跨文化交流第一章.ppt

ChapterOne Culture 第一章文化ChapterOne Culture 本章内容包括文化的定义分类和特性 文化生存 主观文化和和客观文化 全球主义 全球化和文化普遍性 文化多元主义和文化差异 文化稳定性和变动性 流行文化 2CultureDefinitions Classificationsandnatureofculture2 2CulturalSurvival2 3ObjectiveandSubjectiveCulture2 4Globalism GlobalizationandCulturalUniversals2 5CulturalStabilityorCulturalChange2 6MulticulturalismandCulturalDiversity2 7PopularCulture Understandingculture Whyisthedefinitionofcultureimportant 为什么文化的定义非常重要 Thedefinitionofthecrucialtermsisthepremise 前提 ofdiscipline 学科 study InICC cultureisonecrucialelement 文化是跨文化交际学科的一个核心定义 Learningobjectives学习目标 DefinitionsofCulture文化的定义ClassificationsofCulture文化的分类Nature Characteristics ofCulture文化的特点 CulturalSurvival 难点 CulturalStabilityorCulturalChange 难点 SomeDefinitionsofCultureintheChineseAcademicCircle中国学界关于文化的定义SomeDefinitionsofCultureintheWesternAcademicCircle西方学界关于文化的定义 Classactivity wordassociations课堂活动Listtenwordsthatcomeintoyourmindasyouhearorseetheword culture WhatisCulture 什么是文化 Consideringthebreadthandcontentoftheconcept culture 文化 Whatdefinitions domains ofculturecanyouthinkof Whatdoescultureinclude Exclude Let sfirstwatchapieceofvideoandgetsomeideasofcomplexitiesofculture 首先让我们看一段视频 思考一下文化的复杂性问题 What syourdefinition 所觉 所言 所为 所思 ThenLet sgetatasteofmetaphorsofculturefirst 再让我们看一下关于文化的几个典型比喻 Iceberg冰山 CultureasanIceberg Visible Overt Invisible Covert Subjective deepculture Onion洋葱 Soft wareofthemind心灵的软件 ClassActivity Thefollowingaresomemetaphorsofculture Studythemandtrytoworkoutametaphorofyourownandexplainittotheclass Cultureisthedancingstepofhumanrace Cultureisthesocialadhesiveofallhumanrelationships Cultureisacomputerthatprogramsoureverydayconduct Cultureisablueprintforliving NextLet shaveageneralsurveyofdefinitionsofcultures 接下来让我们浏览 评述一下文化的定义 SomeDefinitionsofCultureintheChineseAcademicCircle中国学者关于文化的定义 文化是生活的样法 文化 就是吾人生活所依靠的一切 文化之义 应在经济 政治 乃至一切无所不包 梁漱溟 文化的内容 是文学 美术 音乐 哲学 科学这一类的事 陈独秀 现代汉语词典 1 人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质和精神财富的总和 特指精神财富 如文学 艺术 教育 科学等 2 考古学用语 指同一个历史时期的不依分布地点为转移的遗迹 遗物的综合体 同样的工具 用具 同样的制造技术等 是同一种文化的特征 如仰韶文化 龙山文化 3 指运用文字的能力及一般知识 Thedefinitionsofcultureinthewesternacademiccircle西方学者关于文化的定义 culture Acriticalreviewofconceptsanddefinitions A KroberandClydeKluckhon 1952 文化概念与定义评述 nearly300definitionsofcultureAcollectionsofthedefinitionsfromvariousexpertssince1871 CulturestemmingfromtheLatinwordcultura isasystemofsymbolicresources sharedbyagroupofpeople whetheritisbasedonnationality ethnicity gender sexualorientationorphysicalabilityordisability IgorKlyukanov Cultureastheaccumulatedtotalityofculturalpatterns organizedsystemsofsignificantsymbols CliffordGeertz DiverseDefinitionsofCulture Topical 局部的 Cultureconsistsofeverythingonalistoftopics orcategories suchassocialorganization religion oreconomy Historical 历史的 Cultureissocialheritage ortradition thatispassedontofuturegenerations Behavioral 行为的 Cultureisshared learnedhumanbehavior awayoflife Normative 规范的 Cultureisideals values orrulesforliving Functional 功能的 