简明英语239 句子的种类.doc

捷径英语 Shortcut English句子的种类分类定义例句陈述句陈述事实或观点They will go to cinema.Hi is not here.疑问句对事实提问或询问事实Did you have a good time?what have you done?祈使句表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等Please open the door.感叹句表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情What a nice day!How clever he is!陈述句包括肯定句和否定句肯定句I have seen many films this month.He did many exercises this morning.否定句1、由not构成否定句 助动词（或情态动词）+ not +一般动词He didnt go there.I cant sing the song. Be +notIm not a teacher.He wasnt late for school yesterday. Have (has) +notShe hasnt a new skirt.He doesnt have breakfast at home.2、否定句的其它表示方法 含有否定意义的词或词组nothing , no one , nobody/none , neitherI saw nothing. = I didnt see any thing.No one can do it. = Not a person can do it.There is nobody in the room. = There is not any body in the room.None of the helped the old man. = Not one of them helped the old man.I like neither of the tow boys. = I dont like either of the tow boys. 含有否定意义的形容词no , little , fewThere is no water here. = There is not any water here.He drank little water just now.= He didnt drink much water just now. There are few books in the library.= There arent many books in the library. 含有否定意义的副词或词组 no longer = not any longer , seldomNo more = not any more, hardly, notat all, never I no longer come here.= I dont come here any longer. He said no more about it.= He didnt say any moue about it. He has never finished his homework on time.= He hasnt ever finished his homework on time. I seldom have breakfast at home.= I dont often have breakfast at home. I could hardly say a word.= I almost couldnt say a word. 含有否定意义的结构：tootoThe box is too heavy for a child to lift.试比较：()I dont think he is right.(x) I think he is not right.()I dont believe he can do like that.(x) I believe he cant do like that.疑问句一般疑问句 Did you get there on time?特殊疑问句What are you doing?选择疑问句Is that pen new or old?反意疑问句He is an English teacher, isnt he?1、一般疑问句 一般疑问句的结构：Be/have (has )/助动词+主语（+一般动词） 一般疑问句的回答:Yes ,主语+be/have(has)/助动词No ,主语+be/have(has) /助动词+not Are you from Xian? Yes, I am. No, Im not.Have you a little dog? Yes, I have. No, I havent.Will you go to Beijing next month? Yes, I will. No, I wont.一般否定疑问句的结构:Be / have (has)助动词的否定缩略式+主语(+主动词)?Arent you a student? Yes, I am. No, I m not.Didnt he tell you that? Yes, he did.No, he didnt.2、特殊疑问句 疑问代词：what , who/whom , whose , which 疑问副词：when , where, ,why , how向主语部分提问：疑问代词+陈述语序？ Tom is watching TV now. Who is watching TV now? These bikes were bought last year. What was bought last year? 向其它部分提问：疑问代词+一般疑问句语序 向谓语部分提问 They are playing football. What are they doing? 向宾主提问 I gave a book to Tom.To whom did you give a book? 向表语提问 I gave a book to Tom.To whom did you give a book? 向表语提问 Im Tom. Who are you? I m a student. What are you? This is a book. Whats this? This book is mine. Whose is this book? 向状语提问 时间状语I left the room at seven. What time did you leave the room?Well have a meting the day after tomorrow. When will you have a meeting? 地点状语I have ever seen him in Beijing. Where have you ever seen him? 原因状语She wont go out because it is very cold.Why wont she go out?方式状语He often go to school by bike.How does he often go to school?由how构成的疑问词组词组词义例句how many多少（用于可数名词）How many books are there on the table?how much多少（用于不可数名词）How much is your coat?how long多长时间（指时间长短）How long have you lived here?多长（指长度）How long is the river?how often多久一次（批频度）How often will he come here?how soon多快（指时间）How soon will he be back?how far多远（指距离）How far is it?how old多大（指岁数）How old is he?What/how about和why notWhat/how about? I have tow pens. What about you?How about going out for a walk?Why not ? Why dont you? Why not come in? =Why dont you come in?Why not close the door?=Why dont you close the door?3、选择疑问句(1) 分类一般选择疑问句：一般疑问句+A or B?Are you in Class 1or class 2?Do you like this one or that one?