大学英语四、六级阅读培训材料.doc

大学英语四、六级阅读理解应试技巧指导第一节 词语推断词汇在大学英语四、六级阅读中占有很重要的地位。如果一位考生既不认识句中的词汇，又无法从上下文中获得足够的信息来猜测出这个词的意义，那就很难答对词汇题。在四、六级英语阅读测试时，所出的有关词汇题往往是比较有针对性的题目。这些词考生不熟悉或词义概念模糊。对于这种题，考生完全可以根据上下文和学过的有关构词法的知识，通过推敲从而确定词汇的意义。词语题的设问表达方式通常是：1The word / phrase / expression most probably means .2The word / phrase / expression refers to .3The word / phrase / expression suggests that .4What does the author mean by the word / phrase / expression?5By the word / phrase / expression the author means .6By the word / phrase / expression the author intends to render the idea that .请看实例：【例文1】（CET4 99.1 Passage Four第三段）Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny.38The word “scrutiny”（Line 3, Para.3）most probably means“ ”.A）inquiry C）controlB）observation D）suspicion【分析】上文指出“Almost all of it （learning） is private”，下文又指出“that process （learning） is not open to public scrutiny.”由此可见，public scrutiny 与private 是相对的概念。如果将选项中的词分别替换scrutiny，可以判断只有B）符合原文。【例文2】（CET4 1998.6 Passage Four 第一段）In fact, they say that if their companies are to compete in the global village and in the global market place, diversity is an imperative 36The word “imperative”（Line 6, Para. 1）most probably refers to something .A）superficial C）debatableB）remarkable D）essential【分析】在上文中没有相关词汇可以借助来推测imperative的含义，但根据该句的逻辑关系“如果他们的公司要参与全球竞争的话，多样化是 的”，由此推断，空白处应译为“必要的，必需的”等。因此D)应为正确答案。一、学会猜测词义猜测词义的技巧可分为三大部分：根据上下文猜测词义，根据构词法猜测词义以及利用信号猜测词义。（一）根据上下文猜测词义1根据文章中给出的定义、修饰性从句及定语直接猜得词义。也就是说，文章的作者本人也意识到文章中的某些词十分生僻或不常使用而故意在同位语、修饰性从句等中给出一定的揭示或进行一些解释。这些用来解释或进行揭示的词，意义与生僻词基本相同，基本可以互换。也就是说，通过阅读解释部分，生僻词的意义便明晰了。Example 1Designer Taylors car has all the comforts of an ordinary sports car: special seats and dashboard, body of special material, and efficient steering. But by removing a few bins and bolts form the strange-looking trailer, which is a transport vehicle hauled by a tractor or truck, and joining the sections to the car with the same pins and bolts, Taylor can change his sports car into a “ flying object ”.2根据上下文中的内容猜测词义。考生可以根据上下文所提供的信息进行有机的联想及推断，进而达到理解生词含义的目的。这种类型的题，上下文的解释一般较为具体，而生词则是文章中较为概括的部分。Example 2We often call this small change of conversation small talk, but this description seems to denigrate it unfairly. On special occasions, at parties for example, small talk is usually necessary before deeper human relationships and more serious conversationif these are desired. They may not always be desired, however, one may invite a business friend and his wife to dinner without wishing to make them close friends for life. And in this case, we need a form of language which is not too intimate and does not make us too intimate to others.3利用文章中所罗列出的例子猜词义。这种方法一般也是根据较具体的词汇、词组，通过归纳、猜测从而理解较抽象的词汇或词组。Example 3Much of the required paper work results from the close scrutiny by a wide range of government agencies over such matters as tax collection, consumer protection, food and drugs, environmental controls, equal labor opportunities, etc. Many such protections have, in fact, been added as a result of the pressures and influence of concerned citizens.4利用比喻猜测词义。当作者作比较的时候，一般是强调二者的相似之处。比喻则更是如此。