阅读理解练习-船舶分类.doc

Merchant ships are designed to carry cargo. Some are also designed to carry passengers. They can operate as liners. These are employed on regular routes on a fixed timetable. A list of their arrival and departure dates is published in advance and they sail whether full or not. Liners can be classed as either deep-sea liners or short-sea liners. The former carry mainly containerized cargo across the oceans of the world; the later carry containerized or conventional cargo on shorter routes. Ferries are also classed as liners. These offer a daily or weekly service for passengers and vehicles across channels and narrow seas. A few ships are still employed as passenger liners. They not only carry passengers but also some cargo on routes from Europe to North America and to the Far East. Nowadays the passenger trade is very small and passenger liners usually operate as cruise ships for part of the year.001.The deep-sea liners _. A. carry mainly containerized cargo B. carry mainly conventional cargo C. offer a daily or weekly service for passengers and vehicles D. sail across channels and narrow seas.002.The Liners _. A. always sail full B. sail regularly even not full C. always sail in ballast D. will not sail if not full003.A list of the arrival and departure dates of liners _. A. will be published weekly B. will be published when they sail，whether full or not，from Europe to North America and to the Far East C. will not be published even they sail fully loaded D. is published prior to their departure004.It is implied in the passage that _. A. the number of passenger ships is small B. all passenger ships will carry some cargo in near future C. it is not necessary for liners to sail in regular time D. container carriers should carry some passengersabdaNowadays，most merchant ships are built to carry cargoes. And they mainly operate as tramps. These vessels do not sail on regular routes or keep to a fixed timetable，but are employed where there is cargo for them to carry. Tramps can be classed as deep-sea tramps or short-sea tramps. A number are classed as coasters. These ply on coastal routes and up rivers to inland ports. The traditional tramp cargoes are dry bulk cargoes，but some are designed to carry general cargoes.A large number of merchant ships operate as specialized vessels. These are designed to carry a particular type of cargo. There are several types of specialized vessel. The most common are oil tankers. They are owned by the major oil companies or by independent operators. Two other types of liquid bulk carrier of growing importance are chemical carriers and liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers.005.The deep-sea tramps _. A. carry bulk and general cargo across the high seas B. are built to carry passengers C. are mainly coasters D. are specialized vessel006.The coasters _. A. always sail across the high seas B. commonly carry oil cargo C. are mainly tankers D. sail on coastal routes and up rivers to inland ports007.The importance of LNG carriers _. A. is growing B. is not mentioned in passage C. is decreasing D. will be discussed further if necessary008.It is implied in the passage that _. A. the number of specialized vessels is not small B. all oil tankers will carry some chemicals in near future C. the tramps and specialized vessels are the basic type of merchant ships. D. container carriers should not be classed as trampsadaaCargo ships can be divided into two basic types. One type carries dry cargo，the other carries liquid cargo; however，an OBO ship is designed to carry both. A traditional dry cargo ship is the multi-deck vessel. Her holds are divided horizontally by one or two tween decks，because these make stowage of individual packages easier. Dry bulk cargo is carried in bulk carriers. These do not have tween decks as cargo is carried loose. The most modern type of dry cargo carrier is the container ship. They carry containers of standard dimensions，consequently stowage is easier. Fruit，meat and dairy produce are carried in refrigerated ships. Oil tankers are the most common type of liquid cargo carrier. They are often very large，because huge quantities of oil need to be transported and one large vessel is more economical to operate than two smaller ones. Two other types of liquid bulk carrier of growing importance are the liquefied natural gas (LNG) carrier and the chemical carrier，although chemical can also be carried in drums in general cargo ships.009.There are _ types of liquid bulk carrier. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5010.A multi-deck vessel has _ tween decks. A. has many B. no C. only one D. has up to two011.Fruit，meat and dairy produce are carried in_. A. containers carriers B. traditional ships C. OBO ships D. refrigerated ships012.The types of dry cargo carriers mentioned in the passage are _. A. tween deckers，OBO ships B. traditional dry cargo ship and multi-deck vessel C. OBO ships，oil tankers，chemical tankers and LNG carriers D. dry cargo ship，dry bulk cargo carrier，container carriers and refrigerated shipsbdddThe container ship is different from the conventional type and is an innovation noted for easier handling and quicker turnover of cargoes. Cargoes to be carried by this type of ship are pre-packed into containers before being loaded aboard the ship.Containers are sealed after being packed with cargoes. Made of metal or other durable materials，they are watertight after sealing and can therefore be stowed on deck whilst being carried. One of the features of container ships is that some of the containers are usually stowed on deck.The container ship is becoming increasingly popular in trading circles，and the trend is that the tonnage thereof will grow at a faster pace in future.025.What does innovation in the first paragraph mean? _. A. making changes B. the introduction of an antigenic substance into the body against a specific disease