虚拟语气 与事实相反,要用虚拟语气.doc

虚拟语气 与事实相反，要用虚拟语气虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示，对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法介绍如下：A).条件从句的虚拟语气 条件从句的谓语动词主句的谓语动词与现在事实相反be-were/ 动词-过去式would/ should/ might/ could + do与过去事实相反过去完成式would/ should/ might/ could + have done与将来事实相反were to/ should + do/动词-过去式would/ should/ might/ could + doEg. 如果我是你，我就不看电视了.If I were you, I should/would not watch TV.如果我做完家庭作业，我就去参加晚会.If I did/had done my homework, I would go/have gone to the party.如果你昨天晚上不看电视，就不会迟到了.If you hadnt gone to the cinema, you would not have been late for class.如果你努力地学习的话，你就会考试及格了。If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam.The plants in our garden_better if it had not rained so much last year. A.had grown B.would have grown C.were growing D.would growNote:a).条件从句中if 的省略，要倒装如果条件从句的谓语动词包含有were或助动词、情态动词had,should,could，有时可将连词if省去，而将 条件从句的主语置于were,had,should,could之后。这种用法主要用于书面语，如：a.与现在相反：If I were you (=Were I you) , I would go with him. b.与过去相反：If I had had time then (=Had I had time then), I would have gone with you. c.与将来相反：If I were to visit/should visit/visited the Great Wall tomorrow, (=Were I to /Should I visit the Great Wall tomorrow), I would take my son with me. 注意：在否定句中not不可提至主语前，如： （误）Werent I here now, I would be in the bus. （正）Were I not here now, I would be in the bus. b).without 可以代替条件从句 Eg.没有水和空气，我们就不能生存。 We would not live without water or air. c) 混合虚拟条件句 如果条件从句的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生，主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的 时间加以调整。这种句子叫做混合虚拟条件句。如： If he had followed my advice,he would be quite all rightnow.（从句述说过去，主句述说现在） If China had not been liberated,the working people wouldstill be leading a miserable life.（ 从句表示与过去的事实相反，主句说明与现在的事实相反）d) 省略主句，只保留if(only)的条件句 虚拟条件句中的表示结果的主句有时形式上可以省略，但意义仍然存在。这种句子只保留一个if(only)条 件从句，表达说话人的强烈愿望。如：If(only)she were my sister！她是我的妹妹就好了！e) 用but或but for引导含蓄条件句（but后跟从句，but for后跟短语: 假如没有, 要不是） But for your help,our experiment wouldnt have been sosuccessful. 假如没有你们的帮助，我们的实验是不会如此成功的。 But for the storm,we should have arrived earlier. 要不是碰到暴雨我们会到得早一些。 We would have invited them to the dance,but they were too busy. 要不是他们太忙，我们会邀请他们来参加舞会的。 此句可改写为：If they had not been so busy,we would haveinvited them to the dance. But that he is in hospital,He would go abroad for hissummer vacation. 要不是生病住院，他就出国度暑假了。 该句可改写为：If he wereint in hospital,he would go abroadfor his summer vacatiom.f) Ifonly.这是一种特殊句式结构 一、If only.用于感叹句中,是一个保留条件句,省略了主句的形式。用来表示某人对某事的一种强烈愿望或未实现的条件,其意为但愿;真希望;要是就好了。常用于虚拟语气的谓语动词形式。 Ifonlysheweremysister!如果她是我姐姐该多好啊! (=Howfineitwouldbeifsheweremysister!)Ifonly.引导的从句谓语动词形式分以下几种:1.Ifonly后常接一般过去时,表示对现在的一种难以实现的愿望。如:1)IfonlyIhadthatbook!我要是有那本书就好了。 =HowfineitwouldbeifonlyIhadthebook(butIhaventthebook). 2)IfonlyIwereyounger!要是我年轻点儿就好了! =HowfineitwouldbeifonlyIwereyounger!(butIamnotyounger) 3)Ifonlymymotherwereherenow!要是我母亲现在在这儿就好了。 (butsheisntherenow)4)Howfineitwouldbeifonlytheycouldfindawaytogettotheroom!他们要是能够找到一条通道进入那个房间该多好啊!2. If only后常接过去完成时,表示过去没有实现的愿望。如:1)Ifonlyyouhadworkedwithgreatercare!你当时干活时要是再认真些就好了! (butyoudidntworkwithgreatercare)2)Ifonlywehadarrivedintime,wewouldnothavemissedthetrain!要是我们及时赶到,就不 会误车了。(butwedidntarriveintime)3.Ifonly后常用过去将来时表示将来不大可能实现的愿望。如:Ifonlyshewouldwin!但愿她能赢!二、If only有时也可引导陈述语气的真实条件句,意思为只要。Ifonlyitclearsup,wellgo.只要天一放晴,我们就去。与此句型容易混淆的还有一种结构only if.,only置于if前表示强调if条件,意为只要,用于引导陈述语气的真实条件句。Onlyifyoustudyhard,youwillpassthetest.只要你努力学习,就会通过考试。B).宾语从句的虚拟语气a).wish+宾语从句 与现在/将来事实相反 谓语动词- be-were/ 动词-过去式 与过去事实相反 过去完成式 eg. I wish I were a bird flying freely in the sky. I wish you passed the entrance exam.I wish you hadnt been absent yesterday.b).表示请求，命令，建议的动词后(一坚持(insist),二命令(order,command),三建议(suggest,propose,advise),四要求(demand, require, request,ask) 谓语动词-(should)+doeg.我们建议她去看医生。 We suggested that she (should) go to see a doctor.例外情况：suggestion，insist后从句中不用虚拟语气的问题suggest作为“表明，暗示”时，不用虚拟语气insist作为“坚持认为”时，不用虚拟语气eg.The smile on his face suggested that he succeeded in the task. 