虚拟语气.doc

教师辅导讲义学员编号： 年 级：高二 课时数：3学员姓名： 辅导科目：英语 学科教师：尤飞洋课 题虚拟语气授课时间：备课时间： 教学目标重点、难点考点及考试要求教学内容状语从句中的虚拟语气虚拟语气在if引导的条件句中的用法三点：从句（条件）主句（目的）表示于现在事实相反的虚拟条件句If+主语+动词的过去式（be用were）主语+would(should could might)+动词原型表示与过去事实相反的拟条件句If+主语+had+动词的过去分词主语+would（should could might）+have+动词的过去分词表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句If+主语+should（were to）+动词原型/动词的过去式主语+would（could should might）+动词原型混合条件句主从句时间不一致的情况下的虚拟语气有时条件从句中的动作与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这是动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。含蓄条件句有时虚拟条件句并没用if从句表示出来，而是用介词短语（otherwise，or，without，but for）上下文或其他方式来表示。1. 条件暗含在短语中；2. 条件暗含在上下文中；3. 虚拟式变为习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。条件从句中省略if采用倒装语序的情况在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，有时可以把虚拟条件中的连词if省去，而将had，should，were等助动词提到主语之前。例：原句：If she were younger,she,would do it. 去if：Were she younger,she,would do it.虚拟语气在as if/as though引导的方式状语从句中1.表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑，谓语动词用过去式。2.表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时。3表示与将来事实相反注意：1.在as if/as though 句中，如果有可能成为事实，用陈述语气。例：He looks as if he going to be ill. 2.as though或as if引导的状语从句，从句主语和主句主语相同时，从句中可省略主语和部分谓语。虚拟语气用在lest，for fear that，so that及in order that引导的目的状语从句中表示“以防，以免”等意思谓语动词多用should/could/might+动词原型构成由“providing（that）/provided（that）/on condition that/suppose（that）/supposing（that）”引导的条件从句根据情况，1.可以用虚拟语气。 例：suppose/supposing that it rained,we shouldnt go out. 2.也可以用陈述语气。 例：They are willing to surrender provided they are given free pardon.“In case”引导的从句中即可用陈述句，也可以用虚拟语气（should）+动词原型例：1.The game will be put off in case it (should) snow. 2.The game will be put off in case it snows.名词性从句中的虚拟语气一：宾语从句中的虚拟语气1.在动词wish/holp后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气对现在情况的虚拟：从句谓语动词用过去式或过去进行式。对过去情况的虚拟：从句谓语动词用过去完成时，或would，could，might+现在完成时。对将来情况的虚拟：从句谓语“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。在表示建议，命令，要求，忠告，等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气均以“should+动词原型”表示这种语气，“should”常被省略。常用的此类动词有：表示“提议，劝告，建议”的：propose,suggest,recommend,advise.表示“要求”的：ask,desire, request,demand,require,beg表示“同意，坚持”的：insist表示“决定，命令”的：decide,order注意：suggest,insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示，表明，坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。在expect，believe，think，suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气经常用“should+动词原型（或完成形式），表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等情绪。Would rather，had rather，后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气谓语动词用过去式表示与现在或将来相反，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示“宁愿做什么”或“对过去做的事的懊悔”。注意：1.若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用动词原型 2.would rather.than中用动词原型主语从句中的虚拟语气“It is(was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that.”结构中的虚拟语气表达形式为should+动词原形或省略should常用的形容词：natural，appropriate，advisable，necessary，important，urgent，probable，possible，desirable，strange。注意：在上述所列形容词后面用that引出的宾语从句中，谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。例：I dont think it advisable that tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience.(汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的)在“It is (was)+名词+that.”结构句中的虚拟语气表示建议，命令，请求，道歉，怀疑，惊奇等。这类名词有：advice，decision，desire，demand，idea，order，pity，proposal，recommendation，suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder等。表语从句或同位语从句中的虚拟语气某些表示建议，请求，命令等主观意向的名词做主语时，其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气表达形式为should+动词原型或直接用动词原型。这类名词常见的有：demand，desire，requirement，advice，recommendation，suggestion，order，necessity，proposal，plan，idea。在It is (about/high) time+that 定语从句中的虚拟语气表示“该做.的时候了”其动词形式用一般过去时或should+动词原型注意：在this is the first time/ second time that.句型中，从句中谓语动词用陈述语气完成时态。If only 引起的感叹句中的虚拟语气If only引出感叹句，意思是“要是.多好”，表示说话人的一种愿望。例：If only he didnt drive so fast!(现在)If only the rain would stop.(将来)Look at the terrible situation I am in !if only I had followed your advice(过去)虚拟语气虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法条件从句有两类，一是真实条件句，另一是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生，是真实条件句，这种情况下谓语用陈述语气。如：If time permits, well go fishing together. 如果时间允许，我们就一起去钓鱼。如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如：If you had come yesterday, you would have met that famous professor.如果你昨天来，你就会见到那位著名的教授了。（隐含的事实是：你昨天没来，也没见到那位著名教授）。在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。注：主句中的should只用于第一人称，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如：If I were you, I should(would ,could, might)tell him the truth. 要是我是你，我就会告诉他真相了。（事实上我不是你）If she had time, she would(could, might)help me.如果她有时间，她就会帮我了。（事实上她没有时间）表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如：If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I should (would, could, might)have telephoned you.如果昨天我知道了你的电话号码，我就会给你打电话了。（事实上我昨天不知道你的电话号码。）If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt (couldnt) have failed in the exam.如果你听了我的建议，你就不会考试不及格。（事实上你根本没听我的。表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如：If it should rain, the crops would(could, might)be saved.假如天下雨，庄稼可能就收获了。-What would happen if I put the paper on the fire?-It would burn.-我若把只放在火上会怎么样？-纸会烧着。注：在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句中，were to + 动词原形比较正式，常用于书面语中。如：If you were to go to Beijing, you would (could, might) have a chance to visit Tian An Men Square.虚拟语气的其它用法虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法在“It is important (strange, natural, necessary) that”这类句型中，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “(should)+动词原形”结构，表示某事是“重要”，“奇怪”，“自然”，“必要”等意义。如：It is important that every Beijinger (should) be able to speak English. 重要的是每个北京人能说英语。It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once. 有必要马上把他送医院。虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be的过去式用were )表示。如： I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。（可惜不知道。）I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.但愿我的家乡四季如春。（只是愿望，实际根本不可能实现。）表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词用 had+过去分词。如：I wish (that) I hadnt wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。（实际上已经浪费掉了。He wishes (wished) he hadnt lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。（事实上机会已经失去了，他感到惋惜。）表示对将来的主观愿望：谓语动词形式为 “would/should/could/might+动词原形”，此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿（非动作名词除外）。如：I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止。I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安静一些。在suggest（建议）, demand(要求), order(命令), propose(建议), insist（坚持要做）, command(命令), request(要求), desire(希望)等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用 “(should)+动词原形”，表示建议，要求，命令等。如：I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once.我建议马上开会。The graduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.这位即将毕业的学生坚持要到南方去工作。注：当suggest表示暗示，主语为something；insist表示坚持观点时，后接的宾语从句当用真实语气。比较：His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision. 他建议我坚持自己的决定。He insists that doing morning exercises does good to peoples health. 他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day. 他坚持他每天都要早操虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法当主语为advice, suggestion, order, proposal等词时后接表语从句，表语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)+动词原形”结构，表示某人建议、劝告、命令等的内容。如：My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible. 我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。The order from the commander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately. 司令官的命令是部队立即开拔去前线。特殊的虚拟语气结构虚拟语气用在状语从句中由as if 或as ，though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时，从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。动词形式用动词的过去式(bewere)或had+过去分词。如：The teacher treats the student as if he were her own child. 这位老师带这位学生就象她的亲生孩子一样。He speaks as if he had been to the United States. 他说得好象他真的到过美国似的。在It is time (that) ; Id rather (that)句型中从句的谓语动词常用动词的过去式表示虚拟语气，意思是“该干某事了，时间已经有些晚了”“我宁愿/希望”。如：It is time that we did something to stop pollution. 该我们做些什么制止污染的时候了。It is time that Father picked up Lily from the kindergarten. 该父亲去幼儿园接莉莉的时候了。Id rather you told me the truth.我真希望你告诉我真相。Id rather I didnt see you again.我宁愿不再见着你。虚拟语气在同位语从句中的用法在名词advice, suggestion, order, proposal等后接的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气，其形式为 “(should)+动词原形”，说明“建议”，“劝告”，“命令”等的具体内容。如：The order came that the work should be finished two days ahead of time. 提前两天完成工作的命令传来了。Reluctantly she accepted their proposal that she should be operated on. 她勉强接受了他们要她去接受手术的建议。 注意： 有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now. 如果你当时听了我的话，现在就能完成这份工作了。（从句说明过去，主句说明现在。）If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。（从句说明现在，主句说明过去。）If you hadnt lent me some money, I couldnt have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.假若你不借钱给我，我不可能买下这幢新房，很可能现在还住在危房里。（从句说明过去，主句说明过去和现在。）条件从句中省去if的情况在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，常可以省略if，将had, were或should提至句首。如：Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night. 假如我看了那部电影，昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。Were I a bird, I could fly freely. 假如我是一只小鸟，我就能自由翱翔。Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest. 要是下周能下雨的话，农民们就能有个好收成了。语法专练虚拟语气1. I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _ the book from which it was made.A. have read B. had readC. should have readD. are reading2. You are late. If you _ a few minutes earlier, you _ him.A. come; would meet B. had come; would have metC. come; will meet D. had come; would meet3. The two students talked as if they _ friends for years.A. should be B. would beC. have been D. had been4. It is important that I _ with Mr. Williams immediately.A. speak B. spokeC. will speakD. to speak5. If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not _.A. have laid there for two hours B. have been lied there for two hoursC. have lied there for two hoursD. have lain there for two hours6. Lets say you could go there again, how _ feel?A. will you B. should youC. would youD. do you7. I cant stand him. He always talks as though he _ everything.A. knew B. knowsC. has known D. had known8. _ the fog, we should have reached our school.A. Because of B. In spite ofC. In case ofD. But for9. If you had told me in advance, I _ him at the airport.A. would meet B. would had metC. would have met D. would have meet10. Mike can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wishhe_ me how.A. teaches B. will teachC. has taught D. would teach11. I would have told him the answer had it been possible, but I _ so busy then.A. had beenB. wereC. was D. would be12. He suggested that they _ use a trick instead of fighting.A. shouldB. wouldC. could D. might13. My father did not go to New York; the doctor suggested that he _ there.A. not went B. wont goC. not go D. not to go14. Would you rather I _ to buy a new bike?A. decided B. will decide C. have decided D. shall decide 15. You look so tired tonight. It is time you _.A. go to sleep B. fell asleepC. go to bedD. went to bed16. If she could sew, _.A. she make a dress B. she would have made a shirtC. she will make a shirtD. she would had made a coat17. _ today, he would get there by Friday.A. Would he leave B. Was he leavingC. Were he to leave D. If he leaves18. If I _ you, I _ more attention to English idioms and phrases.A. was; shall pay B. am; will payC. would be; would pay D. were; would pay19. The law requires that everyone _ his car checked at least once a year.A. has B. had C. haveD. will have20. It is