华东政法学院2005博士英语.doc

华东政法学院2005年博士研究生入学考试考试科目：英语考试日期：2005年 月 日注意：答题请写在答题纸上，写在本试卷册上无效。选择题答题方式：A B DPart One: Vocabulary and Structure (25 points)Directions: In this part there are 25 incomplete statements. Each of them is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You are required to decide on the best choice that makes the statement meaningfully and structurally correct. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. The young, self-assured prince _ power upon the death of the king. A. resumed B. consumed C. assumed D. presumed2. Scientists have warned us that an increase in the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere will cause the Earth to warm up while increasing the aerosol content will cause it to cool down. Now the aerosol problem _ large than ever. A. threatens B. becomes C. appears D. looms3. As the sky looks ominous, it is obvious that a violent thunderstorm is _.A. immediate B. instantaneous C. eminent D. imminent 4. I finally succeeded in persuading that student to _ the source of the rumor. A. divulge B. discover C. uncover D. diverge5. Rain poured down; the sky was split by terrifying flashes of forked lightning while peals of thunder _ our conversation. A. died down B. drowned C. sank D. submerged6. Health officials in China have been trying to eliminate measles, a contagious disease with a _ period of about ten years. A. covert B. latent C. inert D. tacit7. Only after I finished reading this essay did it dawn on me that the whole story about the grebes diet was not a _ of her imagination.A. figment B. fantasy C. fabrication D. figure8. I must _ that I only know a sprinkling of English so your translation may well be better than mine. A. confide B. conclude C. confirm D. concede 9. It is impossible to _ these two points of view because they are too different.A. compromise B. unite C. reconcile D combine 10. many of the newly-built hotels are _ situated for sightseeing, business and shopping. A. appropriately B. suitably C. conveniently D. deliberately11. With time, the memory of childhood quarrels and frictions among family members will fade into _ .A. obliteration B. oblivion C. realization D. thin air 12. We hear that miniskirts are coming back into fashion, but I wonder if theyll really _ again. A. catch hold of B. catch breath C. catch on D. catch out13. If John _ with his piano playing, he could eventually reach concert standard. A. perseveres B. sustains C. maintains D. survives14. They decided to _ their different interests and unite in pursuit of a common goal.A. substitute B. crossC. submerge D. surrender15. As the word was repeated over and over again, it began to _ a new meaning.A. put on B. turn onC. take on D. bring on16. You can borrow my book provided that you _ it to me tomorrow. A. return B. returned C. will return D. would return 17. Either you or he _ the lie. A. is telling B. are telling C. tell D. shall tell18. The security of the passengers is supposed to _ by the captain. A. see to B. seeing to C. be seen to D. seen to19. He has to _ his small salary by living economically.A. upset B. offset C. outset D. preset 20. You shouldnt change jobs constantly, or people will become suspicious of your ability to _ any job. A. hold B. sustain C. engage D. uphold 21. A leading member should never concentrate all his attention on one or two problems, to the _ of others.A. displacement B. elimination C. exclusion D. exception22. You can rest _ that the talented young secretary has been able to confirm what he said in the original report.A. assured B. ensured C. insured D. reassured 23. Mary acquired a certain _ mode of behavior at her expensive school in Switzerland, but her character still remains very unreliable. A. clever B. polished C. well-behaved D. well-bred 24. The explorers hopes of finding their missing colleagues are now beginning to _ .A. faint B. darken C. shrink D. fade25. When people give pretty names to ugly things, it is sometimes difficult for us to tell whether they are _ or telling the truth. A. deceptive B. deceitful C. illusive D. elusive Part Two: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this part there are 4 reading passages. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. There are four choices marked A, B, C, and D after each question or statement. You are required to decide on the best choice and then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Questions 26 to 27 are based on the following passage:Surprisingly enough, modern historians have rarely interested themselves in the history of the American South in the period before the South began to become self-consciously and distinctively “Southern”-the decades after 1815. Consequently, the cultural history of Britains North American empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has been written almost as if the Southern colonies had never existed. The American culture that emerged during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras has been depicted as having been simply an extension of New England Puritan culture. However, Professor Davis has recently argued that the South stood apart from the rest of American society during this early period, following its own unique pattern of cultural development. The case for Southern distinctiveness rests upon two related premises: first, that the cultural similarities among the five Southern colonies were far more impressive than the differences, and second, that what made those colonies alike also made them different from the other colonies. The first, for which Davis offers an enormous amount of evidence, can be accepted without major reservations; the second is far more problematic.What makes the second premise problematic is the use of the Puritan colonies as a basis for comparison. Quite properly, Davis decries the excessive influence ascribed by historians to the Puritans in the formation of American culture. Yet Davis inadvertently adds weight to such ascriptions by using the Puritans as the standard against which to assess the achievements and contributions of Southern colonials. Throughout, Davis focuses on the important, and undeniable, differences between the Southern and Puritan colonies in motives for and patterns of early settlement, in attitudes toward nature and Native Americans, and in the degree of receptivity to metropolitan cultural influences.However, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. Thus, what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern-acquisitiveness, a strong interest in politics and the law, and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models-was not only more typically English than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire. Within the larger framework of American colonial life, then, not the Southern but the Puritan colonies appear to have been distinctive, and even they seem to have been rapidly assimilating to the dominant cultural patterns by the last Colonial period.26. The author is primarily concerned withA. refuting a claim about the influence of Puritan culture on the early American South.B. refuting a thesis about the distinctiveness of the culture of the early American South.C. refuting the two premises that underlie Davis- discussion of the culture of the American South.D. challenging the hypothesis that early American culture was homogeneous in nature.27. The passage implies that the attitudes toward Native Americans that prevailed in the Southern coloniesA. developed as a response to attitudes that prevailed in Massachusetts and Connecticut.B. derived from Southerners-strong interest in the law.C. were modeled after those that prevailed in the North.D. differed from those that prevailed in the Puritan colonies.28. The author argues that, in describing American culture during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras, historiansA. overestimated the importance of the puritans in the development of American culture.B. did not attach enough importance to the strong religious orientation of the colonists.C. failed to recognize undeniable cultural differences between New Hampshire and Rhode Island.D. used Massachusetts and Connecticut as cultural models for the other American colonies.29. Which of the following elements of Davis book is the author in agreement with?A. Acquisitiveness was a characteristic unique to the South during the Colonial period.B. There were significant differences between Puritan and Southern culture during the Colonial period.C. The Southern colonies shared a common culture.D. The Northern colonies shared a homogeneous culture.30. The passage suggests that by the late Colonial period the tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models was a cultural pattern that wasA. dying out as Puritan influence began to grow.B. self-consciously and distinctively Southern.C. spreading to Massachusetts and Connecticut.D. more characteristic of the Southern colonies than of England.Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:In a sense, the new protectionism is not protectionism at all, at least not in the traditional sense of the term. The old protectionism referred only to trade restricting and trade expanding devices, such as the tariff or export subsidy. The new protectionism is much broader than this: it includes interventions into foreign trade but is not limited to them. The new protectionism, in fact, refers to how the whole of government intervention into the private economy affects international trade. The emphasis on trade is still there, thus came the term “protection.” But what is new is the realization that virtually all government activities can affect international economic relations.The emergence of the new protectionism in the Western world reflects the victory of the interventionist, or welfare economy over the market economy. Jab Tumiler writes, “The old protectionismcoexisted, without any apparent intellectual difficulty with the acceptance of the market as a national as well as an international economic distribution mechanism indeed, protectionists as well as (if not more than) free traders stood for laissez faire. Now, as in the 1930s, protectionism is an expression of a profound skepticism as to the ability of the market to distribute resources and incomes to societies satisfaction.”It is precisely this profound skepticism of the market economy that is responsible for the protectionism. In a market economy, economic change of various colors implies redistribution of resources and incomes. The same opinion in many communities apparently is that such redistributions often are not proper. Therefore, the government intervenes to bring about a more desired result.The victory of the welfare state is almost complete in northern Europe. In Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, and the Netherlands, government intervention in almost all aspects of economic and social life is considered normal. In Great Britain this is only somewhat less true. Government traditionally has played a very active role in economic life in France and continued to do so. Only West Germany dares to go against the tide towards excessive interventionism in Western Europe. It also happens to be the most successful Western European economy.The welfare state has made significant progress in the United States as well as in Western Europe. Social security, unemployment insurance, minimum wage laws, and rent control are by now traditional welfare state elements on the American scene. 31. This passage is primarily concerned with discussing _.A. the definition of the new protectionismB. the difference between new and old protectionismC. the emergence of the new protectionism in the Western worldD. the significance of the welfare state 32. What does the phrase “stood for” (Para.2) mean?A. represented. B. held out. C. tolerated. D. disapproved. 33. Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of a welfare state mentioned in this passage?A. Free education is available to a child. B. Laws are made to fix the minimum wage.C. A jobless person can be insured. D. There are regulations for rent. 34. Which of the following inferences is true, according to this passage?A. The economy developed faster in welfare states than in non-welfare states.B. In the 1930s, protectionism began to rise.C. The new protectionism is so called mainly because it is the latest.D. Government plays a more active role in economic life in Northern Europe than in Great Britain. 35. The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?A. When did the new protectionism arise?B. Why is the new protectionism so popular in northern European countries?C. Does the American government play a more active role in economic life than the British government?D. Why does the government intervene in economic life? Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system and the traditional system.In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the market place. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market, transactions may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes, and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence, the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. In the modern market economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money. An alternative to the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue edicts or commands as to how much of each goods and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan, drawn up by the government, shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy. In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition: parentage, religion, and custom fix every persons place within the economic system. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group or caste may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone, progress may be difficult to achieve. A stagnant society may result. 36. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To outline contrasting types of economic systems. B. To explain the science of economics. C. To argue for the superiority of one economic system. D. To compare barter and money exchange markets. 37. In the second paragraph, the word “real” in “real goods” could best be replaced by which of the following? A. high quality. B. concrete. C. utter. D. authentic. 38. According to the passage, a barter economy can lead to _ . A. rapid speed of transactions B. misunderstandings C. inflation D. difficulties for the traders 39. According to the passage, who has the greatest degree of control in an administered system? A. Individual B. Small businesses C. Major corporations D. The government 40. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the author as a criterion for determining a persons place in a traditional society? A. Family background. B. Age. C. Religious belief. D. Custom. Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:I made a pledge to myself on the way down to the vacation beach cottage. For two weeks I would try to be a loving husband and father. Totally loving. No ifs, ands or buts.The idea had come to me as I listened to a talk on my car radio. The speaker was quoting a Biblical（圣经的）passage about husbands being thoughtful of their wives. Then he went on to say, “Love is an act of will. A person can choose to love.” To myself, I had to admit that I had been a selfish husband. Well, for two weeks that would change.And it did. Right from the moment I kissed Evelyn at the door and said, “That new yellow sweater looks great on you.”“Oh, Tom, you noticed,” she said, surprised and pleased. Maybe a little puzzled. After the long drive, I wanted to sit and read. Evelyn suggested a walk on the beach. I started to refuse, but then I thought, “Evelyns been alone here with the kids all week and now she wants to be alone with me.” We walked on the beach while the children flew their kites.So it went. Two weeks of not calling the Wall Street firm where I am a director; a visit to the shell museum though I usually hate museums. Relaxed and happy, thats how the whole vacation passed