博士英语考试要点总结(完美版) 整合.doc

博士英语复习资料分数组成：卷面80分+出勤10分+口试10分卷面：一. 听力选择（放2遍）：1分*10=10分 二. 给出后缀，要求写出它的意思，并以此后缀造词并写出中文意思：0.5分*10=5分 三、单复数的变化 四. 选择正确的解释并将所选选项翻译成中文（神经系统、消化系统、心血管系统、呼吸系统、药理）：本题出自各章课后习题Multiple choice部分：1分*10=10分 五. 2段英翻中（医学科普）：5分*2=10分 2段中翻英（一般为中医）：内容包括证、病机、症状、治则的翻译,书中以肺为例，考试中可以变为脾等脏。详见博士生医学英语教材中的IX、X、XI：10分*2=20分 六. 给一段中文科普文章，翻译成80字左右的英文摘要 七. 作文：Economic Growth and Environment(80字) A4纸手写、不能从网上下，夹在卷子里：10分一复数形式（教科书P4243）AmpullaAmpullae 尾突（另有一意思为壶腹）CoronaCoronae 冠状VertebraVertebrae 脊椎BronchusBronchi 支气管CapillusCapili 毛发FungusFungi 真菌OmphalosOmphali 脐GenusGenera 属StercusStercora 粪GonadGonades 性腺TestisTestes 睾丸DiagnosisDiagnoses 诊断PsychosisPsychoses 精神病EpididymisEpididymides 附睾ThoraxThoraces 胸部AppendixAppendices 阑尾PollexPollices 拇指MeninxMeninges 脑脊膜CariesCaries龋齿DermaDermata 真皮，皮肤SarcomaSarcomata 肉瘤StomaStomata 口FlagellumFlagella 鞭毛LabiumLabia 唇ProtozoonProtozoa 原生动物二后缀（教科书P1720）名词后缀-ia情况、状况，状态anemia贫血-y情况，行为，性质Splenomegaly Splen/o/megal/y Hepatotomy hepat/o/tom/y脾肿大肝切开术-e器械ophthalmoscope眼底镜-itis炎症hepatitis肝炎-ist专家dermatologist皮肤病专家-or(er)做某事的人或物incisor切牙-osis某状态，多为病态sclerosis硬化-oma瘤sarcoma肉瘤-ism 状态，多数是从前状态衍生的结果embolism栓塞-(i)um与整体有关的部分pericardium心包形容词后缀-ac的cardiac心脏的-al的bronchial支气管的-ar的tonsillar扁桃体的-ic的hepatic肝的-eal的esophageal食管的-ary的ciliary睫状的-ous的含有的分泌的mucousfibroussebaceous粘液的含纤维的分泌皮脂的-oid样的cystoid囊样的复合后缀-algia痛arthralgia关节痛-ectasia,-ectasis扩张nephrectasia肾盂扩张-emia血液疾病leukemia白血病-malacia软化osteomalacia骨软化-meter计thermometer温度计-metry测量法pelvimetry骨盆测量-odynia疼痛cardiodynia心区痛-penia缺乏症leukocytopenia白细胞减少-plegia中风、麻痹thermoplegia中暑-(o)rrhea流出，溢出diarrhea腹泻-(o)rrhagia出血gastrorrhagia胃出血-uria尿hematuria血尿-iatry, -iatrics医学的一科podiatry足病科-graphy记录，记录术electrocardiography心电描记术-graph记录的工具electrocardiograph心电图机-gram记录本身electrocardiogram心电图-logy学pharmacology药理学-logist学家，研究者urologist泌尿科专家-lysis溶解，分解hemolysis溶血-pathy病opthalmopathy眼病-pexy固定术hepatopexy肝固定术-plasty成形术osteoplasty骨成形术-(o)rrhaphy缝合术，修复术herniorrhaphy疝修补术-scopy检查，镜检法cystoscopy膀胱镜检查-tomy切开术craniotomy颅骨切开术-ectomy切除术appendectomy阑尾切除术-(o)stomy造口术或吻合术gastrostomyanastomosis胃造口术吻合术-cyte细胞leukocyte白细胞-blast成细胞，母细胞hemocytoblast成血细胞-cele膨出，肿大或疝thyrocele甲状腺肿-scope检查镜ophthalmoscope眼底镜-tome刀，切除器arthrotome关节刀-centesis穿刺amniocentesis羊膜腔穿刺术-clysis灌洗bronchoclysis支气管灌洗术-ptosis下垂nephroptosis肾下垂-(o)rrhexis破裂hepatorrhexis肝破裂-sclerosis硬化arteriosclerosis动脉硬化-stasis固定，使停滞bacteriostasis抑菌作用-stenosis狭窄arteriostenosis动脉狭窄关于加后缀的相关单词总结：本部分几乎涉及了课内表格（p17p20）及课后练习题I的所有单词。笔者按后缀相关性顺序排列单词，旨在提供一种相对好记的方法，可结合书内表格记忆。形容词性后缀：CARDIAC 心脏的（-ac： pertaining to）BRONCHIAL 支气管的CONGENITAL 先天的ILIAL 髂的SUBLINGUAL 舌下的TONSILLAR 扁桃体的OCULAR 目的HEPATIC 肝的EPIDEMIC 传染的THERAPEUTIC 治疗的ESOPHAGEAL 食道的LARYNGEAL 喉的CILIARY 睫状的MUCOUS 粘液的FIBROUS 纤维性的(-ous: containing)SEBACEOUS 分泌脂质的(-ous: secreting)CYSTOID 囊样的（-oid: resembling）ADENOID 腺样的名词性后缀：SARCOMA 肉瘤(-oma: tumor)ENCEPHALOMA 脑瘤HEPATITIS 肝炎(-itis: inflammation) GASTRITIS 胃炎PERICARDITIS 心包炎LARYNGITIS 喉炎INCISOR 切牙（-or：refers to a doer, person or thing）ASPIRATOR 抽吸（-or：that which）PERICARDIUM 心包（-ium：a part related to a whole）EPIGASTRIUM 上腹部ANEMIA 贫血（-ia: condition）PHOBIA 恐惧症DYSTROPHY 营养不良SPLENOMEGALY 