying flowers.3、四大达人、reach +n. get to+n.arrive in +大地方（区） arrive at+小地方（区）Well reach/arrive in/get to Paris tomorrow morning.Whattime dose it arrive in San Francisco?Wehave to get over that hill to get to their house.4、带走带来、take: 带走，由近到远（提示词：there, to）bring: 带来，由远到近（here）carry: “携带”，没有方向性(被带的物体不落地)Could you help me bring my coffee here?Please take the gift to your mother.The boy is carrying a big box.5、开关大小turn off 关闭 turn on 打开(打开或关闭电源水源煤气灯)turn down 调小（音量） turn up 调大（音量）The baby is sleeping. Could you turn down/turn off the voice of the radio?This room is too dark. Ill turn on the light.6、参加、take part in 参加活动 join 加入组织Would you like to take part in my birthday party?I want to join the Communist Party.7、lie 说谎（lied, lied, lying) 躺（lay, lain, lying）lay 放置，产卵（laid, laid）You lied to me yesterday.The duck lays an egg every day.8、hear 听见（强调结果） listen to 听（强调过程）【Example】Can you hear the voice of the TV set?I want to listen to the music.1. 提供：provide sb. with sth. provide sth. for sb. offer sb. sthoffer sth. to sb.E.g. Someone provided a skirt for her.Someone provided her with a skirt.2. 试穿：try onE.g. She tried it on.3. prefer A to B 相比B，更喜欢AE.g. But she preferred the golden one.4. in this way 用这种方式E.g. In this way, she has a lot of fans.5. look forward to 期待做某事E.g. She looks forward to more beautiful clothes in the future.形容词副词一、概念形容词是用来修饰或描述名词或代词，表示人或物的性质、状态和特征的词。副词是用来修饰动词、形容词以及其他副词，表示时间、地点、程度、状态等。2、 用法1）作定语，修饰名词 This is an special cat. 2）作表语 The hamster looks cute. 3）作宾语补足语 The bad news made the dog sad. （1）功能：形容词修饰名词；副词修饰动词和形容词（2）位置：形容词放在名词之前，系动词之后,副词之后. 副词放在形容词之前，放在动词后 口诀：形名动副形。 系形名，动副形。*具体用法一、 形容词的基本用法1) 作定语，放在名词前；如：Its a cold and beautiful winter.2) 修饰something, anything时，形容词后置；如：The owl may meet something difficult.3) 作表语，放在系动词后面；如：The street seems beautiful.4) 只能作表语的形容词：asleep, afraid, alike, alive, alone, awake, ill常见系动词be动词系列：am, is, are, was, were感官动词系列：look, seem, smell, taste, sound, feel二、 副词的基本用法1) 副词修饰动词；如：The dog is smoking happily.2) 副词修饰形容词、副词；如：The cat is very cute. She hides very successfully.3) 副词修饰整句话；如：Luckily, he is rich.三、构成1. 形容词构成：n.+ly friendly n+ y windy2.副词构成： adj.+ly, quickly*名词变形容词 1. 名词 + y 构成形容词 rain-rainy sleep-sleepy2. + ly 构成形容词 love-lovely