2013年考研英语阅读【学生版】.doc

2013年考研英语阅读理解强化讲义 北京大学英语系 索玉柱博士教授编讲第1节 学真题、辨句义、记词汇 认知心理学原理在近年的命题中得到了应用，特别在阅读理解和议论文写作中最为明显。比如，归纳理解文章的概念性含义、推导段义以及段落之间关系的题目越来越隐含，写作题目的综合性越来越强。2010-2012年考题的效度和难度作为今后宏观命题的范例，恰好要求考生加倍重视复习高频率词汇和句式理解上。 我们倡导和突出英语复习贵在系统的理念。 “循序渐进、系统提高、做中得学”的英语学习内在规律已经被大家欣然接受。我们提倡这一理念：循序渐进就是不断提升高效的阅读能力，因为考研英语的成功就是阅读的成功。近年的考研阅读试题不只停留在对文字表层含义的考查上，就连“完型填空”和“英译汉”也是如此，而是侧重考查对文字的深层含义以及对长句难段的认知能力上。所以，我们要求考生朋友要遵循新题先复习的策略；要注意把精读4篇阅读理解和泛读其他文章结合起来。我们一贯提倡“先抓真题，后加模拟、做题而促学”的一揽子规划。复习原则：考研真题的句子突出表现为六种语义特点：1） 表述负面信息abound vi.（物产）大量存在；充满，富于 真题 Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound. 2012年 T3误解、错误、自欺欺人的情况不胜枚举。解析 一般而言，我们对有负面含义的词语比较敏感，所以需要我们正确判断全句的语义指向；比如上例指的是（负面行为的）机会或情况大量存在，而不是指负面行为本身处处可见。extinguish v. 熄灭，扑灭；This is a new method of extinguishing forest fires.这是一种扑灭森林之火的新方法。使消亡，使破灭真题 If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. 2003年 T2 如果善良的人无动于衷，不了解真相的人们很可能会将医学进步的珍贵火种扑灭。解析 当我们读了do nothing (无所事事)，uninformed（不知实情的），extinguishmedical progress（扑灭医学进步方面的事情），会立刻断定句意的否定意义，并了解到市民们可能对医学进步产生了误解。当然也可能猜测到超纲词embers的含意是医学进步的成绩、新发现（本意为余火）。2） 体现对比关系hypothesis n.假说，假设，前提; raise a hypothesis 提出假设真题 Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. 2004年 Part B 后来，此观点成为著名的萨丕尔-沃尔夫假设，但这一说法并不恰当。解析 连词but 或副词however等连接的句子或词语，注重对比前后的语义内容，但后面往往是整个句意的焦点信息，值得我们重视其间的实词表述，比如上例中的形容词inappropriate充分表达了语句的否定含义。3） 体现因果关系curb n. 制止，抑制；place/put a curb on 限/抑制vt.制止，抑制；High interest rates put a curb on spending.高利率抑制了消费。curb ones anger抑制愤怒真题 Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case. 2010年 T2 对商业方法专利权申请的限制将会是一个戏剧性的转变，因为这一专利权正是联邦巡回法院在1998年时判决所谓的“美国道富银行”案件时引入的。解析 依据语句的尾重心原则（the End-focus Principle）,句子是因果关系的顺序时，句意重心在结果上；反之，上面的例句是果因关系，可以判断because（原因）之后的具体细节相对更为重要。4） 体现递进关系perpetual a.永久的,永恒的,长期的；a treaty of perpetual friendship永久的友好条约 真题 Thats a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. 2009年 T1 这是个我们一直坚守的谎言，滋生的是平庸。解析 连词and和or等连接的句子或词语是递进说明的内容，所以是句意的焦点信息，值得重视。5） 体现时空关系prerequisite n. 先决条件；a. 首要必备的真题 Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. 2011年 Part B 教授职位把获得博士学位变成了一位成功的学术事业的先决条件：早在1969年，有三分之一的美国教授没有博士学位。解析 时间、空间关系下的信息大都是某一事件、具体细节内容，其中名词概念最重要。6） 表述比喻语言bubble n. 气泡，泡沫，泡状物；幻想v. 沸腾，冒泡；发出气泡声真题 Employers wouldnt mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. 2004年 T3 雇主们并不在意就业市场少了些泡沫。解析 当我们用一个词或短语的原义解释不通句子时，那就得试用其可能的比喻含意。比喻的词语往往引申为上下文中的词义。本例句中bubbles指的是上文的变化或幻想，所以看到有比喻含义的词汇时，需要在语境中把握其真正的语意所指。有比喻意义的词语25backbone n主干= essentials；最重要的部分beam n光线，横梁，容光焕发；v. 微笑，闪亮 ; sparkle with sth. blueprint n蓝图program; project; planbaseline= the bottom line 底线；最基础的部分；boom n繁荣，隆隆声; vi.发隆隆声，兴隆; n.大肆宣传繁荣bubble n泡沫泡影；幻想cement v. 胶合n水泥；胶合剂巩固collectivism 集体主义commercialize 使商业化daffodil n黄水仙花 beauty deadline n.最后期限domino n多米诺骨牌巩固连锁反应fissure v.裂开n裂隙分裂go-ahead n批准，允许guideline n指导方针highlight v.使显著; n最重要的部分milestone n里程碑touchstone n. 