我们坚持他应该去看医生。(坚持要sb做) We insisted that he (should) go to see a doctor. We insisted that old Li was an advanced worker in our company. Janes pale face suggested that she ill and her parents suggested that she _ a medical examination. A.be;should have B.was;have C.should be;had D.was;has C).主语从句的虚拟语气It is important/necessary/strange+that+主+(should) do.Eg. It is necessary that we (should) master a foreign language to find a good job.D).状语从句的虚拟语气 a).方式从句 与现在/将来事实相反 谓语动词- be-were/ 动词-过去式 与过去事实相反 谓语动词-过去完成式eg.她很悲伤仿佛整个世界都背叛了她。 She felt upset and sad as if/as though the whole world had turned against her. b).让步从句 与现在/将来事实相反 谓语动词- be-were/ 动词-过去式与过去事实相反 谓语动词- 过去完成式eg.即使他向我道歉，我也不会原谅他。 Even if/Even though he apologized to me, I wouldnt pardon him.E).it is (high,about) time+从句的虚拟语气从句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是1.用过去时态表示虚拟Or 2.should + 动词原形，should 不能省常译为是（正是）的时侯 It is (high,about) time for+sth. for sb to do. that +clause(谓语动词- be-were/ 动词用过去时或should+V)eg.我们该回家了. It is time (that)we went/should go home.1 He suggested that the meeting put off. A. not be B. should not C. wouldnt D. be not2 What would have happened if you her child? A. hadnt helped B. couldnt help C. wouldnt help D. didnt help3 It is strange that he so. A. thinks B. think C. thought D. will think4 If I with her last summer, I with her now. A. workedam getting on very well B.had workedwould get on very well C. had worked would have got on very well D.had workedwill get on very well5 I wish I my uncle yesterday. A. met B. have met C. would meet D. had met6 The old professor gave orders that the experiment before 6. A. was finished B. will finish C. be finished D. shall be finished7 Its high time he home. A. goes B. went C. will go D. is going to go8 you succeed and you be healthy. A. Maymay B. Wishwish C. Hopehope D. Shouldmay9 Galileo insisted that the earth round the sun. A. should move B. move C. moves D.A or B10 I was very busy yesterday, otherwise I to the meeting. A. came B. would come C. had come D. would have come11 Supposing the weather bad, where would they go? A. will be B. is C. were D. be12 your letter, I would have started off two days ago. A. If I receivedB. Should I receiveC. If I could have received D. Had I received13 If only I to my parents advice! A. listening B. listen C. am listening D. had listened14 If it rain next week, the farmers could still have a good harvest. A. should B. could C. would D. might15 -Why didnt you come to the party yesterday? -I , but an unexpected visitor came to see me. A. did B. would C. had D. was going to 16 Id rather you me the news. A. not tell B. not to tell C. didnt tell D. hadnt told17 I to stay there for one more week, but I changed my mind. A. would have hoped B. was hoping C. had hoped D. hoped18 His silence at the meeting suggested that he to your plan. A. shouldnt agree B. wouldnt agree C. hadnt agreed D. didnt agree19 He the job well, but he so careless. A. hadnt done, had beenB. could have done, was C. could do, was D. had done, had been20 Li Ling acted that way as though he a foreigner. A. were B. had been C. should be D. isKeys: 1-5 AABBD 6-10 CBACD 11-15 CDDAD 16-20 CCDBA一 非谓语动词 1. 非谓语动词的种类A. 不定式 p.127a. 不定式的基本特征：主动形式被动形式一般式（not）to do（not）to be done完成式（not）to have done（not）to have been done进行式（not）to be doing完成进行（not）to have been doing动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。可以充当： 主语、表语、定语、宾语、状语、补足语。动词不定式由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。1、Good-bye , Mr. Wang. Im pleased _ you.A. to meet B .meeting C. to have been meetingD. to be met A2、Encouragement through praise is the most effective method of getting people _ their best. A. do B. to do C. doing D. done B动词不定式的被动式当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的对象时（或动作的承受者时），不定式一般要用被动式。1、The ability _ is very important for any speaker.A. to hear clearly B. to be clearly heardC. to hearing clearly D. to being clearly heard B。 