特殊选择疑问句：特殊疑问句，A or B?Which is larger , Beijing or Shanghai?Who runs faster , Tom or Jim? （2）特殊疑问句中疑问代词的用法区别 A. Who 和what Who is he? He is Wang Lin. What is he? He is a student.B.what 和which What color do you like?I like red and white. Which color do you like better , red or white? I like red.c.whose , who和whomwhose book is this?Whose is this book?Who (whom)will you visit this afternoon?To whom did you lend your pen?4、反意疑问句 （1）反意疑问句的分类 肯定陈述句，+简短否定疑问句？ The horse is white , isnt it ? Yes, it is. No, it isnt. When likes playing piano , doesnt she? Yes, she does. No, she doesnt. He wrote to Tom yesterday, didnt he? Yes, he did. No, he didnt. Mary can sing in English , cant she? Yes, she can. No, she cant. 否定陈述句+简短肯定附加疑问句？ He wasnt at home last night , was he/ Yes, he was. No they wont. They wont do it again , will they? Yes, they will. No, they wont. He hasnt finished his home work yet ,has he? Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.（2）反意疑问句的特殊情况 陈述句部分的动词为have(has)AHe has a knife , doesnt he ? /hasnt he? Yes, he does/he has. No, he doesnt /he hasnt.B. They have a meeting once a week, dont they? He often has dinner at home , doesnt he?祈使句的反意疑问句A. Open the window, will you? Dont be late for school , will you?B. lets go, shall we? Let him do it , will you? Let me help you , will you? Let us go , will you?There be 结构的反意疑问句There is an apple on the table , isnt there?There arent four people in your family , are there?陈述句部分如有表示否定意义的词时。常用的表否定意义的词语: never , few little , no one , seldom , hardly , nobody , neither , none , nothingHe seldom helps others , does he?Yes, he does.No, he doesnt.Few people can speak in English , can they? 当陈述句谓语动词含used to时，附加疑问句常用usednt或didnt; He used to smoke a lot , usednt /didnt he?祈使句1、第二人称的祈使句 肯定结构：动词原形 否定结构：Dont+动词原形 Be careful! Please open the window. Dont be late. Dont talk in class.2、第一、三人称的祈使句（1）肯定结构Let me +动词原形 Let us /lets +动词原形 Let+第三人称名词或代词宾格+动词原形 Let me help you. Let us go fishing with you. Lets go fishing. Let us 和 lets 的区别 Let us 不包括对方（即听话者），表示请示；而Lets 包括对，表示建议。 Let us go, will you? Lets go, shall we? Let marry go home. Let him come in. (2)否定结构 Dont let +第三人称+动词原形 Lets not +动词原形 Dont let me /us leave here. Lets not leave here. Dont let him watch TV.感叹句分类： a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+主语+谓语！(1) What+ 形容词+不可数名词、复数名词！（2）How+形容词、副词+主语+谓语！What an interesting film it is!How interesting the film is!What clever students they are!How clever the students are!What lovely weather it is!How lovely the weather is!How fast he runs! How well he speaks English!有时主语和谓语可省略掉；What a pity!How beautiful!how用来修饰动词，但动词并不提前。How I want to become a teacher!按括号内的要求完成下列句子：1. You shouldnt forget to turn off the lights. （变成祈使句）2. The earth moves round the sun. （变成一般疑问句）3. That is my bike, ? （变成反意疑问句）4. They had an important meeting at 9:00a.m. yesterday morning.（就划线部分提问）5. You have made a terrible mistake.（变为感叹句）6. You seldom see him, ?（变成反意疑问句）7. There are five sheep under the tree.（就划线部分提问）8. He comes to see me once a month.（就划线部分提问）9. They speak Chinese well.（变为感叹句）10. He has bought a new pen for me. （就划线部分提问）简单句、并列句、复合句一、简单句1、一个主语+一个谓语 My sister is a nurse. They come. They were having lunch at that time.2、一个并列主语和一个谓语 Li Lei and his mother went shopping yesterday. Neither you nor I cant drive a car.3、一个主语和一个并列谓语 He picked up the wallet and put it into the pocket.The students are reciting and writing the new words. 二、并列句 简单句+并列连词+简单句 I had no water but he had a lot. Its dark , so we must hurry. Hurry up , or we wont catch the bus.三、复合句1、从句的类型从 句名词性从句主语从句表语从句宾语从句同位语从句形容词性从句定语从句副词性从句状语从句2、宾语从句宾语从句常用关联词连接代词：that what which who/whom连接副词：whether/if when where how why宾语从句句型结构(1)及物动词+从句I think (that)he will come.We dont know whether/if they have lalready arrived.He knows who I an.Do you remember where you left your key?带有宾语从句的复合句中主句的否定式、疑问式与简单句的形式相同。He doesnt know if the answer is correct.Does he know (that )I m here?宾语从句的疑问式必须用陈述语序。I know where he is.I wonder what they are talking about.