环境工程专业英语考试(完整版).doc

环境与生态:LESSON1:环境与环境工程To the environmental engineer,the word environment may take on global dimensions(维面积尺度),may refer to a very localized(局部化地方化) area in which a specific problem must be addressed(致辞谈到),or may,in the case of contained environments,refer to a small volume of liquid,gaseous(气的),or solid materials within a treatment-plant(处理厂) reactor(反应器).The global environment consists of the atmosphere(大气圈),the hydrosphere(水圈),the lithosphere(岩石圈) in which the life-sustaining(供养) resources of the earth are contained.The biosphere(生物圈),a thin shell that encapsulates(密封加浓) the earth,is made up of the atmosphere and lithosphere adjacent(接近的临近的) to the surface of the earth,together with the hydrosphere and the life forms of earth. Life-sustaining materials in gaseous,liquid,and solid forms are cycled though the biosphere,providing sustenance to all living organisms(生物).Life-sustaining resources(air,food,water)are withdrawn from the biosphere.It is also into the biosphere that waste products in gaseous,liquid and solid forms are discharged(排放).Environment engineering has been defined as the branch of engineering that is concerned with(关心) protecting the environment from the potential(潜在的),deleterious(有害的) effects of human activity,protecting human populations from the effect of adverse environmental factors,and improving environmental quality for human health and well-being(幸福福利).Humans interact with their environment(sometimes adversely impacting the environment and sometimes being adversely impacted by pollutants in the environment.An understanding of the nature of the environment and of human interaction with it is a necessary prerequisite(前提) to understanding the work for the environmental engineering.Adverse(a.不利的反对的)metamorphosis(n.变化)interflow(n.v.补给流通) mantle(n.v.披风覆盖物)withdraw(v.退回提取)assimilate(v.同化吸收) disperse(v.消散)dilute(v.扩大稀释)debris(n.残骸)alteration(n.变更) erode(v.侵蚀腐蚀)contained(封闭的包含的)evolve(进化)LESSON2:生态学 The science of ecology defines(定义)”ecosystems”as groups of organisms which interact with each other and the physical environment,and which affect the population of the various species in the environment.Some ecosystems are fragile(脆弱的),while others ate resilient(能恢复的) and able to withstand(承受) even serious perturbations(混乱).One characteristic of a resilient ecosystem is that more than one species fills a “niche(食物链中一环)”within that system.Engineers must appreciate(评价) the fundamental(基本的) principles of ecology,and design with the environment,so as not to impact adversely on especially fragile ecosystems.The inclusion(包含加速) of ecological principles in engineering decisions is a major component of the environmental engineering profession.Inextricably(不能避免地)procreate(繁殖)outstrip(超过胜过)predator(捕食者)dynamic(动力的)homeostasis(动态平衡)detach(分开派遣)eradication(根除扑灭)locality(场所所在地)preserve(保护)LESSON3:环境问题 In many industrialized areas,ground water sources of drinking water are being threatened by the insidious(暗藏的) movement of hazardous(有害的) waste chemical leachates(沥滤液) through ground water aquifers(地下含水层).It is essentisl to recognize the fact that science and technology must play key roles in solving environ-mental ptoblems.Only through the proper application of science and technology,under the direction of people with a strong environmental consciousness(环境意识) and a basic knowledge of the environmental sciences,can humankind survive on the limited resources of this planet.Environmental problems are always interrelated.Sometimes a solution to one problem actually creates another problem.Mundane(世俗的)bounty(施舍)infant(婴儿)mortality(死亡率)outbreak(爆发)pesticide(农药)population explosion(人口爆炸)natural habitat(自然栖息地)parasite(寄生虫)LESSON4 人类对环境的影响 In a natural state,earths life forms live in equilibrium(平衡均衡) with their environment.Early socieries were primarily concerned with meeting natural needs,needs humans share in common with most of the higher mammals(哺乳动物).These peoples had not yet begun to be concerned with meeting the acquired(获得) needs associated with more advanced civilizations(文明).Only as early people began to gather together in larger,more or less stable groupings did their impact upon their local environments begin to be significant.Unlike the natural needs ,acquired needs are usually met by items that must be processed or manufacturered(大量制造) or refined(提炼),and the production,distribution,and use of such items usually results in more complex residuals(剩余物),many of