2012兴化市高考英语研讨会资料：任务型阅读全攻略.doc

任务型阅读全攻略 江苏省泰州中学 袁翠萍 自2008普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(江苏卷)说明提出“任务型阅读”这一题型至今，该题型不论是从命制还是从解题方法反面，都已经逐渐走向成熟。笔者08年高考前两个月与所有当年的高三师生一同经历过心理上的困惑与迷茫，面对“任务型阅读”，当时的我们没有任何经验，没有任何练习和参考资料可以查阅，硬是凭着一股“在摸索中前进的劲头”，引领学生参加高考。好在08年高考任务型阅读题不算太难，所以学生得分还不错。但是随后的几年，任务型阅读题型难度加大，自我归纳总结题的比例增加，词形变换形式多样等诸多问题难倒了很多学生，导致任务型阅读的得分一直不容乐观。虽然考试说明对任务型阅读的题型做了很大调整，删除了比较难把握正确答案的题型，但是很多同学仍然存在畏难情绪，感到难以把握，导致失分严重。笔者参考了2012年考试说明样题，对任务型阅读进行了深度剖析，以便更好地提供解题思路和指导。一、任务型阅读的来源在阅读过程中，信息的获取要靠读者的“图式”知识。理解涉及文本和图式两方面因素，信息的获取不仅取决于文本本身，还取决于学生的背景知识、语体知识和语言解码能力，运用已有知识帮助理解的过程。任务型阅读(task-based reading)主要依赖于“形式图式”的能力，而“内容图式”和“语言图式”起辅助作用。二、任务型阅读的特点 (1)任务型阅读侧重语篇分析，剖析文章的“脉络”，即文章的结构或者框架。在阅读教学中，“英语语篇”按照文体可分记叙文(narrative)、描述文(description)、议论文(argumentation)、说明文(exposition)。各类文体各有其写作特点，任务型阅读后题目常具备一定的逻辑顺序展开。 (2)阅读材料后题目设置多样化，考查学生多种能力。任务型阅读虽然有考查学生的单词拼写能力，但是和“单词拼写”以及“对话填空”有着本质的区别。任务型阅读考的是语篇分析能力，对学生能力的考查更全面，要求也更高，包括考查学生的思维能力、分析能力、词汇能力以及其他的语言深层挖掘能力等。(3)阅读题目设置有梯度，答题要求简练和规范。任务型阅读题目设置旨在围绕不同的阅读技能和语言应用而展开，涉及词性转换、词语释义、同意替换、语法结构、归纳演绎、结构分析、细节理解等。任务型在表达部分也暗含有一些要求，诸如大小写、答题的一致性及词性等等，这些隐性的规范需要学生自己去揣摩。三、任务型阅读的解题步骤：总体来说，任务型阅读的解题步骤大致可以归纳为 “略读”“比较” “对应”“理解” “解题”“复核”等六步战略。 第一步：“略读”。快速浏览短文每段首句，了解文章大意是解题的第一环，也是关键的一步。只有文章大意，才能顺利地在表格中填出相关的信息。值得注意的是：如果表格前提供了小标题，要特别注意小标题，它通常是段落和表格的主题句。读懂了标题有助于理解短文和表格的大意和结构。 第二步：“比较”。众所周知，任务型阅读的表格是前面短文的简写和浓缩。所以了解文章后比较这两部分，一一搭配，理清表格主体结构与短文的写作思路和线索结构，有助于加深对篇章内容的理解，做到有的放矢。 第三步：“对应”。通过前两步的知识储备，可以将是个空格所在的句子与原文对应起来，进一步摸清出题者的出题思路，做到准确回归原文，尤其是占七成的细节题部分。即便是归纳题，通过对应原文也能更加准确了解该填的内容。 第四步：“理解”。找到与空格一致的句子正如找到阅读理解细节题的源头一样，只是给解题提供了范围，如若不能准确读懂其含义，便很可能望文生义，从而找错单词。只有认真理解句意，才能确定答案的关键词语，或者提炼、转换已得信息，从而确定正确答案。第五步：“解题”。单词或词组确定后，则需要关注更加细节的内容，如：词和词组间的合理转换，单词词性，所充当的成分，单复数形式，时态，各种搭配，单词拼写，大小写以及表格中并列部分的内容的一致性，如近义词、反义词、因果关系，句型句式等，避免因简单的形式错误或拼写错误而导致前功尽弃。 第六步：“复核”。在注意语言规范和书写工整，形式正确后，有必要将前面的第三、四、五步在复查一遍，杜绝任何导致失分的隐患。四、例题透析： 示例lTraveling on the Information SuperhighwayIn the early 1990s, few people outside of governments and universities had ever heard the term internet. The World Wide Web was in its infancy（初期）, Back then if you said to someone, ”Send me an e-mail with directions to your house,” all you would have received is a puzzled look . Technology has come a long way since those days. Today, the Internet connects millions of computers around the globe, making a worldwide exchange of information possible.The Internet is often called the “information superhighway.” Thats because vast amounts of information travel over it. If you searched the word grasshopper, for instance, you would have thousands of sites to look at. Some sites would give information on these insects. Other sites would be companies with “grasshopper” in their names. Still other sites might want to sell you books about grasshoppers.In addition to information, the Internet also offers one of the greatest inventions in communications, electronic mail, or e-mail for short. E-mail is the brainchild of a shrewd（精明的）man named Ray Tomlison. He developed the program and sent himself the first e-mail in 1974. He isnt sure, but he thinks his first message was QWERTYUIOP （ the top row of letters on a key-board）. As a result of Tomlinsons invention of e-mail, the way in which the world communicates has changed. Thanks to e-mail, you can communicate with a student in London and find out how his weather experiment is going. E-mail has also changed the speed with which we exchange information. In minutes, you can contact another person who shares your love of kites or stamps. Your aunt and uncle can send you pictures of their new puppy without ever leaving their home. If you are sick and cant attend school, your teacher can e-mail you the assignments you have missed. You can even send e-mail to a grasshopper expert and ask questions for a research paper.However, there is one big disadvantage when you use e-mail. Unlike a letter you send through the mail, e-mail is NOT private. It can be reviewed by anyone with access to your receivers computer. Your receiver could also forward it to other peopleso be careful. Do not say anything in an e-mail that you wouldnt say in front of crowd!The internetThe internet offers information to us.The internet enables us to （1） _ in a new way.We can （2） _ information throughout the world, because the internet can connect millions of computers.The internet is often called the “information superhigh-way”,because vast amount of information travel over it.Thanks to （3） _ , we can keep in touch with others wherever we are.It has changed the（4）_ of talking. Through it, we can talk with our students in London about the weather experiment.It has also enables us to exchange information at （5） speed than traditional communicative methods. Within a short time, it lets us （6）_ mother person who has internet in （7） _ . It also helps us to send information without leaving home.