宾语从句中如果主句谓语动词是think , believe , expect , suppose , guess等时，从句的否定结构往往转移到主句的为主动词中去，从句的为主动词仍用肯定式。I dont think its true.He doesnt believe the student is late for school everyday.(2)短语动词+从句He always thinks of how he can study English well.(3)及物动词+间接宾语+宾语从句I told him that I was ill.He explained to me why he didnt come.Please tell me which book is yours.(4)be+形容词+从句常用形容词：glad happy sorry sure afraid surprisedIm afraid (that )he wont win the game.Im very glad that you have come.(5)动词+it+形容词+从句I thought it difficult that the building was set up in three months.Parents believe it necessary (that) children should be well educated.(6)动词+不定式+从句He wants to know who has broken the window.宾语从句中时态的一致性A. 当主句为证动词是现在时或一般将来时The teacher knows that I m ill.The teacher knows that I was ill yesterday.He has heard that I will go there.Ill tell you why I asked you to come.B.当谓语动词是过去时He asked me when Tom arrived.I saw that he was swimming at that time.He said he was going to Beijing that week.He told us that he had already written many books. 如果宾语从句中所说明的是客观真理则仍用现在时The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun.直接引语与间接引语句式结构变化直接引语间接引语陈述句say to+间接宾语+that+从句tell+间接宾语+that+从句一般疑问句ask whether/if+陈述语序选择疑问句ask+whether/if+陈述语序+or/or not特殊疑问句ask+疑问词+陈述语序祈使句ask/tell/order+宾语+动词不定式时态的变化直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时一般过去时过去完成时或一般过去时状语（时间和地点）的变化直接引语间接引语todaythat day now then yesterdaythe day beforelast nightthe night beforelast weekthe week beforeagobeforetomorrowthe next dayyesterday eveningthe evening beforeheretherenextthe next year人称及指示代词的变化 引语人称及指示代词直接引语间接引语人称变化第一人称第三人称第二人称第一或第三人称第三人称不变指示代词thisthatthesethoseHe said , “I dont like this pen”.He said that he didnt like that pen.He asked me , “Is she sleeping now?”He asked me whether/if she was sleeping then.He asked , “How long are you lived here?”He asked how long I had lived there.She said , “Will you go to Shanghai or Beijing this month?”She asked whether I would go to Shanghai or Beijing that month.His mother said to him , “Dont smoke!” His mother told him not to smoke.He said , “Can you play piano , Tom?”He asked Tom whether he could play the piano.She said , “I have already finished my work.”She said that when had already finished her work.若从句是一般现在时并且叙述的是客观真理，时态则保持不变。She said, “The earth is round.”She said that the earth is round.当从句是一般过去时，并且有具体确定的表示过去时间的状语时，从句时态保持不变。He said, “I was born in 1970.”He said that he was born in 1970. 3、状语从句（1）时间状语从句 常用从属连接词：when while after as soon as since till/until I was watching TV when they knocked the door. You should turn off the light before you leave. Ill tell her it as soon as I see her. I have lived in this home since I came here. I cant leave until he comes back.when , while 和as的用法区别 We were playing basketball when it rained.When he called , I was eating. I was listening to the tape while my mother was cooking.We talked as we walked along. (2)原因状语从句 常用从属连接词有：because asHe didnt attend the meeting because he was ill yesterday.As it was hot , we went swimming in the sea.(3)条件状语从句 常用从属连接词有：if unless Well go fishing if it doesnt. You cant drive well unless you work hard.在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，常用 一般现在时代替一般将来时。 Ill tell you when he arrives. If you goes to do some shopping , I shall go with you.(4)比较状语从句 常用从属连接词有：as as not as/soas morethan(5) 让步状语从句 常用从属连接有：though/although even ifAlthough she is very young , she studies well.Even if it rained , we would go there.though/although还有和but出现在同句子中。 ( x)Though it was raining, but he went out. ()Though it was raining , he went out.(6)目的状语从句 从属连接词有：so that in order that He got up early yesterday so that he could catch the early bus. He studies very hard in order that he can catch up with his classmates earlier.（7）结果状语从句 常用从属连接词有：such a /anthat so that The old man caught such a bad cold that he coughed day and night. The box is so heavy that I cant lift it up.自 我 检 测一、将下列两部分变成宾语从句 1. You wer