2、Mr. and Mrs. Smith didnt expect the house _ so well.A. to be decoratedB. to decorate C. be decorated D. decorating A动词不定式的复合结构如需指出不定式动作的发出者时（即逻辑主语时）要在不定式前用for加名词（或代词）表示。1、It was very difficult _ me to learn Spanish.A. of B. toC. withD. forD2、It is necessary _ the papers immediately.A. for you to hand in B. that you hand outC. your hand inD. for your hand in A动词不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作发生在句子谓语所表示的动作之前。1、Judging from his manners at the party, he doesnt seem _ much education.A. to receiveB. to be receivingC. to have receivedD. to have been received C2、The book is said _ into several foreign languages up to now.A. to translateB. to have translateC. to have been translatedD. to be translated Cb.不定式做主语时，谓语动词用单数To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门外语不是一件容易的事。在很多情况下，人们通常用it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式短语移到谓语之后，使句子显得平稳一些。如：Its good manners to wait in line. 排队等候是很有礼貌的。It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that.听到他那样跟他妈妈说话我们很生气。c.不定式做宾补的注意事项：不定式可以和名词或代词一起构成复合结构作动词的宾语，这时不定式被称为宾语补足语。如：I would like you to help me with my English exercises.我想请你帮我做英语练习。I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 我从来没想到鞋子这么快就穿破了。动词help后面接不定式作宾语或宾语补足语可以带to也可以不带to。如：Who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? 谁能帮我拎这个重箱子？在make, let, have等使役动词和see, watch, notice, hear, feel等感官动词后的复合宾语中，动词不定式不带to。当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时，不定式就成了主语补语，作主语补语的不定式必须加to。I often hear her sing in the next room. 我经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。They make the baby go to bed at 7:00 p.m. every day.他们每天让孩子晚上7：00上床睡觉。Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 尽管他经常弄哭他的小妹妹，但今天他却被他的小妹妹弄哭了。He is often heard to sing the song. 经常有人听到他唱这首歌。get, leave等词也有“让”“叫”的意思，和使役动词意思相近，但它们后面的不定式作宾语补足语必须要有to。如：Ill get him to try it again. 我将让他再试一次。How could you leave him to have supper with a stranger?你怎么让他跟一个陌生人一起吃晚饭？think, consider, believe, declare, suppose, find, imagine, know, understand, take, prove, feel等动词后面接的不定式短语作补语多由：to be+形容词或名词构成；think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。如：When he woke up, she found herself (to be ) badly injured.她醒来的时候，发现自己受了重伤。I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好，很诚实。含有此类复合宾语的句子变成被动语态时，不定式同样被称之为主语补足语。如：The young man was considered to have great promise. 这个年轻人被认为大有前途。The situation was found to be quite encouraging. 形势看来很使人鼓舞。以be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear等构成谓语的句子中，动词不定式通常也可看作主语补语。如：More than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident.据报道，有20多个人死于事故。I happened to be talking with him when he was hit by a car. 他被汽车撞的时候，我碰巧在和他谈话。c. 不定式作定语通常放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后，以下几种情况常用不定式作定语：（1）能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语，常见的有attempt, decision, promise, plan, intention, failure, wish, determination等。如：He hasnt kept his promise to write to his parents regularly. 他没有遵守诺言定期给他父母亲写信。My wish to be a teacher is quite understandable.我想成为一个教师的愿望是可以理解的。（2）常与不定式搭配的形容词，其同源名词一般可以带不定式作定语，常见的有ability, anxiety, eagerness, ambition等。如：His eagerness to finish his work in time was quite obvious.他急切地想准时完成工作是很明显的。We admire his ability to speak a foreign language so well.我们欣赏他能把一门外语说得这么好。（3）序数词、形容词最高级或被only, last, next等词修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.他总是第一个来最后一个离开。The next person to attend the meeting is Dr. Baker.下一个出席会议的人是贝克先生。还有一些名词经常带不定式作定语。如：person, man, thing, something, anything, nothing, time, way, reason, chance, courage, opportunity等。如：We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。He had no reason to leave his friends and live alone on the island.他没有理由离开他的朋友独自住到岛上去。不定式作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词之间有意义上的动宾关系，如果该不定式动词是不及物动词，它后面需加上适当的介词。如：There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。There are many interesting books to choose from, but I dont know which to borrow. 有很多有趣的书可以挑选，但我不知道该借哪一本。