C. The act of introducing something new. D. revolution026.Containers are sealed after being packed with cargoes. A. filled B. loaded C. stuffed D. closed officially or under the supervision of notary public027.Of the following，_ is not the feature of the container ship? A. Some of the containers are usually stowed on deck. B. It is easy for handling and quick turnover of the cargo C. The container ship is becoming increasingly safer D. Cargoes are pre-packed into the container028.The tonnage of container ship is _. A. decreasing B. increasing C. remaining the same D. changingCdcbThe bulk carrier，long recognized as the workhorse of the world merchant fleet，has over the years had its design refined and optimized on the basis of previous successful experience. This provided what many considered to be a relatively uncomplicated and safe structural configuration.Recently，and regrettably with loss of human lives，a series of tragic ship losses has focused the attention of the marine industry and the public on the performance and inherent safety of this ship type.Extensive research and development，principally by the major classification societies，has highlighted the possible causes of the bulk carrier losses and brought about necessary changes to the design and scantlings for new ships. For existing ships，improvements to safety are anticipated through the reinforcement of the aft transverse watertight bulkhead，and the double bottom structure in way，of the foremost cargo hold，the introduction of a more rigorous survey regime and greater attention to operating procedures，particularly during cargo loading and discharge，in order to avoid over stressing of the structure or mechanical damage.145.In this paragraph，the term workhorse means _. A. the ship that performs dependably in marine industries B. a horse that is used for labor rather than for racing or riding. C. a person who works tirelessly，especially at difficult or time-consuming tasks. D. something that performs dependably under heavy or prolonged use146.The refined and optimized design of bulk carriers，considered by many people，_. A. is relatively uncomplicated and safe in their structural configuration B. is relatively complicated compared with previous structural configuration C. is relatively not safe on the basis of previous successful experience. D. will join world fleet recently147.The _ is not included in the anticipated improvements to safety for existing bulkships. A. introduction of a more rigorous survey regime and greater attention to operating procedures B. introduction of necessary changes to the design and scantlings C. reinforcement of the aft transverse watertight bulkhead D. reinforcement of the double bottom structure in way148.It is implied that a series of tragic bulkship losses _. A. will not be avoided even new design of their structure are introduced B. were contributed by the improvements to safety for existing ships C. has little effect on the marine industry and the public D. were caused by their inherent structuresAabdModern bulk carriers are normally designed to carry a variety of cargoes in order to provide operational flexibility. For cargoes such as coal or grain the ship would have all holds filled with the cargo (homogeneous loading condition) and be down to maximum draught. If heavy cargoes，with a stowage rate of about one third of that for coal were to be carried in the homogeneous condition each hold would only be about one third full. In that condition the ship would have a large metacentric height and a low centre of gravity resulting in a very stiff ship. Modern bulk carriers，intended for the carriage of ore，are designed for the carriage of ore cargoes in alternate holds and in larger ships only the odd numbered holds are loaded with ore. The advantages in this are that it is easier to achieve a satisfactory trim on the ship and a reduced time spent in port. However，the disadvantages are that the alternate hold loading pattern greatly increases the stresses in the double bottom structure and the shear forces in the side shell. The double bottom，hopper and topside tanks are arranged for the carriage of water ballast with the double bottom and hopper tanks often being inter-connected，by vertical trunks or pipes，with the topside tanks.157.The homogeneous loading condition refers to loading pattern that _. A. all cargo holds are fully loaded to the maximum of both volume and weight capacities B. each hold would only be about one third full C. only the odd numbered holds are loaded D. all cargo holds are loaded with cargoes158.Stiff ship is the condition that _. A. she has a large metacentric height B. she has a high centre of gravity C. her metacenter above baseline is low D. her centre of gravity is moderate159.The _ are not arranged for the carriage of ballast water. A. double bottom tanks B. topside tanks C. hopper tanks D. vertical trunks or pipes160.The disadvantage of the alternate hold loading pattern is that _. A. it is easier to achieve a satisfactory trim on the ship B. it increases the stresses in the double bottom structure and the shear forces in the side shell C. it is easier to achieve a reduced time spent in port D. the double bottom and hopper tanks are often inter-connected，by vertical trunks or pipes，with the topside tanksDadbMany carriers today make use of relay ports at which goods destined for more remote locations are transshipped onto substituted ships or feeder vessels，in order to secure faster and more efficient delivery than would be possible if the cargoes concerned were carried all the way to destination aboard the liner vessels on which they were first loaded. The transshipment of cargo at such intermediate ports has been judged not to constitute an unreasonable deviation where it is shown to be a custom of the trade. Nor，of course，is it an unreasonable deviation where the shipper acquiesced in it，had notice