脾肿大EMBOLISM 栓塞（-ism: condition, usually the result of a prior condition）SEPSIS 脓毒病(-sis：condition)SCLEROSIS 硬化(-osis: abnormal condition)DERMATOSIS 皮肤病ARTERIOSCIEROSIS 动脉硬化（-sclerosis: a hardening）OSTEOMALACIA 骨软化（-malacia： softening）ARTERIOSTENOSIS 动脉狭窄（-stenosis: a narrowing）GERMICIDE 杀菌剂（-e： that which） ANTIDOTE 解毒剂OPHTHALMOSCOPE 验眼镜(-e: instrument)OPHTHALMOSCOPE 验眼镜(-scope: instrument for viewing)CYSTOSCOPY 膀胱镜(-scopy: examination)THERMOMETER 温度计（-meter： instruments for measuring）PELVIMETRY 骨盆测量（-metry： measurement）ARTHROTOME 关节刀(-tome: instrument for cutting)ARTHRALGIA 关节痛（-algia: pain）CARDIODYNIA 心痛DIARRHEA 泄泻（-rrhea：flow， discharge）GASTRORRHAGIA 胃出血（-rrhagia： excessive flow）PODIATRY 足医学(-iatry：branch of medicine)GERIACTRICS 老年学ALMOPATHY 眼病（-pathy: disease）PHARMACOLOGY 药理学（-logy: process of studying）UROLOGIST 泌尿科医生（-logist: one who specializes in）DENTIST 牙医（同上）PEDIATRIST 儿科医生HEPATORRHEXIS 肝破裂（-rrhrxis: rupture）HERNIORRHAPHY 疝缝合术(-rrhaphy: suturing)HEPATOPEXY 肝固定术(-pexy: fixing by suturing)OSTEOPLASTY 骨成形术（-plasty: surgical repair）CRANIOTOMY 颅骨切开术（-tomy： incision）APPENDECTOMY 阑尾切除术（-ectomy： cutting off）TONSILLECTOMY 扁桃体切除术GASTROSTOMY 胃造口术（-stomy： making an opening into or a connection between）ANASTOMOSIS 吻合术(同上)LEUKOCYTE 白细胞（-cyte: cell）LEUKOCYTOPENIA 白细胞缺乏症（-penia： deficiency）HEMOCYTOBLAST 原始血细胞（-blast： a cell that is primitive）HEMOLYSIS 溶血（-lysis: dissolution）BRONCHOCLYSIS 支气管灌洗术（-clysis： washing）BACTERIOSTASIS 制菌(-stasis: halting)NEPHROPTOSIS 肾下垂（-ptosis: a falling）NEPHRECTASIA 肾盂扩张（-ectasia: dilatation）THERMOPLEGIA 中暑（-plegia： stroke）ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY 心电图描记(-graphy：process of recording)THYROCELE 甲状腺肿(-cele: hernia)AMNIOCENTESIS 羊膜穿刺术(-centesis：surgical puncture to withdraw fluid)关于各大系统相关单词总结：本部分需结合书中题目记忆，笔者这里只做正确选项的标注翻译The Nervous System（Exercise III、VII）:1.b dendrites树突2.a axon轴突3.d convergence收敛性4.c microglia 小胶质细胞5.b Exercise VII：1. c apraxia 失用2. d apoplexy 中风3. b embolism 栓塞4. a coma 昏迷5. b grand mal 癫痫大发作6. c hydrocephalus 脑积水7. d hypertension 高血压8. b myasthenia gravis 重症肌无力9. c multiple sclerosis 多发性硬化10. b shingles 带状疱疹11. a spina bifida 脊柱裂12. b subdural hematoma 硬膜下血肿13. c ischemia 缺血14. a gliomas 神经胶质瘤15. c metastasis 转移CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM(Exercise VI):9、10划掉1. a heart block 心脏传导阻滞2. c pericarditis 心包炎3. d tachycardia 心动过速4. b myocardial infarction 心梗5. d hypertension高血压6. b aneurysm 动脉瘤7. b murmur 杂音8. b atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化9.10.11. a pernicious anemia 恶性贫血12. a infectious mononucleosis 传单13. c varicose veins 静脉曲张14. b sickle cell anemia 镰状细胞性贫血15. c hemophilia 血友病16. c leukemia 白血病THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Exercise V):1. b dyspnea 呼吸困难2. c Cheyne-Stokes 潮式呼吸3. b pertussis 百日咳4. d hyaline membrane disease 新生儿呼吸窘迫综合症5. a atelectasis 肺不张6. c tuberbulosis 肺结核7. a silicosis 矽肺8. c emphysema 肺气肿9. b pleurisy 胸膜炎10. a aspiration 抽胸水THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (Exercise VI)1. b cold sore 单纯性疱疹2. d leukoplakia 粘膜白斑3. c intussusception 肠套叠4. b diverticula 