（8）_ the advantages, we should be （9） _ when using it. Because it may not be（10）_ if someone has access to our receivers computer.【宏观分析】：该题型主要考查同学们运用skimming和scanning等阅读技巧，但这其中又要注意答案的表述。这类题型里既有可以在原文中直接找到的词，也有需要对原文加工提炼的词，如第4、5、7三空。【解题思路】：本题主要讲述internet两个功能offer information和communication,文章里有一个段落划分提示词in addition to information我们就可以知道表格第一部分对应一二两段，第二部分对应其他段落。首先解决第2空，从表格可知，offer information又分为两小部分，分别对应第一与第二段，所以从第二段末尾可以找到exchange。第1空概括了下列几个方面，是第二部分的中心句，因此第三段开头就可以找到。第3空可以在第四段开头这一句找到原词，第四题则要根据这句话与这一空后的介词of talking来联想搭配。第5、6、7三空对应于第四段。短语in minute形容速度快（第5题），第6空contact可以找到原词，第7空是用have sth in common的短语来改写share your love of. 第8空对应于最后一段，however, there is 第9空可以找到原词，第10空则对应于最后两句话it can be received by anyone说明没有隐私private。示例2About six years ago I was eating lunch in a restaurant in New York city when a woman and a young boy own at the next table, I couldnt help overhearing parts of their conversation. At one point the woman asked, “So, how have you been?” And the boywho could not have been more than seven or eight years oldreplied. “Frankly, Ive been feeling a little depressed lately.”This incident stuck in my mind because it confirmed my growing belief that children are changing. As far as I can remember, my friends and I didnt find out wewere “depressed” until we were in high school.The evidence of a change in children has increased steadily in recent years. Children dont seem childlike anymore. Children speak more like adults, dress more like adults and behave more like adults than they used to.Whether this is good or bad is difficult to say, but it certainly is different. Children as it once was no longer exists. Why?Human development is based not only on natural biological states, but also on patterns of access to social knowledge. Movement from one social role to another usually involves learning the secrets of the new situation. Children have always been taught adult secrets, but slowly and in stages: traditionally, we tell sixth graders things we keep hidden from fifth graders.In the last 30 years, however, a secret-revelation（揭示）machine has been installed in 98 percent of American homes. It is called television. Television passes information, and indiscriminately（不加区分地），to all viewers alike, whether they are children or adults. Unable to resist the temptation, many children turn their attention from printed texts to the less challenging, more vivid moving pictures.Communication through print, as a matter of fact, allows for a great deal of control over the social information to which children have access. Reading and writing involve a complex code of symbols that must be memorized and practiced. Children must read simple books before they can read complex materials.Title: Change in todays childrenMain comparisonsContextDifferent （1） Children in the past did what they were （2） to. Children today （3） as if they were adults.Different （4） Children in the past never experienced （5） Sometimes sadness （6） to children nowadays.Childrens （7） to learn knowledge.Children in the past: in a （8） and guided process.Children nowadays: by （9） TV without controlA phenomenon worth notingThe authors （10） to childrens change.He prefers communication through print for children, which can control what children are to learn.【宏观分析】：这类题难度较大，对学生的基本功要求高。具体的说，在了解篇章结构的基础上，要求熟练运用已掌握的词汇对既得信息进行加工，所以本题型难点在于联想加工信息。【解题思路】：根据图表的title可知，文章讲述了新旧两个时代孩子的区别。首先解决第3空，根据第三段behave more like adults,可用behave 或者act，相反过去的孩子只做他们应该做的，可以联想到be supposed to（第2空），再对这两行进行总结，可联想到different behaviors（第1空）。第5空两个依据：第三段I didnt find out we were depressed与第6空前的sadness可知是depression.第6空要根据固定结构happen to，总结这两行,depression和sadness都应是情感，所以第4空应该用feelings或emotions。第7空根据后面8、9两空前的介词in和by可猜测应填ways（方式）。第8空可根据第五段最后一句，but slowly and in stages可知应是gradual.第9空相对应文章倒数第二段，watching TV.第10空主要根据其后he prefers communication与第10空后的介词to可知是作者的attitude。