2008考研英语翻译加解析.docx

2008 Text 1 While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New Yorks Veterans Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “Its not necessarily that women dont cope as well. Its just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens,” she observes, “its just that theyre dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarezs experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?A Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.B Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.C Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.D Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr. Yehudas research suggests that womenA need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.B have limited capacity for tolerating stress.C are more capable of avoiding stress.D are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to beA domestic and temporary.B irregular and violent.C durable and frequent.D trivial and random.24.The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows thatA Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.B Alvarezs salary barely covered her household expenses.C Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.D Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Strain of Stress: No Way Out?B Responses to Stress: Gender DifferenceC Stress Analysis: What Chemicals SayD Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress14【核心词汇】sphere sfi n. 球,球面,球体,天体,地球仪,范围vt. 包围,使成球体,放入球内【例】Many countries have difficulties in the economic sphere. 许多国家在经济方面遇到了困难。category ktigri n. 种类,类项;【例】These Categories recognize different levels of competition. 这些类别可被用来分辨出比赛里不同的等级。susceptible sseptbl a. 易受影响的,易感动的,容许的【例】This agreement is not susceptible to alteration. 这一协议不容更改。psychiatrist saikaitrist n. 精神病医师,精神病学家【例】The psychiatrist gave testimony that 精神病医生有证言说trigger trig n. 触发器,板机,制滑机 vt. 触发,发射,引起 vi. 松开板柄【例】The odour of food may be a trigger for mans appetite. 食物的香味能引起人的食欲。capacity kpsiti n. 容量,能力,才能,资格 n. 容量,资格,地位,职位【例】This room has a seating capacity of 100 people. 这个房间可容纳一百人。expose ikspuz vt. 使暴露,受到;使曝光;揭露,揭发【例】You shouldnt expose the soldiers to unnecessary risks. 你不应该让士兵们冒不必要的危险。random rndm n. 随意,任意a. 任意的,随便的,胡乱的,随机的 ad. 胡乱地domestic dmestik a. 家里的,家庭的;本国的,国内的;驯养的【例】The meeting concerns both foreign and domestic policies. 会议关系到国内外政策。devastating adj破坏性的【例】A smouldering cigarette can kindle a devastating bushfire. 闷燃着的香烟会引起毁灭性的林区大火。struggle strgl n. 斗争,战斗;挣扎,努力 vi. 挣扎斗争,奋斗【例】They stayed awake in their struggle against terrorists. 在与反恐怖分子的斗争中他们始终保持警惕。frustration frstrein n. 打破,挫折,顿挫【例】actions expressive of frustration. 表达受挫的行动paycheck peitek n. 付薪水的支票;薪津;租金【例】The boss docked his paycheck $ 20. 老板从他的工资中扣去20美元。obligation bligein n. 