module 4 grammar.doc

高一英语导学案 Module 4 Grammar-Present Perfect Tense (现在完成时) 审核人：高一英语组 日期：2011-9-25Learning Aims:1. Master the rules of present perfect tense2. Make full use of the present perfect tense to express yourself.现在完成时的结构肯定：主语 + have/has + 过去分词否定：主语 + have/has not + 过去分词疑问：Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词 + ？否定疑问：Havent/Hasnt + 主语 + 过去分词 + ？ Have/Has + 主语 + not + 过去分词 + ？被动语态：主语 + have/has + been+ 过去分词现在完成时的基本用法1. 表示目前为止已结束的动作或刚刚结束的动作。They have just handed in their homework.他们刚刚交上作业。2. 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在（还可能继续进行下去）的动作或状态。The Wangs have lived here for ten years.姓王的一家在这儿已经住了十年了。3. 表示发生在过去的动作所产生的结果或对现在造成的影响。Tom has broken his leg.汤姆摔伤了腿。4. 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，常用现在完成时替代将来完成时。I will pick you up tomorrow afternoon if I have finished the work.如果明天下午我完成了这项工作，我就来接你。Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.直到公交车停下了才能下车。5. 用在一些固定句型中。1) It is the + 序数词 + time + 现在完成时态的从句It is the first time we have been in Jinan.这是我们第一次到济南。It is the third time that Zhang Ming has been scolded for not finishing homework on time.这是张明第三次因为没有按时完成作业而受到责备。2） It has been + 时间段 + since时间状语从句（从句一般为过去式）It has been 5 years since he joined the army.他参军5年了。注意：表示短暂意义的动词（动作不能持续），如arrive, begin, borrow, buy, come, die, join, leave,其现在完成式的肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。需要时要用相应的表示延续状态的动词替换，例如：I have kept/had the new car for a month.我买这辆新车已经一个月了。（此处“买”这个动词不用bought,而用kept 或 had.）Mr Smith has been back to China twice since 1999.史密斯先生自1999年以来曾两次回到中国.(此处，“回来”不用come back, 而用be back)常见终止性动词与持续性动词的对应关系：leave-be away (from) borrow-keepfinish/end/stop-be over fall asleep-be asleepcatch/get a cold-have a cold go to school-be in schoolbegin-be on buy-havebecome-be go abroad-be abroadmake friends with-be friends with wake up-be upopen-be open lose-be lost现在完成时的时间状语1. 现在完成时说明的是现在的情况，因此不能和过去某一具体的时间连用。如yesterday, last + 时间名词，时间名词 + ago, in + 过去的时间等。2. 与since 或 for 等表示时间段的状语连用。He has been in Shanghai for three years.他已经在上海三年了。He has lived here since 1978.从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。注意：since后跟表示过去的一个时间点，for后跟一段时间。3. 与表示不确定的过去时间状语，如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately连用。The train has just arrived.火车刚到。Have you heard from your family lately/recently?你最近收到家人的来信了吗？4. 与表示频度的时间状语连用。如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, once, rarely, three times, on several occasions等。Have you ever been to the great wall?你曾经到过长城吗？I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京两次。5. 与包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用。如now,up to now, recently,during the past/last two years,so far等。I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止，我没有他的任何消息。In the past two years, we have made many foreign friends at the university.在过去的两年里，我们在大学里交了许多的外国朋友。现在完成时与一般过去时的区别现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，不能和表示过去的时间状语连用；一般过去时只表示过去的动作和状态，与现在不发生关系，可以与过去的时间状语连用。I saw the film last week.上周我看了这部电影。（只说明我上周看了这部电影，并不涉及现在的情况）I have seen the film.我已经看过这部电影了。（表示我现在了解这部电影的内容。）have/has been to 与 have/has gone to 的区别have/has been to表示某人曾经去过某地，人现在不在某地。have/has gone to 表示某人到某地去了，人现在在去某地的路上或者已在某地He has been to Shanghai.他曾经去过上海。My brother has gone to Qiangdao.我哥哥到青岛去了。练习题1. My friend, who _on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month.A. served B. is serving C. had served D. has served2. -Who do you think _ the book here? -It may be John. He was sitting here all the morning.A. was leaving B. leaves C. had left D. has left3. -You should have thanked her before you left. -I meant _, but when I was leaving I couldnt find her anywhere.A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing it4. It is the only time in history that two Nobel Prizes _ to the same person.A. has been given B. had been given C. have given D. Will give5. Ladies and gentle men, please fasten your seat belts. The plane _.A. takes off B. is taking off C. has taken off D. took off 6. Large quantities of information _ since the organization was built.A. has been offered B. had been offered C. have been offered D. is offered7. Up to now, the program _ thousands of children who would otherwise have died.A. would save B. saves C. had saved D. has saved8. We _ on our project day and night in the past two weeks.A. had worked B. have worked C. will be working D. are working9. The trees _ in the storm have been moved off the road.A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D. to blow down10.Now that we _ all the money, its no use saying its my fault.A. had lost B. Lost C. have lost D. Lose11. The price _, but I doubt whether it will remain so.A. went down B. will go down C. has gone done D. was going down12. I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I _ there several years ago.A. are going B. had been C. went D. have been13. Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they _better health, living a happier life.A. enjoyed B. are enjoying C. enjoy D. have enjoyed14. Try not to be absent from class again for the rest of the term. You _ too many classes. You _ two cl