软工专业术语(部分).doc

软件工程部分专业术语表软件工程 software engineeringSoftware engineering is an engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production.软件 software通用产品软件 generic software developed to be sold to a range of different customers e.g. PC software such as Excel or Word.用户定制软件 custom softwaredeveloped for a single customer according to their specification.软件属性 software attributes可维护性 maintainability可依赖性 dependability有效性 efficiency可用性 usability / availabilityThis is a complex property which is not simply dependent on the system hardware and software but also depends on the system operators and the environment where it is used.可靠性 reliabilityThis depends on the reliability of system components and the relationships between the components.可重用性（可复用性） ReusabilityCASE（computer aided software engineering）计算机辅助软件工程CASE tools are software systems which are designed to support routine activities in the software process such as editing design diagrams, checking diagram consistency and keeping track of program tests which have been run.软件过程 softwaSoftware processes are the activities involved in producing and evolving a software system. They are represented in a software process modelre process可行性分析 feasibility analysis需求分析 requirement analysis设计 design 总体设计 system design、详细设计 detailed design编码 coding测试 testing检验与有效性验证 verification & validation维护 maintenance总体特性 emergent property软件过程 software process需求和定义 requirements definition系统和软件设计 system and software design实现和单元测试 implementation and unit testing集成和系统测试 integration and system testing运行和维护 operation and maintenance软件过程模型 software process modelA software process model is an abstract representation of a process. It presents a description of a process from some particular perspective软件生命周期模型 software life cycle model瀑布模型 waterfall model原型模型 prototyping model探索式开发 exploratory development抛弃式原型 throwaway prototyping增量模型、增量式开发 incremental development螺旋模型 spiral model喷泉模型 fountain model变换模型和基于知识的模型等风险 riskA risk is a probability that some adverse circumstance will occur. 风险管理 risk managementRisk management is concerned with identifying risks and drawing up plans to minimise their effect on a project.安全 safety信息安全 security结构化方法 structured method活动图 activity chart / 活动网络 activity network条形图/甘特图 bar chart / Gantt chart软件需求 software requirements功能需求 functional requirements非功能需求 non-functional requirements领域需求 domain requirements用户需求 user requirements系统需求 system requirements可行性研究 feasibility studies系统模型 system modelsSystem modelling helps the analyst to understand the functionality of the system and models are used to communicate with customers.行为模型 behavioural modelBehavioural models are used to describe the overall behaviour of a system.Two types of behavioural model are:Data processing models that show how data is processed as it moves through the system;State machine models that show the systems response to events.These models show different perspectives so both of them are required to describe the systems behaviour.上下文模型 context modelContext models are used to illustrate the operational context of a system - they show what lies outside the system boundaries.数据模型 data model对象模型 object modelObject models describe the system in terms of object classes and their associations.结构化方法 structured method行为模型 behavioural model数据流模型 data-flow model数据流图 data-flow diagram状态机模型 state machine model状态图 statechart / state diagram数据模型 data model实体-属性-关系图 Entity-Relation-Attribute (EAR) diagram数据字典 data dictionary面向对象的开发（OO） object-oriented developmentObject-oriented analysis, design and programming are related but distinct.面向对象的分析（OOA） object-oriented analysisOOA is concerned with developing an object model of the application domain.面向对象的设计（OOD） object-oriented designOOD is concerned with developing an object-oriented system model to implement requirements.面向对象的编程（OOP） object-oriented programmingOOP is concerned with realising an OOD using an OO programming language such as Java or C+.面向对象的测试（OOT） object-oriented test面向对象的软件维护（OOSM） object-oriented software maintance对象类 object classObject classes are templates for objects. They may be used to create objects.实例（Instance）、消息（Message）、方法（Method）、属性（Attribute）、重载（Overloading）封装（encapsulation）继承（Inheritance）多态性（Polymorphism）对象模型 object model类继承图 class inheritance diagram对象聚合图 aggregation diagram对象行为建模 object behavioural modelling信息隐藏 用例 use case用例图 use case diagram序列图（顺序图） sequence diagram形式化方法 formal methods形式化描述 formal specification参考体系结构 reference architecture体系结构设计 architectural design容器模型 repository model客户机/服务器模型 client-sever model胖客户机模型 fat-client model瘦客户机模型 thin-client model分层模型 layered model分布式系统 distributed system分布式对象系统 distributed object system中间件 middlewareCORBA （Common Object Request broker Architecture） 公共对象请求代理体系结构模块化 modularisation抽象 abstract模块独立module Independent内聚 cohesion耦合 coupling接口 interface模块接口 module interface应用程序接口（API） Application Program Interface层次图 hierarchies diagram结构图 structured diagram用户界面 user interface用户界面设计 user interface design图形用户界面（GUI） Graphical User InterfaceMVC模型 Model-View-Controller model程序流程图 program flowchart盒图（N-S图） N-S diagram 因为由Nassi和Shneiderman提出，所以称N-S图PAD图（问题分析图） Problem Analysis Diagram判定表 decision table判定树 decision table过程设计语言（PDL）（程序设计语言） Program Design Language软件复用 software reuse组件 componentA component is a software unit whose functionality and dependencies are completely defined by its interfaces.组件模型 component modelA component model is a definition of standards for component implementation, documentation and deployment.基于组件的软件工程 （CBSE） component-based software engineeringComponent-based software engineering (CBSE) is an approach to software development that relies on software reuse.遗留系统 legacy system检验和有效性验证 verification & validationVerification and validation are not the same thing. Verification shows conformance with specification; validation shows that the program meets the customers needs.软件审查software inspectionConcerned with analysis of the static system representation to discover problems(static verification)软件测试 software testing Concerned with exercising and observing product behaviour (dynamic verification)系统测试 system testing集成测试 integration testingIntegration testing is testing increments of the system; 发布测试 release testingrelease testing involves testing a system to be released to a customer.Release testing is usually black-box or functional testing性能测试 performance testingPart of release testing may involve testing the emergent properties of a system, such as performance and reliability.组件测试 component testing黑盒测试 black box testingTesters do not have knowledge of the system implementation.等价划分 equivalence partitioningEquivalence partitioning is a way of discovering test cases - all cases in a partition should behave in the same way.边界值分析 boundary value analysis错误推测 error presume白盒测试 white box testing语句覆盖 statement coverage路径覆盖 path coverage测试用例 testing case流图（程序流图） flow graph环路复杂度 cyclomatic complexity调试 debuggingDebugging is concerned with locating and repairing these errors.Debugging invo