Cultureisthewayhumanssolveproblemsofadaptingtotheenvironmentorlivingtogether DiverseDefinitionsofCulture Structural 结构的 Cultureconsistsofpatternedandinterrelatedideas symbols orbehaviors Symbolic 符号的 Cultureisbasedonarbitrarilyassignedmeaningsthataresharedbyasociety Communicative 交流的 CultureiscommunicationandcommunicationislanguageMental 心理的 Cultureisacomplexofideas orlearnedhabits thatinhibitimpulsesanddistinguishpeoplefromanimals thedefinitionsofcultureinthewesternacademiccircle 1 thesociologicalinterpretationapproach 社会学定义方法 Culturemaybedefinedaswhatasocietydoesandthinks Sapir 1921 Acultureisacollectionofbeliefs habits livingpatternsandbehaviorswhichareheldmoreorlessincommonbypeoplewhooccupyparticulargeographicareas D Brown 1978 Cultureisman smedium thereisnotoneaspectofhumanlifethatisnottouchedandalteredbyculture EdwardT Hall 1959 2 Communcationapproach交流学定义方法Cultureiscommunicationandcommunicationislanguage EdwardHall silentlanguage Inmodernsociety differentpeoplecommunicateindifferentways asdopeopleindifferentsocietyaroundtheworld andthewaypeoplecommunicateisthewaytheylive itistheirculture municationandcultureareinseparable Smith 3 thepsychologicalinterpretationapproach 心理学定义方法 Cultureisthementalprogrammingandsoftwareofthemind GeertHofstede cultureandorganization Culturecanalsobeunderstoodasaparticularwaytosatisfyourhumanneeds AbrahamMaslow Maslow sfivebasicneeds 1 ThePhysiologicalneeds2 thesafetyneeds3 thebelongingneeds4 theesteemneeds5 theself actualizationneeds Maslow sfivebasicneeds Self Actualization5Esteem4Belongings3Safety2Physiological1 Culturecanalsobeunderstoodasaparticularwaytosatisfyourhumanneeds AbrahamMaslow Eachcultureoffersitspeopleanumberofchoicesforsatisfyingparticularhumanneed 志于道 据于德 依于仁 游于艺 TheAnalects resolveyourselfontheway relyonvirtue resideinbenevolence revelinthearts 论语 AnotherDefinitionofCultureinIC InIC culturemaybedefinedasanaccumulatedpatternofvalues beliefs andbehaviors价值观和行为的累积形式sharedbyanidentifiablegroupofpeople为同一群人所共享withacommonhistoryandverbalandnonverbalsymbolsystem 出于共同的历史 语言和非言语系统 Neuliep 2003 Afterclassassignment Illustrateseveraldefinitionsofculturebyyourselves InterculturalCommunication跨文化交流 InterculturalCommunication跨文化交流 Textbook1 李萌羽著中国海洋大学出版社 2011年11月 COMMUNICATINGINTERCULTURALLY跨文化交际教程 Textbook2 主编 李萌羽麦克 H 普罗斯高等教育出版社 即出 ChapterOne Culture ICExperiencesasJourney StartingOut Thisroadleadsmetotheborder totheboundary tothebreakingpointofallIknow WillIgo WillIgrow DareIsayno LearningObjective学习目标 HavingafurtheranddeepeningUnderstandingofCulture深化对文化概念的理解 LeaningContents学习内容 Thedefinitionsofculture文化的定义Theclassificationofcultures文化的分类TheCharacteristicsofculture文化的特点 WhatisCulture Whatmakesupculture Canweseeculture Canweloseculture WhatisChineseculture IsthereonlyoneChineseculture 1TheDefinitionofCultureinIC文化的定义 InIC culturemaybedefinedasanaccumulatedpatternofvalues beliefs andbehaviors价值观和行为的累积形式sharedbyanidentifiablegroupofpeople为同一群人所共享withacommonhistoryandverbalandnonverbalsymbolsystem 出于共同的历史 语言和非言语系统 Neuliep 2003 ASituation假定以下情景 You