非谓语动词备课4.doc

非谓语动词非谓语动词，也就是不能单独用作谓语的动词（但与助动词结合可构成“进行时态、系表结构、完成时态、被动语态等谓语形式”），非谓语动词在英语句子结构中用法非常广泛、灵活，可充当主语、表语、宾语、补语、定语、状语等。现在笔者向同学们作分类介绍：动词不定式一、 不定式作主语1. 一般置于句首：To see one time is better than to hear one hundred times.2. 常见用it代替它作形式主语，而把不定式或不定式结构移到句尾： Its our duty to serve the people3. 在含有不定式作主语的疑问句或感叹句中，一般只用it作形式主语。常见：Is it a good idea to plant some flowers there？不可以说：*Is to plant some flowers there a good idea？二、 不定式作表语连系动词be，seem，appear，get，remain等常用不定式作表语，如果主语部分有实义动词do时，表语常可用不带to的不定式。例如：My idea is to have a trip on SundayThe only thing I can do now is wait at home.三、 不定式作动词宾语1. 动词不定式：The girl asked to see the headmaster常见的跟带to的不定式结构作宾语的动词有：agree，aim，arrange，ask，choose，decide， demand，pretend，expect，hope，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，promise，refuse，wish，want，hate等。但help后的不定式常可省掉的，如： They helped（to）do the cleaning this morning.2. 动词十疑问词（why除外）不定式：We must find out what to do next. 常见能跟“疑问词十不定式”结构作宾语的动词有：decide，find out，forget，know，learn， remember，see，think，understand，wonder等。3. 形式宾语it十宾语补足语十不定式 I felt it my duty to report it to the headmaster 有时也用：形式宾语it宾语补足语for名词不定式： All these noises made it impossible for me to go on with the work. 后接以上结构的常用动词有：feel，find，make，think，count等。四、 不定式作介词宾语 一般说来，不定式不用作介词宾语。但在以下两种情况则可以。1. 在介词butexcept之后接不定式作宾语。如果butexcept前有实义动词do，butexcept 后的不定式通常不带to；如果butexcept前没有实义动词do，butexcept后的不定式般要带to。试比较：They could do nothing but wait for the teacher to arrive.He seldom comes except to ask for help.2. 介词疑问词（why除外）带to的不定式They are talking about where to spend their holiday.Everyone has his own idea of how to do it.五、 不定式作宾语补足语 这类结构常见的有：1. 动词宾语带to的不定式 They warned us not to go out at night.后接“宾语带to的不定式”的动词常见的有：advise，allow，ask，command，encourage， forbid，force，invite，require，order，persuade，cause，call on，wait for，show, how，teachteach how，telltell how等。2. 动词十宾语不带to的不定式：Did you notice anyone take away my raincoat？后接“宾语十不带to的不定式”的动词常见的有：feel，see，hear，let，have，make，watch，listen to, notice，observe等。注意：1) feel十宾语to be的不定式时， to不可省略。2) let变为被动态，而后面要接to的不定式时，to可保留也可省略。3) have，notice，watch不用于被动语态。 4) see，hear，make，listen to, notice，observe变为被动态时，后面须要改接带to的不定式： That made us wait for five years. We were made to wait for five hours.六、 不定式作定语 不定式作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词之后，往往表示将要发生的行为。I have no wish to become a sailor.1. 不定式与所修饰的名词之间的逻辑关系1) 动宾关系： Do you have anything else to say？ （anything是to say的逻辑宾语）I have a lot of things to do. (to do与a lot of things之间存在逻辑动宾关系。)2) 说明修饰的名词的内容： She has a wish to go back to her home village.（不定式说明wish的具体内容）3) 主谓关系： The next man to come is Mr.Green（the next man是to come的逻辑主语）2. “不及物动词不定式介词”作后置定语如果作定语的不定式是一个不及物动词，有时需要加上一个适当的介词才能同所修 饰的名词发生联系： They had no house to live in There is nothing （for us） to worry about. 当不定式修饰time，place或way时，后面一般都省掉介词，例如： They had no place to live.（一般不加in） There is still plenty of time to finish the work. This is the way to wash my teeth3. 不定式用在the first，the second以及the last，the only等后，或用在最高级后作定语。 He loves parties； He is always the first to come and the last to leave.She was the last one to hand in her paper七、 不定式作状语1. 表示目的： He was running to catch the bus. 不定式作目的状语时，前后常加in order或so as。如： He came here in order to learn from you. I went early so as not to miss the train.注意：to或in order to引起的状语可放在句首或句尾：而so as to引起的状语只能放在句中或句尾。2. 表示结果： They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. 