试金石oddball奇怪的发球古怪的人【rare bird】scapegoat n替罪羊【牺牲者、受害者】Utopia n乌托邦【理想主义】【练习一】温馨提示：敬请大家在复习下列真题语句时，除了看懂句法结构(定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句、分词短语、不定式短语等基础语法方面)，还要重视上述提及的6类语义特点。这样双管齐下，定能准确而有效地理解语段的意义。1. fascinate v.强烈地吸引，迷住，神魂颠倒；I was fascinated by her.我完全被她迷住了。派生 fascinating a.迷人的，有极大吸引力的；fascination n. 魅力； 迷恋，入迷真题 The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder. 2009年 T1 创新最需要的就是对好奇的迷恋。2. flaw n. 裂隙，裂痕；a flaw in the crystal that caused it to shatter水晶上的一处裂纹导致了它的破碎；缺点，瑕疵真题 Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities. 2006年 Part B 在科学或者说所谓“科学”的推动下，现代社会将从前我们认为的性格缺陷、道德过失重新归类到类似于生理障碍的“病态人格”。3. flexible a. 柔韧的，易弯曲的；灵活的；a flexible schedule 灵活的日程表真题 Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. 2005年 Part C 显然，只有大型的，应变能力强的电视传媒集团才能够在这个精彩纷呈同时又竞争激烈的市场中生存。4. flourish v. 茂盛，繁荣，兴旺；（作家等）处于旺盛时期，盛行真题 But in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. 2003年 T3 但是，这实际上经常使得铁路公司处于决定哪些公司会兴旺，哪些会破产的位置。5. fluctuate v. 波动，起伏；The price of vegetables fluctuates according to the weather.蔬菜价随着天气变化而波动。动摇不定真题 Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. 2007年 T3 钢铁工人、航空公司雇员和现在那些从事汽车工业的工人正在加入那些必须为超出它们退休金范围的利率、股票市场的波动和严酷的现实而焦虑的家庭的行列。6. glamour n. 魅力，诱惑力迷人的美，妖艳；词组 cast a glamour over 用魔法迷惑；给以魔力；派生 glamorous a. 富有魅力的，美丽动人的 富于刺激的，令人向往的真题 Its hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous. 2011年 T4 很难想象，许多人都蠢到要孩子的份上，仅仅是因为里斯和安吉莉娜把抚养孩子变得如此充满魅力。7. glare v./n. 怒视，瞪眼；They stopped arguing and glared at each other.他们停止了争论,相互怒视着对方。（发）强光，（发）耀眼的光；He had to wear sunglasses because of the glare of the sun.因为阳光耀眼,他只好戴墨镜。派生 glaring a. 明显的，耀眼的真题 The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long. 2012年 T1 “社会治疗”最为明显的缺陷就是它无法在足够长的时间内发挥足够好的作用。8. handicap n. 障碍，不利条件v妨碍，使不利；派生handicapped 5hAndIkApt a. 有生理缺陷的，智力低下的真题A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. 2000年 T1一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。 9. handle n. 把手；柄；手感；口实；v. 处理；操作；运用；买卖；触摸真题 “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.” 2002年 T2 “尽管我们知道怎样让机器人去处理一个具体的差错”，戴维拉夫里(美国航空航天管理局机器人项目经理)说， “然而我们还不能赋予机器人足够的常识，去令人信服地应对不断变化的世界”。10. harness v. 利用，治理；They will harness the suns energy to heat homes.他们将利用太阳能为住宅供暖。真题 And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. 2005年 T3 一名主要的权威人士说，梦这种异常强烈的精神活动不仅能被驾驭，事实上还可以有意识地加以控制，以帮助我们更好地睡眠和感觉。11. hedge n. 树篱；They planted a hedge around the garden.他们在花园周围栽起了树篱。围栏，障碍物；a hedge of convention 习俗的束缚；v用数篱围住（隔开）；设障碍于，阻碍；hedge sbs path with difficulties在某人的道路上设置障碍真题 The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. 2010年 T2 Bilski案件涉及到一项在能源市场中减少风险的方法的专利权的问题。12. hitherto adv. 迄今；至今真题As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. 2011年 T1 对这位即将成为一个迄今为著名音乐指挥家古斯塔夫马勒和皮埃尔布雷所指挥过的交响乐团的下任指挥来说，这种描述至少对一些纽约时报读者来说只是一种模糊的赞誉之词。13. holistic adj. 整体的；全盘的；holistic approach整体分析/研究 真题 Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic. 2011年 Part B 理论质询，至少在一些领域，需要减少排外的程度，需要更加全面。