yourwife yourchildandyourmother Question Whoareyougoingtosave Someexamplesofculturaldifferencesinterculturalcommunication几个跨文化交流中文化差异的案例 Jonathan Ann yourEnglishisimproving I mpleasedwithyourwork Ann Lookingdown Oh no MyEnglishisnotverygood J Whydoyousaythat Ann You redoingverywellinclass A No Iamnotagoodstudent Continued J Ann you remakingprogressinthisclass YoushouldbeproudofyourEnglish A No it snottrue Youareagoodteacher butIamnotagoodstudent NowpredictJonathan sfeeling J HeissurprisedbyherresponseandwonderswhyshethinksherEnglishissobad Hedoesn tknowwhattosayandwondersifheshouldstopgivinghercompliments Continued Question1 Wheredotheycomefrom Question2 WhydidJonathanfeellikethat Question3 IfAnnisanAmericangirl whatwouldsherespondtoJonathan Anotherconversation Jonathan Ann yourEnglishisimproving I mpleasedwithyourwork Ann makingeyecontact Thankyou I velearnedalotinthiscourse J You redoingwellandIcanreallyseeprogress A IenjoystudyingEnglish Idohomeworkeverynight J Icanseethat Keepupthegoodwork A I lltry Youareagoodteacher Youhavehelpedmealot Conclusion Cultureshapespeople sview Whenyoucommunicatewithpeoplefromanotherculture apolitegreetingmayturntoanimpolitegreeting asentenceoutofgoodwillmayturntoaninsult atalkwithagoodintentionmayturntohostilityifyoudon tknowtheirculturewell 2ClassificationsofCulture文化的分类 ChineseScholars ClassificationsofCulture中国学者关于文化的分类WesternScholars ClassificationsofCulture西方学者关于文化的分类 2 1ChineseScholars ClassificationsofCulture中国学者关于文化的分类 classificationofculture 胡文仲 文化分为三类categories 1 highculture philosophy finearts 美术 etc 2 popularculture customs habits ritesandrituals礼仪礼节 interpersonalbehavior wayofliving thinking 3 deepculture notions values bodylanguage temperament气质 generalemotionaldisposition情感倾向 Itisexpressedinanindividualhandlingtheelementsofthatculture More Iceberg冰山 2 2WesternScholars ClassificationsofCulture西方学者关于文化的分类 Cultureisthehuman madepartoftheenvironment Herskovits 1955 Objectiveaspectsofculture tools roads radiostations etc 客观文化 Subjectiveaspectsofculture categorizations associations norms roles values etc 主观文化 Onion洋葱 CaseStudy案例分析 Inthefollowingsituation youaregoingtoofferagifttoanotherperson youmayhavedifferentwaystointroduceyourgiftbasedonthefactthatyouareaChineseoryouareanAmerican Pleasenoticethedifferenceinit Chinese Thisisnothing ameretrifle butpleaseacceptit stressing 礼物很轻薄 不成敬意 请笑纳 American It snotmuch It sjustatrifle IpickeditupinabargainbasementsaleatMacy slastweek Ithoughtmaybeyoucoulduseit stressing 我买的便宜货对你是适合的 Hofstede BigC Inmostwesterncountriesusuallyreferstosuchthingsaseducation history geography institutions literature art music andsoon Smallc meansthewayoflifeofapeople andithasnowbeenbroadenedtoincludevalues beliefsandperceptions Itplaysanessentialpartininterculturalcommunication andsoitisthefocusofthiscourse Candc KwokLeungetal 2005 Expanding ClarifyingLevelsof Culture inResearch Kulich 2009 27 文化层次研究 Meta元文化 thetranscultural universaldomainsofour humancondition Macro宏观文化 thenational geopolitical culture