因此，两个相比较的东西只要认出其中之一，便可大致猜出另一物的实质，从而明了全句的含义。Example 4She sat there for the moment, quiet and silent, suddenly, the meek lamb burst in bad temper, as ferocious as a lion.5利用常识猜测词义。很多词的词义，放在某一类词汇中间，读者可以很容易凭借自己的生活经验或生活常识来猜词义。Example 5“Have you two seats for tonights performance?”“I am sorry, all the seats are booked. There are a hundred unreserved seats. They are sold half an hour before the curtain goes up.”6利用对比的词猜测词义。表示对比的词语，在意义上相互联系，从而使读者通过对比得出词义这一方法成为可能。一般来说，对比的词语是一对反义词或近乎于反义词，而且词性也一致。Example 6We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americansborn in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today, at home and around the world. （二）利用构词法知识猜测词义英语的构词方法很多，大致可以分为两种，一种是词缀辨认，另一种是词汇复合，下面我们逐一加以讲解。1词缀辨认。词缀分前缀、后缀及中缀。中缀不大常见，因此我们的讨论将围绕前缀和后缀进行。（1）前缀辨认。前缀是附加在单词前面的语法部件，它本身有发音，有意义，但不能单独成为一个词汇。它的功能主要是给原来的词汇增加一层含义。因此，如果考生掌握了一定数量的前缀，就可以通过辨认前缀，通过复合词缀和词汇的意义来猜测出词的意义。Example 7The hydrosphere has strange characteristics because water has properties unlike those of any other liquid. One anomaly is that water upon freezing expands by about 9 percent, whereas most liquids contract on cooling. For this reason, ice floats on water bodies instead of sinking to the bottom. If the ice sank, the hydrosphere would soon be frozen solidly, except for a thin layer of surface melt water during the summer season. Thus, all water life would be destroyed and the interchange of warm and cold currents, which moderates climate, would be notably absent.（2）后缀辨认。后缀是附加在单词后面的一种语法部件。它本身也有发音，有意义，但也不能单独成为一个词汇。和前缀不同，后缀不仅给词汇增加了一层含义，而且也通常改变词汇的词性。例如“-less”附加在名词的后面，就可以将名词转变为形容词。因此，加后缀的词的词性也要引起考生的注意。当然，掌握了后缀的意义并掌握了词汇的意义，也同样能猜出全词的意义。Example 8Impressionism is a form of art which began in the 1870s. When you look closely at an impressionist painting, you see little dots of different colored paints. When you move away from the picture, the dots of colors blends and the painting looks like it has light playing on the people and objects in the picture.2分解词汇。英语中有一种构词法即是把两个有联系的词用连字符联接，并附以适当的语法形态，从而形成一个表达新概念的词汇。因此，通过结合上下文并分解词汇，可以将一些难词辨认出来。Example 9Then barbed-wire loomed up in the grey night. The hands of the mine-detectors began to move, and the instruments sang out a muffled warning. All was quiet in the enemy lines. Only an occasional shell flew high overhead.（三）信号推断法作者在行文过程中使用的一些标点符号、单词或短语，常充当着“信号”的指示作用，提供了有关作者思路及篇章结构的线索，阅读者可利用这些线索推测词义。此为“信号法”。.1标点符号有些句子当中，对于生词的定义、解释等常用标点符号分开。这些符号通常是逗号、破折号、括号等。例如： Careful and thoughtful readers always think about what they are reading, trying to interpret explain and understand the ideas presented in a reading passage.句中破折号之间的内容即是对interpret一词的解释释义和领悟，即“阐释”。这种附加的解释有效地避免了读者将interpret错误理解成“翻译”而无法正确理解原文。As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni tribes of North America were building with adobesunbaked brick plastered with mud.(CET494.6)句中破折号后的内容是对adobe一词的进一步解释，可翻译为“粘土砖”，即“由太阳晒干的泥土砖”。.2信号词充当“信号”的单词或短语名为“信号词”,根据其功能可分为以下六种：A) 同向信号：表示叙述的方向没有改变。例如： Amy decided she would study her history tonight. Likewise, her roommate Jennifer decided she would. Mary felt perturbed; that is, she was greatly disturbed by her sisters action.