不定式作结果状语时，常与以下结构搭配：1) soas to “如此以致” Would you be so kind as to lend me your dictionary？2) suchas to“如此以致” He is such a fool as to think that hell be a king.3) enough to “足以” This sea fish looks almost good enough to eat. He didnt jump high enough to win a prize.4) tooto “太而不（以致不）” He was too young to understand all that. 但要注意，在以下句子中的tooto并无否定意义：不定式也不表示结果： I shall be only too pleased to get home（only too =very） They were too anxious to leave. （toovery） Its too kind of you to have told me that.（不定式作主语） You are too ready to quarrel with others.（不定式作ready的状语）5) 不定式前用only表示不愿得到的或出乎意料的结果。试比较 He went to the Internet bar to see his friend.（表目的） He went to the Internet bar only to see his teacher.（表结果）3. 表示原因： We jumped with joy to hear the news.从上可看出，表示目的、结果、原因的不定式结构形式相似，区别在于词汇意思不同，试比较：The woman wept to obtain sympathy.（目的：为获得同情）The woman wept to become all tears.（结果：泪流满面） The woman wept to hear the bad news.（原因：因闻此坏消息）八、 不定式的复合结构1. for名词或代词宾格带to的不定式 如果不定式结构的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，可以用for引起的短语来表示：It will be a mistake for us not to help them。Wed better find some work for the students to do2. of名词或代词带to的不定式 在it作先行词的句中，如果表语是形容词，而这个形容词又用来表不定式逻辑主语 的人或动物的性格特征或行为表现等，这时，不定式的逻辑主语常用of引起的短语表示： Its kind of you to think so much of us. （=You are so kind to think so much of us.）常见能用于这类结构的形容词有：brave，clever，cruel，foolish，good，honest，horrible，kind，Lazy，nice，polite，rude，selfish，silly，stupid，wise等。九、 不定式的否定式在不定式前面加not，never等构成其否定式，如果该不定式前不带to，则直接在动词原 形前面加not，never等。例如：They got up early so as not to miss the early busThey decided not to accept their invitation.Youd better not go to the party tonight. They are believed not to have done such a thing. 十、 不定式的完成式 1. 形式：（以do为例）to have done（主动形式），to have been done（被动形式）；2. 用法：不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，常用不定式的完成式： He is said to have written a new book about Europe. 不定式的完成式主要用于以下几种情况：1) 和seem，happen，appear，be said，be believed，be thought等连用，构成复合谓语： She seemed to have heard about it already2) 用在作表语的形容词glad，sorry，lucky等后面作状语：3) 用在pretend，expect，mean，would like等动词后面作宾语： I meant to have told you about it， but I forgot to do so.十一、 不定式的进行式1. 形式：（以do为例）to be doing2. 用法：如果谓语动词表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式：He seems to be enjoying himself.不定式的进行式主要可以用于： 1) 构成复合谓语： They are said to be building another bridge across the river2) 在某些动词后构成复合宾语： We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.3) 在某些动词后作宾语：You dont need to be worrying about her. She is safe at home.十二、 不定式的被动式1. 形式：（以do为例）to be done（一般式），to have been done（完成式）；2. 用法：当不定式的逻辑主语是用不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动 形式： She asked to be sent to work in the country这种形式可以用来做主语、宾语、定语、状语，并可构成复合宾语或复合谓语。但须注意的是，在某些结构中不定式虽然表示被动的含义，用的却是主动形式： We still have many difficulties to smooth away They found the sentence hard to understand.在以上句子中，虽然不定式与最近的名词（代词）有动宾关系，但与句子中另一个名词（代词）却可能有主谓关系，运或许是用主动形式的原因。如果不存在这种主谓关系，这不定式仍常用被动式： Let me show you the room to be used as teachers reading room.