which are not compatible(相容的) with or readily assimilated by the environment.The impact of modern human populations upon the environment is if major concern to the environmental engineer.Species(物种)govern(管理支配)versatile(多面的)thrive /flourish (兴/繁盛)anthropogenic/human-induced(人类产生的)shelter(遮蔽物)unprocessed(未加工的)nomadic(游牧的)innocuous(无害的)stink(恶臭)chimney(烟囱)harbor(庇护)pest(害虫)prelude(前奏)evidence(证据迹象)insulaton(隔离绝缘)mining(采矿业)extract(萃取)petroleum(石油)get rid of(除去)socioeconomic(社会经济的)ladder(阶梯)luxury(奢侈)deposit(贮存)大气：LESSON6 大气圈的组成(composition)和结构(structure) Nitrogen(N2) Oxygen(O2),Argon(Ar),Water vapor(H2O),Carbon dioxide(CO2) Neon(Ne),Krypton(Kr),Methane(CH4),Helium(He),Ozone(O3),Xeone(Xe), Dinitrogen oxide(N2O),Carbon monoxide(CO)Hydrogen(H2) Ammonia(NH3) Nitrogen dioxide(NO2),Nitric oxide(NO),Sulfur dioxide(SO2),Hydrogen sulfide(H2S) Varying amounts of most of these gases may be found in each of the four major layers of the atmosphere-the troposphere(对流层),stratosphere(平流层),mesosphere(中和层),thermosphere(热层).The air in the troposphere,which we breathe,consists,by volume(用体积来表示),of 78%N2,21%O2,1%Ar,0.03%CO2,traces(微量)of other gasses,most of which are inert.The layer of greatest interest in pollution control is the troposphere,since this is the layer most living things exist in.One of the more recent changes in the troposphere involves the phenomenon of acid rain(酸雨).Acid rain or acid deposition(酸性沉淀),results when gaseous emissions of sulfur oxides(SOX)and nitrogen oxides(NOX)interact with water vapor and sunlight and are chemically converted to strong acidic compounds such as sulfuric acid(H2SO4),nitric acid(HNO3).These compounds along with other organic and inorganic chenicals are deposited(沉积淤积) on the earth as aerosols and particulates(颗粒物)(dry deposition)or are carried to the earth by raindrops(雨滴),smowflakes,fog,or dew露水(wet deposition).Pollutants that are generated in one country and deposited in another have become a matter of international negotiation(谈判).Concerning over the long-range effects of release of radioactive materials into the atomosphere has led to investigation(调查) of possible methods of safe disposal by deep burial(埋葬) in the earth or ocean.The O3 layer in the stratosphere is being depleted(耗尽) as ozone reacts with chlorine(氯) released from the fluorocarbons(碳弗化合物) used as aerosol spray(喷雾器) propellants(喷气燃料).Since the O3 reduces the ultraviolet(紫外的) radiation(放射) that reaches the earths suface,and since ultravioletradiation at high levels can damage plants and animals,loss of O3 represents a potentially serious problem.The amount of tropospheric CO2is resported to be increasing at a rate of 1.8mg/m3per year,a process that may not be reversible(可逆的).Furthermore,this increase has been accompanied by an equivalent decrease in atmospheric oxygen.Fossil fuel(化石燃料) consumption(消费) and agricultural,forestry(森林学) and landuse practices of varioys types contribute to the CO2 buildup(积聚).As CO2 strongly absorbs long-wave(infrared红外线的)terrestrial(陆地的) radiation,and continued CO2 buildup could lead to a significant enough rise in earths surface temperatures to melt the Arctic ice peak.If the warming trend can be confirmed and positively linked to CO2 bulidup,then global action(全球性行动) such as reforestation(再造林) may eventually have to be pursred(追求) to remove CO2 from the atmosphere.Amount to(统计共计)emission(发射放射)aerosol(气溶胶)ecosystem(生态系统)buffer(缓冲器)acidity(酸度)monument(纪念馆)substantial(大的)Precalling wind(盛行风)profile(剖面图)altitude(纬度高度)academy(研究院)in light of(由于)ban(禁止)Arctic(北极)pack(包装)appreciable(可估计的)reach(射程,工作半径,有效范围,流域)concern over(考虑到)LESSON7:大气污染源 All air contains natural contaminants(污染物) such as pollen(花粉),fungi(真菌) spores(孢子),salt spray,and smoke and dust particles from forest fires and volcanic(火山的) eruptions(喷发).It contains also naturally occurring CO from the breakdown(分解) of CH4,hydrocarbons(HC) in the form of terpenes from pine trees,and H2S and CH4 from the anaerobic(厌氧的) decomposition(分解) of organic matter.In contrast to the natural sources of air pollution there are contaminants of anthropogenic origin(人为起源).The total anthropogenic emissions of the five most prevalent(流行的) air pollutants are:total suspended particulates(总悬浮颗粒),sulfur oxides(硫氧化物),nitrogen oxides(氮氧化物),hydrocarbons(碳氢化合物),carbon monoxide(CO).The use of fossil fuels for heating and cooking, transportation,industry,energy conversion,and the incineration(焚化) of the various forms of industrial,municipal(市政的) and private waste,the handling pollutants are so numerous and varied and sundry(各式各样的) industries all contribute to the pollution of the atmosphere.The sources of these pollutants are categorized(分类) into 4 main group:mobile transportation,stationary combustion,Industrial processes,solid-waste disposal.