憩室5. a melena 黑便6. b serum hepatitis 乙肝7. a cirrhosis 肝硬化8. c neoplasm 肝囊肿9. b ascites 腹水三选择（注：此处为避免混淆，只记录正确答案，剩余选项忽略不计）神经系统1. The afferent processes of nerve cells are the: dendrites 树突 dendrait2. Those processes that conduct impulses away from neurons are the: axons 轴突 ksn3. The transmission of impulses by many neurons to a single neuron is known as: convergence 会聚4. Which of the following supportive nerve cells act as phagocytes: microglia 小胶质细胞phagocyte fusait吞噬细胞5. Which of the following is not considered part of the central nervous system? nerves originating from the brain and the spinal cord 脑和脊髓发出的神经6. The inability to perform certain body movements is known as: apraxia 失用症Apraxia prksi 失用; 精神性运动不能7. The medical word for stroke is: apoplexy 脑卒中 ppleksi -plexy 发作,中8. A blood clot that leaves its original site and blocks an artery is called: embolism 栓塞9. An abnormal deep sleep is called: coma 昏迷 kum10. The more serious form of epileptic seizure is referred to as: grand mal 癫痫大发作epileptic seizure .epileptiksi: n.癫痫发作11. The medical word for an excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain is: hydrocephalus 脑积水Cerebrospinal .seribruspainl adj 脑脊髓的的12. A sympathectomy is performed to relive: hypertension 高血压sympathectomy simpektmi交感神经阻断术13. A general feeling of muscular weakness and fatigue resulting from a lack of acetylcholine: myasthenia gravis 重症肌无力myasthenia maisini肌无力gravis 重的,剧烈的acetylcholine sitlkulin乙酰胆碱14. A condition in which the myelin coverings of the brain and spinal cord are destroyed and the gray and white matters become hard: multiple sclerosis 多发性硬化spinal cord n.脊髓15. A viral infection characterized by blisterlike sores on the skin: shingles igl带状疱疹Blisterlike像水泡样16. A congenital defect characterized by a protruding sac containing cerebrospinal fluid: spina bifida 脊柱裂congenital defect 先天性缺陷protrude prtru:dvi.突出sac sk囊cerebrospinal fluid 脑脊液17. A blood clot originating in one of the membranes covering the brain: subdural hematoma 硬膜下血肿subdural n.硬膜下的hematoma himtum血肿18. The medical word indicating the obstruction of a blood vessel: ischemia 缺血19. Malignant tumors originating from the supportive nerve cells: gliomas 神经胶质瘤laiummalignant tumors 恶性肿瘤20. The medical word indicating the spread of malignant tumors to other areas of the body: metastasis 转移mtstsis心血管系统1. The obstruction of electrical impulses moving from the atria to the ventricles is called: heart block 心传导阻滞atria 房,前房 ventricle ventrikl 脑室; 室2. Inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart is known as: pericarditis 心包炎 perikdaitis3. A type of arrhythmia: AV block, 房室传导阻滞 tachycardia 心动过速 tachy-速,快速4. Necrosis of an area of heart tissue due to insufficient blood supply: myocardial infraction 心肌梗死necrosis nekrusis 坏死 myocardial maiukdil 心肌的 myo-肌5. The medical term for high blood pressure: hypertension 高血压6. The ballooning of a blood vessel: aneurysm 动脉瘤 aneurysm njrz()m 动脉瘤7. Abnormal heart sound resulting from incompetent heart valves: murmur 心脏杂音heart valve 心脏瓣膜8. Abnormal condition in which fatty plaques adhere to