五、巩固练习：1. While there are certainly many more varieties of English, American and British English are the two major ones. The following is meant to point out the differences between them.In British English the present perfect is used to express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment. For example: Ive lost my key. Can you help me look for it? In American English: I lost my key. Can you help me look for it?There are two forms to express possession in English. Have or Have got. Have got is generally the preferred form in British English while speakers of American English employ the have.The major differences between British and American English lie in the choice of vocabulary. Some words mean different things in the two varieties for example:Rubber: (American English - condom, British English - tool used to erase pencil markings)Many vocabulary items are also used in one form and not in the other. One of the best examples of this is the terminology used for automobiles. Americans say truck, while British people say lorry.There are also a few differences in preposition use including the following: On the weekend (American English); At the weekend (British English).The following verbs have two acceptable forms of the past participle in both American and British English, however, the irregular form is generally more common in British English and the regular form is more common to American English. Such as, burn, learn, etc.Finally, there are some general differences between British and American spellings:Words ending in -or (American) -our (British) color, colour, humor, humour, flavor, flavour etc.Words ending in -ize (American) -ise (British) recognize, recognise, patronize, patronise etc. 1._ between British English and American EnglishAspectsBritish EnglishAmerican English2._The present perfect is used to stress an action that has an 5._ on the present moment.The simple past is usually used.Possessionhave got6._3._Some words 7._ different things in the two varieties.Many vocabulary items are also used in one 8._ and not in the other.PrepositionAt the weekend9._ the weekendPast participleThe 10._ form is generally more common in British English4._Words ending in or/-ize (American) our/-ise (British)答案：1.Differences 2.Tense 3.Vocabulary 4.Spelling 5.effect 6.have 7.mean 8.form 9.On 10.irregular2. The traditional American family is a nuclear family. A nuclear family refers to a husband and wife and their children. In some cultures, people live close to their extended family. Several generations may even live together. In America, only in a few cases does more than one household live under one roof. American values receive a warm welcome in the home. Many homes are run like a democracy. Each family member can have a say. A sense of equality often exists in American homes. Instead of fearing Mom and Dad, children may think of them as good friends. Husbands and wives often share household chores. In many cases, a child can enjoy privacy in his or her own bedroom. Often parents give children freedom to make their own decisions. Preschoolers choose what clothes to wear or which toys to buy. Young adults generally make their own choices about what career to pursue and whom to marry. Families in America, like those in every culture, face many problems. Social pressures are breaking apart more and more American homes. Over half of U.S. marriages now end in divorce. More than one in four American children is growing up in single-parent homes. As a result, many people believe the American family is in trouble. Even so, there is still reason for hope. Many organizations are working hard to strengthen families. Americans almost unanimously believe that the family is one of the most important parts of life. The vast majority also feel that the traditional two-parent family is best for children. As a result, more and more people are making their family a priority. Many women are quitting their jobs to stay home with their children. Husbands and wives are making a concentrated effort to keep their marriages solid. The United Nations has declared 1994 the International Year of the Family. Not just in America, but all over the world, people recognize the importance of strong families. How do you strengthen the family bond? Do special things for each other. Talk with each other. Play together. Spend time together. American FamiliesDefinition It is a “nuclear family.” That is, they (2) _ live together with another household.Values American people advocate a democratic, (3) _ and free (4) _ within their home.