巩固训练1. The girl seemed very interested in watching me _ the experiment.A. to doB. doC. in doingD. for doing2. We wish you _ how disappointed we were when we heard the news.A. realizeB . realizingC. to realizeD. will realize3. What _ you to make such a decision?A. madeB. letC. hadD. caused4. Bobs par4ents want Bob _ all the rules at school.A. obeyB. to obeyC. obeyingD. will obey5. many parents closed their children _own decisions.A. to make theirB. making theC. made theirD. will make their6. Will you attend the meeting _ next month?A. to holdB. being heldC. to be heldD. will be held7. We wont _ him be treated in that way.A. makeB. permitC. haveD. let8. We didnt expect ct you _ for us here.A. waitingB. to be waitingC. to have waitedD. waited9. He is believed_ a new book.A. having already writtenB. already writingC. to write alreadyD. to have already written10. Most of the officials think the best man _ the position is Professor Johnson.A. holdingB. to holdC. having heldD. will hold11. It is important _ to turn off the light when you leave the room.A. rememberB . to rememberC. of rememberingD. remembering12. It is great honor _ present at this meeting.A. for us to beB. for us toC. of us to b eD. for your being13. Its kind _ so much of us.A. for you to thinkB. for you thinkingC. of you to thinkD. of you thinking14. What I would suggest is _ the job right away.A. to startB. startsC. of staringD. for staring15. Its a new dictionary, he seems _ this book the other day.A. to buyB. buying C. to have bought D. to have been boughtKEY: BCDBA CDCDB BACAC动名词一、 动名词作主语1. 一般置于句首： Reading English is easier than speaking it.2. 有时也可以用it作形式主语，而把动名词放在谓语动词之后。 It will be nice seeing them again. 这类句子结构常见的还有：1) Its no use；It is no use crying over spilt milk.2) Its no good；It is no good feeling selfsatisfied over your first success3) Is it any good？ Is it any good trying to exp1ain？4) Its a waste of time；Its a waste of time arguing about it.3. 动名词还可以在There is no句子结构中做主语： There is no asking him to come nowHe is busy 这种句子中的动名词常带有宾语，其句型含义相当于It is impossible to do二、 动名词作表语 连系动词常与动名词连用，一起构成复合谓语： Our task is building China into a powerfu1 modern socialist country.三、 动名词作宾语1. 作动词宾语： This factory has stopped producing the old type of engine.必须接动名词作宾语的动词常见的有：consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，excuse，finish， give up，cannot help（禁不住），imagine，mind，miss，practise，put off，resist，suggest， pardon，stop，allow，permit，forbid，appreciate等。2. 作介词宾语： 在介词后面，常常用动名词作宾语，这样构成的介词短语常用作定语或状语 There are several ways of doing it.（定语） After finishing the experiments， we wrote down the results.（状语） 这样的介词短语间或作表语： I am for putting the meeting off.须接动名词做介词宾语的成语很多，最常见的有：Insist on, think of dream of hear of preventfrom, keepfrom, stopfrom, be engaged in, look forward to，depend on，thankfor, feel like，excusefor, aim at, devoteto, set about, spend（in），waste(in),getbe used to，be fond of be afraid of, be tired of succeed in, be interested in, feelbe ashamed of, be proud of等。四、 动名词的逻辑主语：动名词之前可以加上一个物主代词、名词的所有格、人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格，来表示这个动名词的逻辑主语。1. 物主代词动名词 这种结构可置于句首，也可放在句中或句末，常可用作主语、表语、宾语或介词宾语：His going there wont do any harm（主语）Do you think his going there will be of any help？ （主语）Whats troubling them is their not having enough food（表语）They insisted on my staying there for dinner.（宾语）2. 名词的所有格动名词 其用法与“物主代词动名词”相同： We all thought Toms going there a great mistake.3. 人称代词宾格动名词（不能放在句首用作主语）He was angry about me not having to leave early.4. 名词的普通格动名词（不能放在句首用作主语） I dont like young people smoking. 其它情况下的动名词的逻辑主语形式1) 如果动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的东西，就只能用普通格。Is there any hope of your factory winning the game？