14. humble a. 谦卑的，恭顺的，地位低下的；vt. 降低，贬低真题 As a nation, we may be over-funding the quest for unlikely cures while under-funding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples lives. 2003年 T4作为一个民族，我们可能在寻求不可能奏效的治疗方法上花钱太多，而在研究能提高人们生活质量的更平常的方法上花钱太少。15. ideological adj. 思想的；意识形态的真题 When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shapes is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily dismissed as unjust. 2012年 Cloze 在法院依据社会政策作出决策时，它所塑造的法律也不可避免的带有政治色彩。这就是为什么与主流思想路线上分离的决议很容易因缺乏公正性而被遗弃。16. impartial a. 公正的，无偏见的；An impartial judge can settle our argument.公正的仲裁人能解决我们的争端。It should be impartial when delivering your opinion about the two kids.当给这两个孩子提意见时，你应该公正。真题 Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that weakened the courts reputation for being independent and impartial. 2012年 Cloze 然而，在一些事例中，法官们的行为确实有损法院独立与公正的形象。17. impoverish vt. 使贫穷；使枯竭真题 To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. 2001年 T2 要利用互联网，在引进外资的问题上，贫困国家必须克服那些过时的、反殖民地的种种偏见。18. imprisons vt. 监禁；关押；使下狱真题 Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which，in its strongest form，states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. 2004年 Part B Whorf进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。19. incentive n. 动机；刺激；a. 激励的；刺激的真题A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. 2005年 T2 来自西维吉尼亚州的民主党参议员Robert Byrd提出了向私人企业提供资金奖励的议案就是一个良好的开端。20. incorporate v. 包含，吸收；合并，混合；派生 incorporation n. 包含，吸收；合并；公司真题 But, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. 2001年 T1 但到了二十世纪，只有当这种局部研究涉及并思考了更大范围的地质学问题时，才能为专业人员所接受。练习二 难句辨疑【复习30例】1. Excuses _: world markets have collapsed, diet-conscious Europeans are eating less red meat, some people in Britain fear it will give them mad cow disease. A. accumulated B. abide C. crowd D. abound 2. New infrastructure 基础设施, office, retail and living space are required in the city but no empty plots are _.A. exist B. available C. used D. accessed3. Scientists have _ the European Commission of allowing the lead industry to censor an important report on the effect of lead in petrol.A. appointed B. accused C. reprimandedD. charged4. Though there are variations of this view, and disagreements among its _, we may validly characterize it as sentence linguistics, because it confines its inquiries to what happens within sentences.A. adherents B. abhorrent C. abdicateD. advocates5. As an _ of progress in all forms, Wilson was the first in his area to illuminate his premises 经营场所 with gaslight.A. assistant B. anarchist C. advocate D. agreement 6. It is possible to exploit markets for the public _ as with a Greek debt exchange to capture market discounts. A. benefit B. goods C. profit D. stake 7. The political system in Greek seems in confusion, with a succession of uninspiring leaders coming and going with _ rapidity. A. glaring B. bewildering C. stunning D. bewaring 8. Examples of _ or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty少见的，少量的. 2005年T2真题A. advantages B. acquisitionsC. benefits D. gifts 9. Superhigh scores like vos Savants are no longer possible, because scoring is now _ on a statistical population distribution among age peers. 