level nation stateinfluences current cultural Meso内文化 the sub cultural geographical ethnic socialeconomicgroupingsMedio交叉文化 thediverse complexcontextuallivingsituationsthatneedtobeconstantlymediated negotiated andinterpretedMicro微观文化 thepersonal interpersonallevelofcommunicationbetweenindividuals current individual Consideringsomeoftheotherlevelsofculture其他文化层面 Regionalculture地区文化 north south rural urbanReligiousculture宗教文化 Christian Buddhist MoslemEthnicculture种族文化 Han Tibetan XinjiangGenderculture性别文化 male femaleEconomicclassculture经济阶层文化 farmer intellectual businessGenerationalculture代际文化 youth middleage elderlyOrganizationalculture组织文化 schools educationThesisTopicExamples ItwasmyfirstvisittoChongqing southwestChina IfeltuneasywhenIaskedthewaytosomeplace InmyhometownintheNorth directionsaregivenintermsofEast West NorthandSouth WemayeasilyfindthewaywhenlocalpeopletheretellyouwhethertheplaceisinthedirectionofNorthorSouth whileinChongqingthelocalpeopletellyouthewayintermsofdirectionontheright orontheleft towhichweNorthernersarequiteunfamiliar AndIguesspeoplefromChongqingmaymeetthesameproblemasIhadwhentheywereintheNorth CaseStudyProblemsindifferentco cultures ModelsofCultureandContext WhataretheCulturesinWhichIExist AmIevenawareoftheothercirclesIbelongto oramassociatedwith MyCulture MyGroup Me Itisjustasimportanttohelpyouconsideryourown cultural GroupDiscussions小组讨论Whatisyourfamilyhistory context specialstories specialbackground Whathasinfluencedyoumost Whatisthe cultural or contextual grouptowhichyouidentifywith WhatkindofChineseareyou UnderstandingIdentitiesisaPre conditionforRespectfulCommunication Valueofwritingout yourculturalstory TheWrittenAssignment MidtermPaper YourCulturalStory Timeforhandinginyourpaper Apr 30 InterculturalCommunication跨文化交流 LearningObjective学习目标 HavingafurtheranddeepeningUnderstandingofCulture深化对文化概念的理解 LeaningContents学习内容 Thedefinitionsofculture文化的定义Theclassificationofcultures文化的分类TheCharacteristicsofculture文化的特点 3CharacteristicsofCulture文化的特点 Question Basedonwhatyouhavejustlearnedaboutthedefinitionsofcultures couldyoutellsomecharacteristicsofculture CharacteristicsofCulture文化的特点 Cultureislearned文化是后天习得Cultureistransmittedverticallyandhorizontally文化通过纵向和横向两种形式传播Cultureisbasedonsymbols文化以符号为基础Cultureisenduringandsubjecttochange 文化具有持久的价值文化易于变化Cultureisasharedsystemandethnocentric 文化是一个是一个共享的系统 是以民族为中心的 theCharacteristicsofCulture文化的特点 3 1Cultureislearned文化是后天习得 Thenotionoflearningisoneoftheimportantcharacteristicofculture Cultureislearnedthroughenculturation Enculturationis consciouslyandunconsciouslyconditioningoccurringwithinthatprocesseswherebytheindividual aschildoradultachievecompetenceinaparticularculture HoebelandFrost 文化适应指个人在有意识或无意识的情况下 从特定的文化中学到能力的过程 Canyougiveoneexampleoflearningculturethroughenculturation 案例分析 Ifyouarepraisedbysomeoneelse whatdoyourespond Chinese 过奖 过奖 或 惭愧 惭愧 YouareflattermeorIfeelashamed American Thankyou Itdoesn tmeanAmericanpeopledon tshowanymodesty WaysofLearningculture学习文化的途径 Proverbs谚语Folktales