2) 如果动名词的逻辑主语是一个较长的名词词组，也只能用普通格： Did you ever hear of a man of good sense refusing such an order？3) 当动名词的逻辑主语是不定代词、指示代词或指时间的it时，常用其宾格： There is no chance of that being settled. Im sorry. I have no idea of it being midnight.五、 动名词的否定式 1. 一般式：not doing（主动形式）：not being done（被动形式）2. 完成式：not having done（主动形式）；not having been done（被动形式）注意：当动名词带有逻辑主语时，not应放在逻辑主语后面。如：his not seeing the film.六、 动名词的完成式其形式为：（以do为例）having done（主动形式）；having been done（被动形式）。如果动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，常用其完成式： He was praised for having completed thirty years of teach.但是在forget，remember，regret等动词和apologize for，excusefor，thankfor等成语后， 经常可用动名词的一般式来代替其完成式： I remember posting （having posted） the letterExcuse me for coming （having come） late七、 动名词的被动式 其形式为：（以do为例）being done（一般式）；having been done（完成式）当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象；当句中的主语逻辑上是动名词所表示的动作的对象时，动名词一般要用被动式（多数情况下用一般被动式代替完成被动式）： They insisted on their being treated as ordinary workers. This question is far from being settled.巩固训练1. People call that _ two birds with one stone.A. killB. killedC. killingD. being killed2. Its no good his _ in these conditions.A. workB. to workC. workingD. works3. We missed _ the film when it was shown last week.A. seeingB. to seeC. that we sawD. having been seen4. he thought that his fears of _ had been proved true.A. foolingB. to foolC. being fooledD. to be fooled5. After that he expected Peter to do thee work without _how.A. tellB. to tellC. tellingD. being told6. He never told me about his _ the experiment many times.A. to doB. doingC. having doneD. having been done7. There is no _ what will happen.A. tellB. to tellC. tellingD. told8. Paul is angry about _ to the party.A. not inviting B. not having invited C. having not been invitedD. not being invited9. Sorry, we dont allow _here.A. smokingB. to smokeC. for anyone smokingD. to be smoking10. I had a hard time _ with the problem.A. to dealB. dealingC. dealtD. to be dealt11. During the holiday part of his time was spent _.A. to swimB. to a swimC. to swimmingD. swimming12. I was afraid of the _ down during the night.A. house being fallenB. houses being fallenC. house fallingD. houses falling13. This prevented the letter _.A. not to sendB. not to be sendC. from sendingD. from being sent14. The teacher insisted on _ a little louder.A. at the back the students speakingB. the students at the back speakingC. the student at the back speakingD. for the student speaking at the back15. There is a chance of _ here.A. several comingB. severals comingC. severals comingD. for several comingB. KEY: CCACD CCDAB DCDCA分词一、 分词的基本概念 分词有现在分词和过去分词两种，主要在句中要起形容词和副词的作用。它们可以带有自己 的宾语、表语、状语等。 现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间关系上:1. 在语态上，现在分词表示主动的意思，而及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意思： the moving body（运动着的物体）：the moved body（被移动的物体）。2. 在时间关系上，一般来说，现在分词表示正在进行的动作或动作的进展过程，即它所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的动作几乎是同时发生的；而过去分词表示已完成的动作或己存在的状态，即它所表示的动作一般先于句中谓语动词所表示的动作： I saw someone opening the door. I saw the door opened.二、 分词作定语分词或分词短语作定语，通常是说明句子中名词的，但有时也说明代词one（ones），that (those)，some，others，anything，something等： The girl in the next room is his sister. Todays computers are of much greater difference those used in the past（说明those）1. 现在分词作定语 1) 表示正在进行的动作（变为定语从句时常用进行时态）： The man standing（Who is standing）at the door is our new maths teacher 2) 表示经常性动作或现在（或当时）的状态（变为定语从句时常用一般时态）： They visited the museum lying（which lies）nearby .3) 动词wish，want，hope，know，think，believe，expect的现在分词短语常可用作定语。