(1)_ with American families.There are many family problems as a (5) _ of social pressure.Many couples divorce1/4American children are (6) _ up by their single parent.Hopes for American familiesNot only organizations but also (7) _ are making great efforts to strengthen familiesThe United Nations has (8) _ 1994 the “International Year of the Family.”Individuals hold the (9) _ that a harmonious family is good for society as well as for children. The key to achieving this is to spend time together, care about each other and (10) _ with family members.答案1. Problems 2. seldom 3. equal 4. atmosphere 5. result 6. brought 7. individuals 8. declared 9. belief 10. communicate3. The two most common martial arts practiced in North America are karate and tae kwon do. Most practitioners in both karate and tae kwon do seem to wear the same type of white gi uniforms with various colored belts. Modern traditional karate was developed in the islands of Okinawa in Japan. The colored belt system was developed to show the various ranks of karate practitioners with white depicting novices and cenosphere (with various degrees) representing instructor levels and higher. There is a whole range of other different colors in between. Modern tae kwon do was developed in Korea. The Koreans adopted similar white uniforms along with a colored belt ranking system for tae kwon do. Today, there are two main styles of tae kwon do, one under the International tai chi Federation and the other under the World Tae Kwon Do Federation. Many tae kwon do schools have added a black lining to their white uniforms for black belt levels. There are also older Korean styles including tang soo do and moo duk kwan. Some of the more Americanized karate and tae kwon do schools also use uniforms with other colors such as red, black and blue. It can be generalized that in karate, one would use their arms or hands for 60% of the time for strikes or blocks while the use of legs about 40%. The forms from tae kwon do would have the opposite percentage breakdown with 40% hands and 60% legs. In tae kwon do, there is also more emphasis on higher kicks to the head level than in karate. The tae kwon do forms or patterns are generally a bit shorter and less complex than the karate forms. In North America as well as other parts of the world, there are separate traditional competitions for karate and tae kwon do. Some of the larger open martial arts competition events will have separate forms divisions for Japanese karate and Korean tae kwon do competitors Both karate and tae kwon do are considered as hard style martial arts in North America today Karate and Tai Kwon Do in North AmericaAspectsKarateTai Kwon Do(1) _They are (2) _ practiced in North America.Learners nearly wear the same uniforms with (3) _ of colored belts.They all have (4) _ or tournaments in North America.Both are (5) _ as hard style martial arts.DifferencesOrigins(6) _KoreaUniforms and beltsAs usual as before.Tae kwon do has (7) _ a black lining to their white uniforms for black belt levels.ActionsStrike or block 60% (8) _ arms or hands while 40% legsJust the (9) _ percentage.Comparatively speaking, the Tai Kwon Do patterns are shorter and less (10) _. 答案1. Similarities 2. commonly 3. varieties 4. competitions 5. considered/ regarded 6. Japan 7. added 8. with 9. opposite10. complex/ complicated4. Sleepwalking has had more than its fair share of headlines recently thanks to a string of bizarre cases, the most recent of which was the acquittal last week of a woman who had been charged with attempting to smother her mother. Sleepwalking is a poorly understood phenomenon that typically occurs during the first third of the night. It is much more common in young children, who often grow out of it as they get older. Brain electroencephalography (EEG) wave patterns show that sleepwalkers are in a state of incomplete awakening, where parts of the brain are functioning normally while others remain “asleep”. There is a genetic component it often runs in familiesand possible triggers include stress, lack of sleep and al