影响学生准确解答细节理解题的几个因素.doc

影响学生准确解答细节理解题的几个因素尽管近几年高考英语阅读试题中推断题呈不断上升的趋势，但细节题仍然占有较大比例，而且已由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查同学们对英语语言的理解能力，因此难度比往年有所增加。事实细节是文章的重要组成部分，它进一步说明了文章的主题和大意，是作者表达中心思想的具体手段，普通高中英语课程标准明确指出，学生在阅读过程中应该“分清文中的事实和观点”，“关注重点细节”，“理解图标信息”和“理解指代关系”。目前高考题中细节理解题占有较大比例，这种题型主要考查学生对文中特定细节或某重要事实的理解能力，这种题型应该是学生的得分点，因为它比较容易在原文中直接找到答案，但事实并不是我们想象的那么乐观，通过批阅和分析发现：学生在理解语言细节时，往往不准确，大多数学生都不能较好地联系上下文，只是盯住一处和问题相似的地方，造成断章取义的后果，另外，近几年，高考细节理解题的数量增多、难度加大、它融合在主旨大意题。推理判断题的选项中。由于平时训练时、学生轻视细节题，教师重视不够、指导不到位，导致学生失分较多，因此在练习时，细节理解题应该得到师生的共同关注，避免不必要的失分。 通过观察学生平时的答题情况，笔者发现经常影响他们解题正确率的有如下几个因素。1、 词汇内涵和外延不同所带来的影响一般来讲，细节理解题往往要求学生在阅读后带着问题回归原文相关的句子或者段落中去查找答案，这一点很容易做到。但是，学生在理解过程中，却忽略了词在题中所表达的意思和在文章中所表达的意思在含义方面的区别，将其一视同仁，结果导致选项错误。如： Scientists around the world have been studying the warming of waters in the Pacific Ocean known as EL Nino. The appearance of EL Nino is known to affect weather around the world.Scientists still do not completely understand it .Yet they now find they can use it to tell about the future in different areas of the world.Scientists have been studying EL Nino_.A.to tell the future of the word B.so that they can tell the cause of bad weather C.because they want to help Zimbabwe to get encough rain D.in order to offer people help in fighting against nature 正确答案是D，但是很多学生选了A，因为原文中有这样的一句话：Yet they now find they can use it to tell about the future in different areas of the world.，学生没有认真地理解原文中的future是指the future weather,而A选项中的future就是单词本身的意思，即time that will come after the present。另外学生似乎也缺乏常识和对文章的通篇考虑。这篇文章讲的是EL Nino现象给地球所带来的影响，科学家对其进行研究，目的决不是告知世界的未来，而是通过对其研究，找到解决的办法。因此，在这个题中，盲目回归原文找到相同的词就选，而不是考虑文中的the future of the world.，与选项A中the future of the world 并非表达同一意思，就会导致错选。2.语言理解不准确，断章取义所带来的影响学生在对语言细节进行理解时，往往不能联系上下文之间的语意联系和通篇的逻辑性，而是只盯住一处和问题相似的地方。选完答案后，不再考虑选项所表达的意思是否和原文逻辑一致，是否符合常识。如：These reptiles are excellent predators and have few natural enemies.Crocodiles have about 30 or 40 teeth in each jaw. And it is the jaw that gives a unique feature to them .A crocodile can close its jaws with such force that it can break the bones of some animals.Yet once the jaws are shut ,they are so weak that they can be held together by a persons hand .We can infer from para7 that_.A. crocodiles close their jaw s quickly B. crocodilesjaws are easy to control when they are open C. crocodiles are not dangerous to people when their jaws are closedD. crocodilesjaws are very powerful when closing正确选项为D，但是很多学生选C.主要原因是，学生认为根据原文中的Yet once the jaws are shut ,they are so weak that they can be held together by a persons hand .就可以推断出crocodiles are not dangerous to people when their jaws are closed。实际上，两者根本不构成因果关系，也就是说they are so weak that they can be held together by a persons hand 并不能说明.crocodiles are not dangerous to people，而且这个结论不合乎常理。另外，学生对D选项中when closing的理解也不正确。原句中的Yet once the jaws are shut，即Yet,once the jaws are closed,说的是“一旦他们的嘴闭上了”这一状态；而选项中的when closing是说“在闭嘴”这个动作的时候，和上句中的 can close its jaws with such force 是一样的。由于学生对语言的理解不准确，又没有考虑上下文的逻辑关系，结果在这道很容易得分的试题上却丢了分。因此，教师应该提醒学生在阅读时，特别是在阅读与问题相关的部分时，不能只关注笼统的意思，而忽视语言细节的理解。3、题干理解不到位所带来的影响目前，在高考阅读理解题中，经常在题干上设置干扰，目的是考察学生审题和正确理解题干的能力，而学生往往对题目一扫而过就匆匆答题，导致答非所问。如：The middle school boy is still in bad condition after having about two and a half hours of operation on the night of the shooting .He is the youngest of the nine Victims,including one who was shot dead on Oct.9.All the victims,seven dead and two wounded ,were in public place doing ordinary things.They were working at grass, filling a gas tank or walking into a supermarket.How many victims had been killed in the series of shooting around Washington D.C. before Oct.7th?A.Seven B. Six C. Nine D.Eight正确选项为B,许多学生选了A.