2007年 T3A. accorded B. founded C. based D. referred 10. Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less _, advisers on a firms board. 2011年 T1真题A. neutral B. impartial C. prejudiced D. biased 11. And though the birthday _ was more restrained 节俭的 than most, the result was an intimate affair held at the ladys childhood home. A. festival B. celebration C. ceremonyD. event 12. What struck me most was how much of this exemplary public space was devoted to the _ of the mind. A. cultivation B. formation C. coordinationD. elevation13. Generally speaking, the carrier, captain and seamen _ with one another to commit this kind of economic crime. A. collaborate B. retain C. combine D. coordinate 14. As a _, it had to run large trade surpluses贸易顺差 to absorb the resulting excess capacity 过剩的产能 in manufacturing. A. substance B. cause C. consequence D. significance 15. Averting such a crunch 紧张、紧缺 and its economic _ is more about efficiency and government-mandated conservation than a few new finds.A. reasons B. profits C. consequences D. outcome16. Coupled with criticizing in magazine journalism was the rapid development of a fictional literature _ to the cause of democracy.A. allocated B. sacrificed C. dedicated D. demonstrated17. His _ manner of speaking might be occasionally taken by the unwary as a reflection of the slow pace of his mind. A. impulsive B. deliberate C. carefulness D. unintentional18. Those who claim that this effect would be small either succumb to an illusion or _ underestimate this risk. A. pretentiouslyB. accidentally C. mistakenly D. deliberately19. You want your resume to repeatedly stress company insider terms and keywords, which can _ you and your resume from all the others. A. distinct B. distinguishes C. separate D. differentiate20. I suspect that this overstates anthropology - a _ has been somewhat introverted and has little political power. A. department B. discipline C. subject D. revelation21. This could be a(n) _ hoax（骗局）, no matter how the possibility should not be discounted. A. erroneous B. definite C. elaborate D. evident22. I find those threats before they get out of hand, and I _ them quickly, quietly, relentlessly.A. dampen B. eliminate C. dispose D. defeat23. A chief executive needs to be responsive to what is going on around him but equally needs to _ a long-term vision. A. embody B. enlighten C. manifests D. demonstrates24. _ speaking, this slow erosion 消失 of cognitive dissonance 偏差 takes approximately two years