不定式在表语形容词后面，不定式用主动式:A.This question is difficult to answer. B.Hes hard to work with.在there be结构中，则主被动形式都可以:A.Theres a lot of work to do/ to be done. B.Theres nothing to do/ to be done.d.不定式作状语： 1).不定式作目的状语，有时也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to结构。如：In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade.为了保护幼苗不被太阳晒坏，妈妈把它们放到了阴凉处。He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.今天早上他起身很早以免上学再迟到。（so as (not) to do不可以置于句首。）2).不定式作结果状语，常见的结构有tooto, enoughto, soas to, suchas to, only to等。如：The question is too difficult for me to answer. 对我来说，这个问题很难回答。He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself.他说他足够聪明可以独自应付这件事。Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 请你帮我把收音机调低一点好吗？ He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒来发现自己在医院里。注意：tooto通常表示“太而不”，但在下列句子中没有否定的意思。She is only too glad to stay at home. 她太想留在家里了。He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考试结果。“only+不定式(短语)”用法“only + 不定式(短语)”这一结构通常多表示主语意想不到的结果，而且这些结果多不令人愉快。如：He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.we hurried to the station only to learn that the train had left.也可以用被动式和用逗号隔开。 如：I went to see him, only to find him out.The thief stole into the house, only to be caught by the owner. only后接现在分词， 多表示伴随状况或方式等，only修饰现在分词以加强语气。如：he died, only leaving nothing but debts.3).不定式作原因状语，通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词。常见的形容词有：happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, eager, proud, disappointed, foolish, impatient, unwise, naughty等。如：They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息，他们很惊讶。We are proud to be young people of new China. 成为新中国的青年，我们感到很骄傲。4).另外，hard, difficult, easy, fit，comfortable等词也可以接动词不定式。这时候，作句子主语的除了是表示人的词外，还可以是表示物的词。如：The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适合饮用。The room is very comfortable to live in. 这个房间住起来很舒服。注意：后两句中的不定式与句子的主语或宾语之间是动宾关系，此时如果不定式动词是不及物动词，则需要带上适当的介词。e.省略不定式符号的几种情况：在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时，不定式符号to常常省略，下面还有几种情况请大家注意：（1）动词原形come, go等在口语中可接不带to的不定式。如：Go tell her. 去告诉他。Come have a glass. 来喝一杯。（2）在why引起的一些疑问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或not + 动词原形。如：Why spend so much money? 为什么花这么多钱？Why not let her have a try? 为什么不再让她试一试？（3）had better（还是最好）had best（最好，顶好）would rather（宁可，宁愿）would ratherthan（宁可而不）would sooner（宁可，宁愿）would soonerthan（宁可而不）cannot but（不得不，必然）cannot choose but（只得）cannot help but（不得不）动词原形或not +动词原形Youd better listen to your teachers opinion. 你最好听一听老师的看法。I would rather work than stay idle. 我宁愿工作而不愿闲坐。Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.他宁愿挤公共汽车也不愿骑自行车。Ones world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does.一个人的世界观必然在他的言行中表现出来。（4）在介词but, except,besides之前如有动词do的任一形式，其后的动词不定式不用to。如：Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools. 昨晚上我除了修理农具外，没有做其它的事情。Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 现在他只有认输。What else do you like to do besides swim?（5）如but 之前没有do，其后的不定式则一般要加to。如：Im afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. 恐怕我们别无选择，只好乘出租车了。They desired nothing but to succeed. 他们只想成功。（6）在出现并列的动词不定式时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号to可省略。如：I really dont know what to say and do. 我真的不知道该说什么，该干什么。Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.?你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？但如果两个不定式有对比的意思，则不定式符号to不可被省去。如：I came not to scold you but to praise you. 我是来夸你的，不是来骂你的。The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.新技术的目的是为了使生活更容易，而不是使生活更艰难。f. 动词不定式的替代词：上文中出现了某一动词或动词短语，下文中再遇到此动词的不定式结构时，往往要省略动词不定式，但通常省略动词原形或短语而保留不定式符号to，一般有下面几种情况：含有助动词或情态动词如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to, 等+动词原形结构时： -Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor? 你认为我应该去看医生吗？-Yes, I think you ought to. 是的，我想你应该去。She must go but you dont have to. 她必须走，但你没有必要。含有动词want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等+不定式作宾语结构时：-Did you go to see the Great Wall? 你去看长城了吗？-I wanted to, but I