义务,职责,责任;契约,债务【例】He feels a prior obligation to his job as a journalist. 他觉得要优先为他的新闻记者的工作尽职。【难句解析】1. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.【译文】对于动物和人类的研究都显示出性激素会在某种程度去影响面对压力的反应，导致在同样的条件下，女性产生更多的致病化学物质。【解析】这句话的主语是Studies，of both animals and humans是定语，修饰主语。have shown是谓语，that后是宾语从句，sex hormones是宾语从句中的主语，affect是宾语从句中的谓语，the stress response是宾语从句中的宾语，causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.是宾语从句中的状语从句。2. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.【译文】在几项研究中，当受到压力的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性的生殖器官）被拿掉后，它们的化学反应变得和那些雄性的一样了。【解析】这句话中In several of the studies和when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed都是状语从句，their chemical responses是主语，became是谓语，在when的状语从句中，stressed-out female rats是从句中的主语，had something removed是谓语。3. Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress.【译文】对于女性来说，除了产生更多的导致压力的化学物质外，她们产生压力的“机会”也更多。“并不是女性要处理的事情太少，而是她们有更多的事情要处理。【解析】这句话中Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals是状语，add to的意思是增加,增添,补充，后面的句子没有主语。Adding to后面接的是名词，表补充！4. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals.【译文】女性面对的人与人之间的暴力是在家庭环境中的。不幸的是，她们与父母还有其他的家庭成员之间不是能够一次性解决的问题。【解析】这句话中The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to是主语，tend是谓语。unfortunately是插入语，整个的是by parents or other family members，and连接一个句子，所以这句话是一个并列句。5. Alvarezs experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.【译文】Alvarez的经历证明了当压力威胁你的健康和正常生理功能之前解压是非常重要的。【解析】这句话中Alvarezs experience是主语，demonstrates是谓语，the importance是宾语，of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.这整个一句话都是修饰宾语the importance的。【参考答案解析】21.参考答案【A】【解析】 A从文中Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men和Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.这2句话可以看出由于激素荷尔蒙的原因，女性在生理上面对压力时更脆弱。B文中没有表明女性受到来自于男性的压力。C和D 在前2段中没有说明，故选A。22.参考答案【D】【解析】D首先定位，Dr. Yehuadas 在第3段中，第一句话， Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress.女性的压力化学物质增多，她面对压力的机会就会增加。也就是更容易暴露在更多的压力下。A参考答案中有”chemicals”，但是表达的意思是处理压力需要额外的，更多的化学物质，和原文意思不符。B文中有一句话，“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens,”她们处理压力的能力也许甚至比男性还大，而参考答案的意思是女性处理压力的能力有限，与原文不符。C参考答案中是“avoiding stress”，而原文中没有提到避免压力。故选D。23.参考答案【C】【解析】C先回到原文，第4段，“The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating”来自于这些更长关系的磨损甚至可以是灾难性的。长期的，所以是durable；文中又说，“unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals.”中they tend not to be one-shot deals，说明不是一次两次，而是经常性的，所以是frequent。A. domestic是对的，文中有提及到，但是不是temporary，短暂的，而是长期的。Bviolent是男性面对的压力的特点，而不是女性。D. random也是男性面对的压力的特点，而不是女性。故选C。24.参考答案【B】【解析】B第五段最后定位，“Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”说明Alvarez生活很艰难，参考答案中Alvarez的工资仅能支付房租符合文中的意思A Alvarez只关心赚钱，与原文不符。CAlvarez从不同的工作中赚钱，在原文中没有体现。D Alvarez每件东西都是用支票支付的，在原文中没有体现。故选B。25.参考答案【D】【解析】D选出文章的最佳标题，性别的不公平：压力下的女性，最符合原文的意思。