the walls of a blood vessel: atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化 fatty plaque 脂肪斑块11. The type of anemia brought on by absence of an intrinsic factor necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12: pernicious anemia 恶性贫血 pernicious pnis 恶性的12. A viral infection characterized by enlarged lymph glands, sore throat, fever, and fatigue: infectious mononucleosis 传染性单核细胞增多症enlarged lymph gland 淋巴结肿大 mononucleosis mnunjukliusis 单核白细胞增多症13. Abnormal enlarging and twisting of leg veins: varicose veins 静脉曲张 varicose vrikus曲张的14. A type of anemia in which the erythrocytes change their shape at low oxygen levels: sickle cell anemia 镰形红细胞贫血 erythrocyte irirusait红细胞; 红血细胞15. Hereditary bleeding disease affecting only male offspring: hemophilia 血友病hereditary hireditri a.遗传的，遗传性的； offspring fspri n.子女，子孙，后代16. A form of cancer in which there is an uncontrolled increase of white blood cells: leukemia 白血病呼吸系统1. Labored breathing: dyspnea 呼吸困难 -pnea 呼吸 apnea 呼吸暂停2. Hyperpnea followed by apnea: Cheyne-Stokes 陈-施呼吸（潮式呼吸）3. An infectious disease that produces a proximal whooping type of coughs: pertussis pertussis ptsis 百日咳 proximal 接近的,邻近的4. A respiratory disease affecting the newborn in which the alveoli are covered with a thick membrane: hyaline membrane disease 肺透明膜病（新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征）hyaline 透明的,玻璃样的5. Collapse of lungs: atelectasis 肺不张 atel- 发育不全 -ectasis 扩张,膨胀6. An infectious disease of the lungs in which the bacteria become encapsulated: tuberculosis 结核TB tju:.b:kjulusis7. An example of a pneumoconiosis: silicosis 矽肺pneumo- 肺回戏,空气coni (单conus)圆锥,锥体-osis 病8. A condition in which lung tissues swell and lose their elasticity: emphysema .emfisi:m 肺气肿elasticity 弹性emphy 肺气肿9. Inflammation of the serous membrane covering the lungs and thoracic cavity: pleurisy 胸膜炎serous sirs血清的 thoracic cavity 胸腔9. Process of removing fluid from pleural cavity: aspiration 抽吸pleural cavity 胸膜腔plur消化系统1. A virus, herpes simplex, causes a blister to erupt on the mucous membrane lining of the mouth: cold sore 唇疱疹blister n.水疱, mucous membrane n.粘膜2. Inflamed patches of mucous membrane that can become malignant: leukoplakia lu:kpleiki粘膜白斑3. The invagination of one portion of intestine into another: intussusceptions .intsssepn肠套叠invagination 内陷 intestine n.肠intestinal 肠的,在肠内的4. Pouches that form on the intestinal wall: diverticula肠憩室 pouch n.小袋5. Bloody stools: melena mli:n黑便6. A form of liver disease caused by a blood transfusion with contaminated blood: serum hepatitis 血清性肝炎 serum 血清7. Scarred condition of the liver that results in impeded circulation of blood: cirrhosis sirusis肝硬化impede vt.阻碍，妨碍，阻止8. The development of new but abnormal tissue: neoplasm 肿瘤ni:uplzm plasm 浆,原生质,形成物质9. The buildup of excessive fluid in the peritoneal cavity: ascites 腹水saitizperitoneal ,peritni:ln.腹膜的 peritoneal cavity 腹膜腔 buildup 积累,聚集,增长,增加药理：Antitussives are drugs that suppress coughing.ntitsiv n. 止咳药, 镇咳药adj. 镇咳的 tussive adj. 咳嗽的Antispasmodic drugs are used to relieve bronchial spasms. ntispzmdik解痉药 spasm n.