legendsandmyths民间故事 传说和神话Arts艺术Massmedia大众传媒Books书籍Variousdailyactivities各种日常活动 Proverbsofferinsightsintoaculture svalue谚语有助于洞悉文化价值观 Godhelpthosewhohelpthemselves Americanproverb Onedoesnotmakethewindbutisblownbyit Asianproverb Azebradoesnotdespiseitsstripes Africanproverb Question 问题Whatdifferentculturalvaluesarereflectedfromtheproverbs Aman stongueishissword theArabianproverb Conversationisthefoodforthesoul theMexicanproverb Thosewhoknowdonotspeakandthosewhospeakdonotknow theAnalects 知者不言 言者不知 论语 Question Whatarethedifferentviewsoflanguageintheseproverbs Homework课后作业 ContrastthefollowingtwogroupsofsayingsinbothEnglishandChineseculturesanddiscusstheideathatproverbisareflectionofculture considerthehistoryandgeographyinbothcultures 1 Asmoothseanevermakesaskillfulmariner 2 Hewhowouldsearchforpearlsmustdivebelow 3 Livingwithoutanaimislikesailingwithoutcompass 4 前人种树 后人乘凉 5 斩草不除根 逢春必要生 6 巧妇难为无米之炊 Learningculturethroughart ThefunctionsofArtarelevantsymbolaforcefulteacheravenueforculturevalues Artisasymbolicwayofcommunicating Oneofthemostimportantfunctionsofartistocommunicate display andreinforceimportantculturalthemesandvalues Theartsthushaveanintegrativefunctioninsociety Nanda TheWesternartemphasizestheindividual Learningculturethroughmassmedia themediumisthemessage 媒介即讯息 M Mcluhan麦克卢汉 2 2Cultureistransmittedverticallyandhorizontally文化通过纵向和横向两种形式传播 Cultureispasseddownverticallythroughgenerations andhorizontallybyspreadingtheculturalpatternsoutward Thehorizontalspreadingofculture Theinternalmigration国内迁移Thegreat mingong migrationofChineseruralresidentstourbanareaswithinChinaExample 冲突与融入 民工对都市生活的适应性研究 民工对都市生活的适应性研究 Theexternalmigration国外迁移 TheoverseaChinese inIndonesia Thailand Malaysia Singapore theUnitedStates Myanmar Canada Peru Vietnam thePhilippines andRussiainthatorderaloneconstitutesapproximately38millionresidents plus15morecountrieswithsizableChinesecommunities thuspromotingtheChinesecultureinawidespreadhorizontalfashion Jacques 2010 417 Theverticallyspreadingofculture文化的纵向传播 Ourgrandparentsareapartofourculture andhavepasseddownlanguage customs beliefs attitudes andvaluestotheirchildrenandgrandchildren Inasense theyarethehistoriansorarchivistsofculture Qestion Whatcanyoulearnfromthepargarph 3 3cultureissymbolic文化以符号为基础 Asymbolisanythingthatcarriesaparticularmeaningrecognizedbypeoplewhoshareculture Kluckhohn 符号就是同样文化背景下人们用来指代特殊意义的东西 克拉克洪 Thesymbolsanycultureemploystakeavarietyofforms objects animals pictures sculptureetc thespokenword thewrittenwords nonverballanguage VariousArts TheWesternandChinesesymbols TheChristmasringandredflag Eagle thenationalemblemoftheUnitedStates symbolizingcourageandmight WhatarethesymbolicmeaningsofKongfuPanda 3 4Cultureisenduringbutsubjecttochange文化既具有持久性又易于变化 CulturalStabilityorCulturalChange文化稳定性和文化变化Cultureisenduring文化具有稳定性Cultureissubjecttochange文化易于变化 CulturalSurvival文化生存 Whoamwe Howdowefitinourculture Whatareourculturalstories Whowereourparentswhentheywereourage Whowereourgrandparentswhentheywereourage WhatisthefutureofChinal