A紧张的压力：无路可出？文中主要是谈女性与压力，这个参考答案不符。B面对压力的反应：性别的不同，很多人会误选成这个参考答案，但是文章整篇是强调女性和压力的分析，而不是重点讨论男女性别在压力上的差别。C压力分析：化学物质告诉我们的，这个标题倾向于分析压力产生的原因，和原文意思相差较大。故选D。【全文翻译】在现代生活中女性就算是在某些领域可以追赶上男性，但至少在一个方面是领先的，尽管是她们不太想要的。纽约的退伍军管理医院精神科首席医生Yehuda博士说道，和男性相比，女性面对压力时，更容易受到影响，导致抑郁和紧张。对于动物和人类的研究都显示出性激素会在某种程度去影响面对压力的反应，导致在同样的条件下，女性产生更多的致病化学物质。在几项研究中，当受到压力的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性的生殖器官）被拿掉后，它们的化学反应变得和那些雄性的一样了。对于女性来说，除了产生更多的导致压力的化学物质外，她们产生压力的“机会”也更多。“并不是女性要处理的事情太少，而是她们有更多的事情要处理。”Yehuda博士说道。“她们对于压力的承受能力有时候甚至比男性的还大”，她观察到，“她们只是需要处理的事情太多，看起来会更容易精疲力尽。”Yehuda博士注意到了另一个男女之间的不同点。“我认为，女性通常要做的事是慢性的，重复的。而男人去战场，承受的是格斗的压力。男性面临的更多的是随意的身体上的暴力。女性面对的人与人之间的暴力是在家庭环境中的。不幸的是，她们与父母还有其他的家庭成员之间不是能够一次性解决的问题。这种长期的关系的磨合是更有破坏性的。Adeline Alvarez 18岁结婚并生了个儿子，但她决定完成大学学业。“我尽了很大的努力拿到大学学位，因为我在实际生活中有很多的挫折，而这就是我的逃避，去学校，争取上游，做到更好。”不久后，她离了婚变成一个单亲母亲。“除了照顾一个十几岁的孩子，还要工作，付房租，养车，还债是最难的事情了。我的生活就是不停的支付自己的账单。”不是每个人经历着和Alvarez describes一样的长期的压力，但是大多数女性都在处理着太多的责任，很少得到喘息，从而感到了压力。Alvarez的经历证明了当压力威胁你的健康和正常生理功能之前解压是非常重要的。2008 Text 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the reports authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph, the author discussesA the background information of journal editing.B the publication routine of laboratory reports.C the relations of authors with journal publishers.D the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?A It criticizes government-funded research.B It introduces an effective means of publication.C It upsets profit-making journal publishers.D It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text, online publication is significant in thatA it provides an easier access to scientific results.B it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.C it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.D it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required toA cover the cost of its publication.B subscribe to the journal publishing it.C allow other online journals to use it freely.D complete the peer-review before submission.30.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?A The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.B A new mode of publication is emerging.C Authors welcome the new channel for publication.D Publication is rendered easier by online service.【重点词汇】straightforward streitf:wd adj.简单的，易懂的，不复杂的：a straightforward process 简单的过程；坦诚的，坦率的，率直的。 【例】American speech is remarkably straightforward. 美国人的语言非常直率。affiliation filiein n.隶属关系；隶属，从属。【例】Ethnic character, background, or affiliation. 属于少数民族种族特性、背景或关系endeavor indev n. v. 努力,尽力,竭力,力图,试图 【例】we endeavor to make our customers happy. 我们努力使客户满意。distribution distribju:n n. 分发;销售;频率分布;分配装置;分布;区分,分类;配电【例】distribution of the population 人口分布subscriber sbskraib n.订户,签署者,捐款者,认购者 【例】Write away now for the free album offered to every new subscriber. 