痉挛；突发一阵spasmodic 痉挛(性)的,间歇的 antispasmodic adj. 止痉挛的n. 镇痉药中枢系统药物Stimulants stimulant stimjulnt increase CNS activity 兴奋药 Depressants depressant dipresnt decrease CNS activity 抑制药 Analgesics analgesic nldi:zik a substance that reduces pain 止痛药 Hypnotics hypnotic hipntik drugs that produce sleep hyp-在下 安眠药Sedatives sedative sedtiv has a calming,tranquilizing effect 镇静药 Barbiturates barbiturates b:bitjurits 巴比妥类 a powerful drug that makes you feel calm and relaxed or puts you to sleep.Anesthetics anesthetic nisetik causes a loss of awareness and sensation麻醉药 Tranquilizers tranquilizer trkwilaiz reduce mental tension 安定药关于中医翻译的常用词组:急性热病 acute febrile disease外感病 external disease温病 warm disease病因 cause of disease辨证论治 syndrome differentiation and treatmentIX先天之精 innate essence后天之精 acquired essence水谷 foods and fluids肾气/阴/阳 kidney qi/yin/yang温煦作用 warming influence运化 transportation and transformation精主生长、生殖 jing governing/dominating growth and reproduction助神 aiding the mind/shen安神 anchor the shen气生血 qi produce blood气摄血 qi hold the blood气为血之帅，血为气之母 qi is the commander of blood, and blood is the mother of qi血虚 deficient blood血滞 stagnant blood血热 heat in the blood行肾气 promoting kidney qi生髓 producing marrow耳聋 deafness头晕 dizziness耳鸣 tinnitus发白 graying衰老 senility阳痿 impotence腰痛 lower back painX、XI（具体药不用记）病例 case history病机 mechanism of disease累及卫分（气/营/血）wei(qi/ying/xue) system may become involved 变化快 evolves rapidly证 syndrome（书中说的是symptom-complexes）痰热阻肺 blockage of the lung by phlegm-heat风邪袭肺 invasion of the lung by pathogenic wind邪热袭肺 invasion of the lung by pathogenic heat邪热内陷心包 penetration of pathogenic heat into the pericardium气虚精亏 deficiency of vital energy and vital essence亡阳 depletion of yang痰留热恋 remaining phlegm and pathogenic heat治则 principle of treatment祛热毒化痰 removing toxic heat from the lung and resolving phlegm 祛痰 eliminating phlegm清肺 clearing lung润肺 moisten lung清营分邪热 dispelling pathogenic heat from the ying system醒神 resuscitating the patient回阳救逆 restoring vital function from collapse and reinforcing vital energy用辛凉药祛表邪 dispelling pathogenic factors from the exterior of the body with herbs pungent in flavor/taste and cool in property/nature临表 manifestations 无汗 absence of sweating 大汗 profuse sweating 少汗 scanty sweating 动则汗出 sweating on exertion 畏寒 intolerance of cold寒战 chill发热 fever中等热 moderate fever午后潮热 afternoon fever五心烦热 feverish sensation in the palms and soles颧红 malar flush乏力 lassitude持续高热夜甚 protracted high fever that is worse at night烦热 heat and restlessness大渴 extreme thirst谵语 delirium昏迷 loss of consciousness抽搐 convulsion项强 stiff neck四肢厥冷 cold limbs面色苍白 pallid countenance紫绀 cyanosis 哮 wheezing气短 shortness of breath咳嗽 cough干咳 dry cough咯白粘痰/脓痰/锈色痰/血丝 expectoration of white mucoid /purulent/rust-colored/blood-flecked sputum鼻翼扇动 flaring of the nostrils口唇干燥 dry mouth and lips胸痛咳甚 chest pain exacerbated by coughing胸闷或痛 suffocating or painful sensation in the chest胸痛厉害 sharp chest pain两胁钝痛 dull pain in the hypochondrium食欲不振 anorexia腹胀 abdominal distention 便秘 constipation少尿 concentrated urine舌边红 reddened tongue border舌边紫 purpura at the tongu