(外加第5：miscellaneous杂项) Transportation was the single largest source,fuel combustion in stationary(稳定的) sources was the second major contributor.NOT included:Photochemical oxidants(光化学氧化物)are secondary pollutants formed in the atmosphere by the action of sunlight on hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen.suspended(悬浮的)vehicle(车辆媒介物)aircraft(航空器)evaporation(蒸发脱水)gasoline(汽油)residential(居住的)commercial(商业的)metallurgical(冶金的)pulp-paper(纸浆纸)refuse/solid-waste(固体废物)refinery(精炼厂)oxides(氧化物)parameter(参数)inventory(清单)combustion(燃烧)induce(引发诱发)水：LESSON9 给水方式与水污染分类 Water supplies(给水) are classified into:surface waters,ground waters,meteorological(气象的) waters.Surface waters comprise(包含) stream waters,oceans,lakes,Impoundment(蓄水) waters.Ground waters show less turbidity(混浊) than surface waters.Meteorological waters(rain)are greatest chemical and physical purity.Water contaminants are classified into:chemical,physical,biological contaminants.Chemical contaminants comprise organic(有机的) and inorganic(无机的) chemicals.The main organic chemicals is oxygen depletion resulting from utilization(利用) of DO in the process of biological degradation(降级分解) of organic compounds. The main inorganic chemicals is the toxic effect.Heavy metal ions which are toxic to humans are:Hg2+,As3+,Cu2+,Zn2+,Ni2+,Cr3+,Pb2+,Cd2+.Microorganisms(微生物) convert the mercury ion to methylmercury(甲基汞:易富集)or dimethymercury(二甲基汞：易挥发volatile).Contamination by nitrates(硝酸盐)is also dangerous.Fluorides(氟化物),in potable waters being responsible for appreciable reduction in the extent of tooth decay(但是其益处仍有争议).Physical contaminants include:temperature change,color,turbidity,foams detergent泡沫洗涤剂,radioactivity.Biological contaminants are responsible for transmission of diseases(cholera霍乱,typhoid伤寒,paratyphoid,and shistosomiasis血吸虫病) by water supplies.exhibit(呈现)dissolved oxygen(溶解氧)disturbance(干扰)biota(生物)sulfite(亚硫酸盐)nitrite(亚硝酸盐)sulfate(硫酸盐)nitrate(硝酸盐)plating(镀金)detectable(看得出)coverage(幅度)tissue(组织)decay(分解) respectively(分别地)exert(施加作用力)LESSON12 自动水质监测器 Water pollution control must be considered as a part of an ecological system which must be continously improved if we are to attain the environmental quality goals that we seek.The obvious objective(目标) of water pollution control is the attainment of satisfactory water quality goals ,which can only be achieved through adequate water quality management on a basin wide basis(在流域范围基础上).In order to attain this objective,meaningful and economical water quality data collection systems are mandatory(必须的).Significant changes in water quality characteristics may occur both from natural and manmade causes.These changes may be caused by intense(急剧的) storms,industrial spills(泄漏),releases from impoundments and stratified(成层的) flow .Rapid changes in parameters(参数) such as DO and salinity(含盐量) may result from natural tidal(潮水般的) fluctuations(波动).The use of manual(手控的) sampling(抽样) and analysis techniques for these rapid changes may not be adequate,and the advantages of continuous measurement become apparent.Three major short comings of manual sampling are cost,limitations on the frequency with which analyses can be made and the time lag between collection of samples and receipt of analytical results for stream evaluation purposes.Monitor(监测)water borne diseases(水致疾病)ensuing(随后的)seminar(专家讨论会)ultimate(极限的饱和的)impurity(杂质)manmade(人造的)surveillance(监视监督)compliance(一致)baseline(基线)ascertainment(查明确定)implementation(履行执行实行)augmentation(增加)intake(摄入,通风口,进风量,取水)receipt(收据)LESSON13 下水道污物 Whereas(然而) the design of surface water sewers(下水道)is dependent on rainfall intensities(强度) and the extent of the catchment area(积水面积),rates of flow (流量)of foul sewage(污物污水)are dependent on the distribution(分配) of the population and on the rate at which water is used.The average flow is called the dry weather flow(d.w.f.