例如： People wishing （ who wished）to see the film star had waited two hours outside the cinema.4) 除以上情况外，用定语从句比用现在分词短语作定语更好。例如： The students who had attended the lecture were discussing it. 2. 过去分词短语作定语1) 意指过去分词所表示的动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生： Is this book written by the young man？ A letter posted this morning will probably reach her tomorrow.2) 没有一定的时间性： I dont like to see letters written in pencil.3. 作定语时的位置1) 单个分词作定语，常置于被说明的词之前，不强调动作而强调某种性质或特征： The cold wind was blowing through a broken window.2) 单个分词作定语，有时放在被说明的词之后，用来强调动作： We have had good harvests for many years running. （我们连续多年获得丰收。）3) 分词短语作定语时，通常位于被说明的词之后三、 分词作状语分词及分词短语作状语，通常用来说明句中谓语动词。其位置可在句首、句子中间或句末，一般用逗号分开。放在句首的常表示时间、原因、条件；放在句末的常表示结果、方式或伴随情况等。1. 现在分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语应该和句子的主语是一致的。1) 作时间状语，相当子when等引起的从句：Seeing those pictures（When he saw those pictures），he couldnt help thinking of those memorable days in his hometown.Having done their homework（After they had donedid their homework），they went swimming in the lake 如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，也常用when或while加分词这种结构： When leaving the station，they waved again and again to us He got to know them while attending a meeting in London. 2) 作原因状语，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句：Being so poor in those days（ As they were so poor），they couldnt afford to send the children to school. Not having received an answer（As she hadnt received an answer），she wrote another 1etter to her parents. 必须注意：being短语作状语时，通常表示原因，意为“由于某某是”，不能理解为“当的时候”。 3) 作结果状语： They opened fire，killing one of our villagers 2. 过去分词短语作状语，句中的主语往往是过去分词的逻辑宾语。1) 作时间状语，相当于一个表示时间的状语从句： Seen from the hill （When it is seen from the hill），our town looks 1ike a beautiful garden.2) 作原因状语，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句：Born into a poor family（As he was born in a poor family），he got only two years of school education.3) 说明谓语所表示的动作发生的背景或情况： Built in 1891， the building is over 100 years Old .四、 分词作宾语补足语1. seehearwatchnoticesmellfeelobservelisten tolook at宾语现在分词： We watched the girl going through some of the movements they had just leaned. At this moment he noticed the teacher coming in.2. catchfind宾语现在分词： I caught Tom reading my diary and he made an apology to me for it. We found a tree lying across the road. 3. havegetkeepleave宾语现在分词：Ill have the car waiting at the gate. Will that be all right？ Do you think you can get the radio working？ 4. have宾语过去分词：其中have有三个不同的含义： 1) “使被完成”（常可用get代替have）： Id like to have （get） my radio repaired 2) “遭受”、 “经历”（不能用get代替）：He had his watch stolen yesterday. 3) “有、拥有”： He felt in his pocket to see if he had any money left.5. make oneself knownunderstoodheard等过去分词： He repeated explanations，but he couldnt make himself understood.6. with介词宾语现在分词或过去分词： They sat in the room with the curtains drawn. With the tree growing tall，we get more and more shade.7. likewantwishorder/宾语过去分词He wont like such questions discussed in his house.8. find或think、feel等宾语changedlostgonebrokencome等过去分词（说明宾语所处的状态）： We found him greatly changed. When they entered the hall， they found the guests gone. 以上有些结构可变为被动语态，其补语形式依然不变，起主语补语的作用。五、 现在分词的完成式其形式为：having done（主动形式），表示这动作发生在谓语所表示的动作之前：Having arrived at