请速来信订阅，新订户可免费获取画册一本。repository ripzitri n.贮藏室，智囊团，知识库，仓库 【例】Once rules are defined, theyre stored in a central repository. 一旦规则定下来，它们要集中存放在一处。hybrid haibrid n.杂种，混血儿，混合物；adj.混合的，杂种的 （hybridism 杂交，混血 hybridity 杂种状态）【例】widely cultivated hybrid poker plant. 广泛种植的杂种植物。【难句解析】1. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it is making access to scientific results a reality.【译文】提供资金的机构施加压力，质疑为什么商业刊物可以通过限制刊载的手段从政府投资的研究项目中牟利，互联网使得阅读科研结果成为现实。【解析】两个“-”号中间的部分完全可以视作插入部分独立分析。“the internet is making access to scientific results a reality. ”“funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it.”这样分析就会简单很多：“提供资金的机构施加压力，质疑为什么商业刊物可以通过限制刊载的手段从政府投资的研究项目中牟利，互联网使得阅读科研结果成为现实。”2. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.【译文】其他的模式都是对这三种的不同组合，比如延期开放式是指某一些期刊在发表文章的前六个月只允许付费阅览，此后转为免费阅读。【解析】such as后面引导从句，这句话以“其他模式”领起，但实际上只重点举了一个例子。“where”后面的句子都是以“delayed open-access”作为先行词。“其他的模式都是对这三种的不同组合，比如延期开放式是指某一些期刊在发表文章的前六个月只允许付费阅览，此后转为免费阅读。”【参考答案解析】26.参考答案【D】【解析】本题考查的知识点是：第一段的主旨题。本题的题干是主旨题的一种常见形式，即The paragraph (passage)states(illustrates,discusses,deals with, is concerned about, describes) 。因此接下来要判断哪个选项是第一段的主旨的概括，该段没有明显的主题句，各句子的重要性没有明显的差别，因此考生需要在理解句子所陈述的意思之后，概括出作者写这个段落的目的。综合各句子的含义可看出，第一段在让读者了解学术期刊的出版过程及特点。第一、二段开始两个表时间的词语used to be和No longer 相呼应，表明这两段分别侧重介绍过去和现在的情况。27.参考答案【C】【解析】选项从“makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits.”一句可以分析得出。OECD的报告没有谈到对政府出资的科研项目的评论，总结全新的互联网平台所促进的新的出版模式，而不是引进介绍一种新的方法。报告本身也没有对科学研究带来好或者不好的影响。28.参考答案【A】【解析】第二段第二句提到，网络使免费使用科研成果成为现实（The internet is making access to scienrific results a reality）。表面上该句只是在谈网络的作用，但由于本文围绕“学术期刊出版”展开论述，因此这里讲的就是网络出版的意义。29.参考答案【A】【解析】根据题干中关键词open-access publishing定位到第四段。该段共介绍了四种网络出版模式，“开放存取出版模式”是第二种。文中提到它主要依靠作者或其雇主支付论文出版费用。A是文中（asking the author to）pay for the paper to be published的改写，为正确项。30.参考答案【B】【解析】整篇文章都是在以客观的角度来介绍新的出版方式，没有表露作者的观点（排除C），更没有从传统出版商的角度来表示互联网是一种威胁（排除A），而对D选项，全文则没有深入展示。【全文翻译】原本一切都很简单。一组研究员在实验室里共同完成一个试验，把结果提交给某刊物，刊物的编辑把作者姓名及相关信息隐去，把报告交给这些研究者的同行去审阅。根据评论意见，编辑将决定是否发表。因此，版权留在刊物出版社手上，辛苦探求知识的研究者反倒要花钱订阅刊物。现在不再是这样了。提供资金的机构施加压力，质疑为什么商业刊物可以通过限制刊载的手段从政府投资的研究项目中牟利，互联网使得阅读科研结果成为现实。经济合作及发展组织近日发布一项调查，描述了这一现象所造成的深远影响。澳大利亚维多利亚大学的John Houghton和经合组织的Graham Vickery联合完成这一报告，内容使目前为止收入丰厚的出版商们感到汗颜。但是这项报告的意义远远不止于此，它标志着科学尝试的一项关键性因素即将发生改变。在某种程度上来说，知识的价值和公共投资能否取得较高回报，取决于是否能够得到广泛的流通、人们是否能够比较容易地获取这些研究成果。这是一项很大的产业。在美国，核心科研出版市场产值每年在70亿美元到110亿美元左右。国际科学、技术和医学出版社集团宣称全世界专业出版本类期刊的出版商有2000多家。他们每年在16000种刊物上发表120万篇以上文章。这个数字现在有所变化。根据OECD报告，目前有75%的专业期刊在互联网上有在线阅读。全新的商务模式正在形成，报告作者总结出其中三种。第一种是所谓的大订单模式，即机构团体订阅者通过签订网站协议付钱购买阅读一批刊物文章题目的权限。第二种为开放式出版模式，这种方式的典型特点是要求作者（或其雇主）付费发表文章。最后一种为开放式档案模式，即一些组织，比如大学或者国际实验室建立和维护的一些机构数据库。其他的模式都是对这三种的不同组合，比如延期开放式是指某一些期刊在发表文章的前六个月只允许付费阅览，此后转为免费阅读。至少对论文的发表来说，这些都将颠覆传统的同行审阅模式。2008 Text 3 In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Ba