例中likewise表明，Jennifer也决定今晚学习历史(Jennifer decided she would study history tonight)。例中that is所引导的句子是对perturbed的解释，从而可以猜出它和disturbed的词义相近。即“不安，烦扰”。常见的同向信号词有：and, also, for example, for instance, furthermore, in addition, likewise, moreover, what is more, a case in point, that is, meaning, such as, or, in other wordsB) 转向信号：表示叙述的方向将发生改变。例如： Distrust can be contagious. But, so can trust! We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. （CET4-90，1）Question: 37. By “held back” the author means “_”A) made to remain in the same classesB) forced to study in the lower classesC) drawn to their studiesD) prevented from advancing例中but起转折作用，表明作者阐述的重点是后者(so can trust)。例中第一句话里提供的信息不足，难以推断held back的意思。继续看看第二句话里on the contrary后面是否有其它线索。找到了一个enrich，它的意思应与held back相反，故可断定正确答案为D。常见的转向信号词有：although, but, however, on the contrary, on the other hand, in spite of, despite, otherwise, nevertheless, yetC) 序列信号：表示叙述的先后次序。例如： After spending three weeks in the woods, Henry was tired of solitude. They typically gaze at each other for about 3 seconds at a time, then drop their eyes down for 3 seconds, before letting their eyes meet again.(CET4-96，6)例中的after既表达了时间的先后次序又暗示了原因，所以该句大致可理解为：在林中呆了三个星期后，亨利厌倦了隐居的(或与世隔绝的)生活。常见的序列信号词有：first, second, third, , and so on, then, after, before, then, next, last, afterward, finally, in the endD) 总括信号：表示下面的语句是对上文的概括和总结。例如： One reason for this is that communicating with vehicles in orbit is much easier than talking to those underwater. A vacuum is an ideal medium for radio communications, but underwater communications are limited to much slower sound waves. Thus, most undersea vehicles particularly ROVs operate at the end of long ropes.(CET4-88)常见的总括信号词有：as a result, finally, therefore, consequently, accordingly, so, thus, in short, in conclusion, in brief, in a word, in generalE) 因果信号：表示前后两部分之间存在因果关系。例如： Johnson shifted from the Department of Accounting to the Department of Literature because he decided he liked human beings better than numbers.常见的因果信号词有：as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as , since, consequentlyF)释义信号：表示前后两部分之间存在释义关系。例如： Oceanography has been defined as “The application of all sciences to the study of the sea.” (CET4-90.1, Passage One) Nature provides some animals with an internal physiological response which lowers their metabolism, or rate of bodily functioning, and hence slows down their expenditure of energy in winter when food is scarce.例中引号部分与oceanography构成了释义关系，可知oceanography是一门“将各门自然科学应用于海洋研究”的学问，即“海洋学”。另外根据构词法也可直接猜测出oceanography的意思。 例中or引导的rate of bodily functioning即是对metabolism的释义。 常见释义信号词有：or, define, namely, that is, in other words二、多义现象在阅读的过程中，我们往往会遇到这种情况，即某些词汇并不是生词，但这些词汇意义很多，无法单独加以判别。因此，这就需要考生运用所掌握的有关词汇的知识，结合上下文的各种条件，对症下药，加以辨别。