这些学生看到了题干中How many victims had been killed，于是回归原文All the victims,seven dead and two wounded ,were in public place doing ordinary things.。由于没有认真阅读题干，忽略了before Oct.7th 这个限制条件，结果导致了误选。因此，在教学中，老师要引导学生注意审题，特别是一些在题目上有意设置障碍的题，要帮助他们正确理解题干的真实意思。比如，Whats the purpose of ? What is the main idea of ? What is the best main idea 都是考查主旨中心的题，但是purpose，main idea，main idea的不同措词，对答案都有不同的要求。另外有些题干在语言表达上有意设置障碍，教师可以告诉学生变换一下题干的说法，化繁为简，如：Which of the following is not wrong ?可以改成Which is right ? All of the following are described except ? 可改成Which is not described?此外教师应该要求学生完整阅读某些题干上的限制条件后再答题。如：“Which of the following concerning people who live in hazardous locations is ture?”中的concerning people who live in hazardous locations；“What is the writers attitude towards government relief for damaged properties? 中的towards government relief for damaged properties.4.不能识别近义词、句替换所带来的影响在阅读理解中，命题者往往会利用一些近义词，句等来替代原文中的语言表达，从而考查学生的语言功底和领悟上下文的能力；学生只要具备一定的词汇量和理解上下文的能力，很容易就能确定答案。问题是，一些学生往往不能识别这种替代或变换了的句式结构，从而导致理解不畅。如：The experimental version of the device weighs about one and a half kilograms,but it is too costly for most people to buy.But the researchers hope to make lighter and less costly version .An improved version should be ready in one year.What is the disadvantage of the experimental version of the device?A. It is too heavy for the walker to bear.B. It is too complex for people to use .C. It will slow down ones walking speedD. It is too dear for most people to afford.正确选项为D，一些学生选A。由于词汇量不够以及借助构词法的猜测能力不强，这些学生不知道原文中的costly与选项中的dear是相同的意思。因此把注意力都集中在weighs about one and a half kilograms、和make lighter上，从而选择了A.5.貌似相同所带来的影响学生在解答细节理解题时，有时觉得简单，就凭着印象和暂时的记忆选题，不回归原文中进行对照区别，或者即使回归原文也不仔细对照区别，就急于选题，而出题者恰恰利用了学生的这一心理，专门设置了一个与原文很相似的选项，干扰学生的解题。如：Wu Jinyou, head of the Polar Reasearch Institute of China,and the groups of China, and the groups leader,said “I hope the students have not only a field trip to the Yellow River station ,but are also touched by the devition and spirit of the Chinese researchers here.I also expect in the future,some of them will choose to devote themselves to polar research and maybe even work with us.”Which of the following is true about Wu Jinyou?A. He is a gradute from Dalin Marinetime University.B. He is the leading polar researcher working at the research station.C. He is sure that all the ten students would make good polar researchersD. He thinks highly of the devotion and spirit of the Chinese researchers.正确答案为D,但是一些学生选B.在这篇文章中，多次出现 polar、research、 researcher、station.等词，再加上原文中有一个the groups leader，选项中有一个leading，就毫不犹豫地选择了这个答案。事实上，两句话所表达的意思根本不一样，只是用了许多相近的词，结果学生落入了命题者故意设置的陷阱。再如： 2009山东卷，A篇57. Which of the following is true of the Hatches? A. They had their children during the Great Depression. B. They left the family farm to live in an old house. C. They gave away their possessions to their neighbors. D. They helped their neighbors to find jobs. 正确答案是C。第四段第一句话说Hatch夫妇是在大萧条时期出生的(Children of the Great Depression, Ish and Arlene were known for their habit of saving.)，而不是他们在大萧条时期有了孩子，排除A；第三段提到他们的老房子位于他们家的农场里，B错误，但是，很多学生匆匆看一眼就记住the family farm和 live in an old house就误选B；第二段提到他们帮助有困难的邻居们，但未提及帮助他们找工作，D项错误。C项说Hatch 夫妇把他们的钱全都赠给了他们的邻居们，符合文意。6.所考察的信息分散所带来的影响 阅读理解题中的事实细节会分散在文章的不同地方，命题者往往针对这些分散的事实细节设置选题。在解答过程中，由于学生常常不注意篇章结构和层次安排，忽视了分散的信息，导致做题时候回答不全面，丢掉部分有用细节。因此，教师要指导学生关注这类试题的设置方式和特点，让学生见到这样的题型时多加留意。如：Tipping, psychologists have found , is not just about service. Instead have shown that tipping can be affected by psychologists reactions to a series of different factors from the waiters choice of words, to how they carry themselves while taking orders, to