旱天流量)and is the average rate of flow of domestic and industrial wastes,together with and infiltration(渗透),measured after a period of seven consecutive(连贯的) days of dry weather during which the rainfall has not exceeded(超过)0.25mm.It is general to assume that the peak flow(高峰流量) of domestic sewage is 2d.w.f.When the sewers are completely separated,they should be designed to 4d.w.f. to allow for weekly and seasonal peaks.Where infiltration is to be expected(有可能的),or where the sewers are not strictly separated,a maximum flow of 6 d.w.f.is genetally assumed to make some allowance for the surface water.Scheme(n.安排) draw up(停止) premises(a.前提) upstream(ad.逆流地,往上游地) drain(v.排出水) provision(n.条款,规定,措施) subsoil(n.下层土) genetally accepted(通用的) site(n.现场,点) 治理：LESSON14 物理化学处理 The first stage of treatment is designed to provide efficient suspended(悬浮的)and colloidal(胶体的) solid removal(脱除) along with phosphorus(磷) removal;the second operation removes a large percentage of the dissolved organic matter.In the clarification(澄清) step there are two primary considerations:the choice of chemicals(明矾alumn,石灰 lime,铁盐 iron salts) to be used and the choice of physical equipment(conventional惯常的mixing,floculation and solids separation must be evaluated versus相对于solids-contact systems.)The solids separation process in the conventional sequence(顺序)can consist of conventional sedimentation(普通沉积),flotation(浮游) or high rate sedimentation(高效沉积) .A filtration(过滤)step may be included for improved solids removal.In the dissolved organic removal step,the choices are generally limited to either Granular(颗粒状的) or Powdered(粉末状的)Activated Carbon adsorption(活性炭吸附剂).The choice of a GAC design requires decisions concerning series(串联)or parallel(平行,并联)contacting,pressure or gravity vessels(容器)and upflow(上流式)or downflow(下流式)operation. PAC designs primarily involve the choices between single-stage(单级) and two-stage(二级) countercurrent(逆流) contacting(连接).Provisions(措施)canbe included for nitrogen removal by NH3 stripping(剥去,脱光),ion exchange(离子交换),breakpoint chlorination(折点加氯).Additional design:disinfection(消毒),filtration(过滤),treatment and disposal of the sludge(污泥,淤泥),the regeneration(再生) of spent AC and management(管理) of backwash(反冲洗) streams.Physical-chemical treatment(物理化学处理) conjecture(n.推测假设) Precise(a.精确的严谨的) flow diagram(流程图) polymer(聚合物) ozonation(臭氧氧化)LESSON17 区域污染治理 个体治理1.Designed and operated to meet regulations only and not to minimize the effect of waste discharge on downstream user.2.Constructs treatment facilities sized for its own waste flows only.3.Discharges effluents to receiving stream at closest point.4.Must discharge effluent even when river flow is extremely low and thus less able to assimilate wastes.5.Not motivated or unable to affect development outside individuals property boundaries.6.Has limited choice in determining type of treatment.区域治理1.Downstream user becomes part of regions structure.2.May construct facilities sized to receive several waste flows, unit treatment cost is thereby reduced.3.May transport effluents for release in best parts of stream.4.May provide works for maintaining minimum flow in river.5,May make recommendations concerning zoning(分区制) and land use planning as it affects pollution along a lake or river. 6.May have wide choice of types and location of treatment for optimal least cost selection. Isolation(隔离)ill-advised(鲁莽的)irresponsible(不可靠的)authority(当局)internalize(是内在化)halt(犹豫)stagnate(停滞)delineate(描绘)legislation(立法)subservient(从属的)charter(证书)jurisdiction(司法)veto(否决,禁止)eminent(著名的)domain(领域)pertinent(恰当的)enterprise(事业)empower(授权) weal (福利)augmentation(扩大)scope(范围)parliament(国会)orient(定向)compact(压紧)deterioration(恶化)right(扶正)authorize(批准)dredge(疏浚)initiate(开始)jurisdiction(权限)固废：LESSON18 固体废弃物 solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. The term as used in this-chapter is all-inclusive,and it encompasses(围绕) the heterogeneous(由不同种类组成的)mass of throwaways from residences(居住)and commercial(商业的)activities as well as the more homogeneous(同性质的)accumulations (积累)of a single industrial activity.Three general categories are considered：municipal wastes(市政固体废物);industrial wastes; hazardous wastes.Industrial wastes are those wastes arising from industrial activities and typically include rubbish, ashes, demolition(废墟) and construction wastes, special wastes, and hazardous wastes.Classification of materials comprising municipal solid wastes:food wastes;rubbish;ashes and residues(残渣);demolition and construction wastes;special wastes;treatmentplant wastes.A waste is classified as hazardous if it exhibits any of the following characteristics:ignitability(可燃性);corrosivity(腐蚀性);reactivity(化学活性);toxicity(毒性).Hazardous wastes were often grouped into the following categories:radioa