Example 10The shock of encountering college students who did not recognize the names of eminent figures like Jane Addams or W. E. B. Du Bois led me to conduct an informal, unscientific survey of professors who teach history to undergraduates.The word “ shock ” may mean .A. a sudden, upsetting disturbance B. a thick, bushy mass of somethingC. a group of corn stalk set in end to dryD. a violent blow or shakingThe word “ figure ” in the present context is closest in meaning to .A. a symbol for a number B. drawing, painting, or image of the bodyC. a person in high position D. geometric pattern 现将四六级考试中需着重掌握的前缀，后缀，构词法列表如下：表1前缀意义、作用例 示anti-反;抗;阻;排斥antibody(抗体)be-使,导致befriend(对友好), befog(把弄模糊)bi-两个(倍)bilateral(双边的), biannual (一年两次的)bio-生命,生物biocide(杀虫剂), bioclean(无菌的,十分清洁的)co-一起,共同coordinate(使协调), cohabit(同居)counter-相反的;对应的;回报counterclockwise(逆时针地); countermeasure(对策); counterattack(反击)de-去掉, 破坏deform(使变形), deice(除去的冰)dec(a)-十个(倍)的decathlete(十项全能运动员), decagon(十边形)dis-否定,相反;除去disregard(漠视), discard(扔弃), disburden(减轻负担)eco-与生态(学)有关的ecocide(生态灭绝), ecocatastrophe(生态灾变)en-使enlist(征募), endanger (使遭到危险)ex-先前的;向外的ex-wife(前妻); external(外部的), extradite(引渡)fore-预先,提前foresight(先见,预见), forecast(预报)hydr(o)-水(力)的;含氢的hydraulics(水力学); hydrology(水文学)im-, ir-不, 非impatient(不耐烦的)in-, il-不,非,无illiterate(不识字的,文盲的)inter-之间(的)interurban(城际的), interaction(相互作用)kilo-一千kiloton(千吨); kiloliter(千升)mid-中间的,中途的midpoint(中点), midstream(中流)milli-一千分之一millisecond(毫秒); milliliter(毫升)mis-错, 差, 坏mispronounce(发音错误,误读), mistreat(虐待)mono-单个,单一monosyllable(单音节), monolog(独白)non-没有, 不non-vehicle(非机动车)over-过度;超过oversleep(使)睡过头); overlook(俯瞰, 忽略)pent(a)-五个(倍)的pentagon(五边形), pentathlete(五项全能运动员)post-过后的postdoctoral(博士后的)pre-预先的preliminary(预备的)psych(o)-心理(上)的psychoanalysis(心理分析), psychosurgery(精神病外科学)re-再次,又;回头revenge(报复), refund(退款)self-自我的(地)self-made(白手起家的), self-educate(自学)semi-一半;部分semisphere(半球), semiconductor(半导体)sub-亚于,低于,在之下submerge(淹没), subordinate(使从属);thermo-热量,温度,热度thermochemistry(热化学)un-不, 非, 没有uninteresting(无聊的), unintended(不是存心的,非故意的)under-低于;欠underestimate(低估); underdeveloped(欠发达的)表2后缀意义、作用举例-en构成动词strengthen(加强, 强化), widen(加宽)-fy构成动词amplify(放大,扩大)-ize (-ise)构成动词,表 具有特性humanize(使具有人性)-th构成名词length(长度), width(宽度)-logy构成名词,表 学科archaeology(考古学), futurology(未来学)-ar, -er, -eer, -or构成名词,表 者,人,器,机burglar(夜贼),profiteer(奸商)panhandler(乞丐), actor(男演员)-ee构成名词,表 者,人standee(站客), absentee(缺席者)-ian构成名词,表 者,人physician(内科医生), comedian(喜剧演员)-ess构成名词,表 女性;雌性swardess(女乘务员); lioness(母狮)-let构成名词,表 小piglet(小猪), leaflet(小册子)-age构成名词,表集合;身份;费用;活动,动作等mileage(里程);pupilage(学生时期);postage(邮资); breakage(破损)-hood构成名词,表状态maidenhood(少女时期)-ancy, -ency构成名词,表状态,品质efficiency(效率), constancy(恒久性)-ance, -ence构成名词,表状态、条件等performance(表现,表演), existence(存在)-ion, -ation构成名词,表状态、条件等fertilization(施肥), humanization(人类化)-ity, -ty构成名词,表状态、条件等locality(所在地), superiority(先进)-ment构成名词,表状态、条件等enhancement(加强),-ness构成名词,表状态、条件等noiselessness(无声)-dom构成名词,表状态、性质等wisdom(明智的行为)，boredom(单调)-ship构成名词,表状态、性质等scholarship(奖学金), dictatorship(独裁)-ant, -ian构成名词,表 者,人anticipant(预期者,期盼者) , defendant(被告人)-ing构成名词或动名词,表动作或事物savings(积蓄); engineering(工程); flashing(闪光)-ant构成形容词anticipant(期望的)-ed构成形容词aged(年老的), pointed(尖的)-ic(al)构成形容词cyclical (参cycle), scenic(参scene)-ous构成形容词advantageous, mountainous-ary, -ory构成形容词,表 的legendary(传说中的), compulsory(强制性的)-some构成形容词,表 具有性质troublesome(麻烦的), noisome(令人不快的)-able, -ible构成形容词,表 可的edible(可食用的),omissible(可删除的)-like构成形容词,表 象的catlike(象猫的,偷偷摸摸的)-ish构成形容词,表 有特性的sheepish(懦弱的),-ive构成形容词,表 有特性的talkative(健谈的)-ful构成形容词,表具有特性;或构成名词resourceful(资源丰富的,足智多谋的); handful(一把,一小撮)-less构成形容词,表缺少,没有listless(倦怠的), restless(不安宁的)-ly构成形容词,副词或名词highly(高度地); yearly(每年的(地); monthly(月刊)-al构成形容词或名词provincial(省的,乡土的),proposal(提议)-ist构成形容词或名词royalist(保皇主义者(的), racialist(种族主义者)-y构成形容词或名词lengthy(冗长的), discovery(发现)表3复合名词的构成规则例 示名词+名词newsstand(报摊), timecard(考勤卡)名词+动名词energy-saving(节省能量的)形容词+名词superpower(超级大国)动名词+名词looking-glass(眼镜), freezing-point(凝点,结冰点)动词+副词checkout(检查), setback(挫折)副词+动词outlook(展望，景色), inbreak(入侵)过去分词+副词grown-up(成年人)表4复合形容词的构成规则例 示名词+动名词tone-setting(调音), epoch-making(划时代的)名词+过去分词weather-beaten(饱经风霜的), state-run(国营的)名词+形容词duty-free(免税的), carsick(晕车的)形容词+名词short-range(短程的), long-distance(长途的)形容词+名词+edred-eyed(红眼的), narrow-hearted(心胸狭窄的)过去分词+副词 / 介词paid-in(已缴会费的), grown-up(成年的)使用 “-”wait-and-see(等着瞧的), matter-of-fact(实事求是的)词语推断训练题Example 1 With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous. （MET 94）66The word “dormant” in this paragraph most probably means .A. dead B. ever-presentC. inactive D. potentialExample 2 Tourists were surprised to see a woman driving a huge orange tractor down one of Romes main avenues. Italys political leaders and some of its male union chiefs are said to have been more puzzled to see that the tractor was followed by about 200 000 women in a parading procession that took more than three hours to snake through central Rome. （MET 90）The expression “snake through central Rome” probably means “to move ”.A. quietly through central RomeB. violently through central RomeC. in a long winding line through central RomeD. at a leisurely pace through central RomeExample3 It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the drivers seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a “Be Kind to Other Drivers” campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand. （MET 92）32The sentence “you might tolerate the odd road-hog（行车粗野的司机）the rule.” implies that .A） our society is unjust towards well-mannered motoristsB） rude drivers can be met only occasionallyC） the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hogD） nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists第二节 主旨推断主旨类试题的目的在于考查考生对文章的主题、标题、中心思想的理解程度和区别主要信息和次要信息的能力。常见的提问方式有：1What is the main idea of the passage?2What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?3What is the passage mainly about?4Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?5Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?6Which of the following best summarizes the authors opinion?主旨是一篇文章或一个段落的核心，是作者写作意图的体现，其表现形式因体裁和论证方式的不同而有所不同。就四、六级考试而言，文章或段落的主旨通常以主题句（topic sentence）的形式出现。请看实例：【例文1】（CET4 99.1 Passage Three）The appeal of advertising to buying motives can have both negative and positive effects. Consumers may be convinced to buy a product of poor quality or high price because of an advertisement. For example, some advertisers have appealed to peoples desire for better fuel economy for their cars by advertising automotive products that improve gasoline mileage. Some of the products work. Othe