to complete. A. Empirically B. Frankly C. Precisely D. Eventually25. Breach of a(n) _ or basic term of a contract by one party, entitle the other party to treat the contract as terminate. A. complex B. significant C. essential D. perplexing 26. The study of the literature and civilization of ancient Greece and Rome continues to _ and illuminate the western mind.A. entertain B. astonish C. compassionateD. fascinate27. The more I thought of it the more I fell into a kind of morbid 病态的 _ with the possibility.A. fascination B. conception C. gratitude D. vision28. This obstinate adherence to an outdated assessment of economic dependence is not the only intellectual _.A. disorder B. ailment C. flaw D. fault29. Most businesses are in a constant state of flux, so the finance function must be _ enough to deal with environmental factors quickly.A. compatible B. flexible C. feasible D. plausible30. Their incapacity to _ any coherent account of, or response to, the global financial crisis puts that question in sharp focus.A. obtain B. formulate C. accomplish D. prescribe难句辨疑【参考译文】 1 借口无处不在：世界市场已然崩溃，对饮食十分在乎的欧洲人吃的红肉越来越少，一些英国人甚至认为红肉会让他们得上疯牛病。2 该城中需要新的基础设施、办公楼、商店以及住宅楼,但是地面上已经没有可用的空间。3 科学家们指责欧洲委员会的行为，因为欧委会允许铅工业自己监察有关石油中铅效应的一份重要报告的内容。4 尽管针对这种观点有不同的看法，甚至其支持者也在某些方面抱有异议，我们依旧可以适当的将其划归句法语言学，因为其议题都在句子内部的范畴。5 作为一个各方面倡导进步的人，威尔森首先在他的经营场所使用煤气灯照明。6 通过市场手段谋取公共利益是有可能的正如利用希腊债务互换获得市场折价那样。7希腊的政治体系似乎已陷入困惑之中,一连串让人提不起精神的领导人走马灯似的来了又去。8目前证明这股合并浪潮是带来利还是弊的实例并不多见。 9像弗斯莎旺这样的超高分不再可能出现，这是因为现在打分时基于对年龄段的随机选择而得到的人口分布统计数据。10不参与管理的董事就是公司的顾问，他们可以对董事会提出有益的、且不带偏见的建议。11尽管这场生日庆典比多数人办得更为节俭,但在这位女士儿时居住的家乡,它最终却成为了一次让人倍感亲切的经历。12 最打动我的地方是,这类堪称典范的公共空间是专为陶冶心灵而设计的。13 一般来说，承运人会与船长、船员相互勾结，共同进行这类经济犯罪。14 结果就造成,必须有巨额贸易顺差,以便消化在制造业中正在形成的过剩产能。15 要避免这种紧缺及其经济后果,更多地要依靠效率和政府的节约指令,而非几个新的发现。21这可能是一场精心编排的骗局,不过无论如何也不应该排除其可能性。22我的责任是寻找这些危险因素,并在它们造成足够的威胁前将其斩除迅速,安静,毫不手软地消灭它们。23作为首席执行长,既需要处理好手头的事情,也同样需要具备长远的目光。24凭经验而论,认知偏差的逐步消失大约需要两年时间。25一方当事人未履行合同的基本条款,这将使另一方当事人有权将合同看成被终止。26 对古希腊和古罗马文学与文明的研究持续吸引和启发着西方的文明思想。27 我左思右想,不禁对这种可能性愈来愈感到一种病态的迷恋。28 这种固执地坚持过时的经济依赖学说的做法, 不仅仅是知识上的巨大缺陷。29 大多数企业都处在持续不断地变化之中,因此财务职能上必须足够灵活以迅速应付环境的变化。30 对于这场全球金融危机,他们既无法形成任何前后一致的认识,也不知如何应对,更是使这个问题备受关注。难句辨疑【练习答案】1-5 DBBAC6-10 ABCCD11-15 BAACC16-20 CBDDB21-25 CBAAC26-30 DACBB第2节 命题精要及必备练习（Essentials & Practices）（一）考研阅读大纲要求及对应题型 近年考研阅读理解的大纲要求，及其相对应的题型如下： 掌握材料的主旨和大意主旨归纳（或推理）题 了解用以阐述主旨的事实和有关细节细节判断题 根据上下文判断大纲附表以外及某些词汇和短语的意义词语释义题 既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的逻辑关系语句归纳（或推理）题 根据所读材料进行一系列的判断、推断和引申段落归纳（或推理）题 领会作者的观点和态度观点态度归纳（或推理）题（二）考研英语阅读文章两大特点分析对于考研阅读试题，由于客观试题本身对选项的要求解的唯一和选项间的不可争议性（如果不具备这两个性质，试题也就不具有本身的客观性了）。而社会科学本身不同于自然科学，有非常明确的界限。命题人为了避免两者之间的冲突，所选文章通常具有以下两大特点：（1）文章中心单一、突出，即整个文章的说明或论述均紧紧围绕一个中心进行。（2）作者对所描述或论述的事件持有的态度褒贬分明；有时作者观点或态度是客观的、同情的。文章的这两大特点也构成了考生在正确答题时的两条宏观主线。英语阅读理解（真题考点解读范例）1事实细节题解析（1）近义细节题1According to the author，the department stores of the 19th centuryA played a role in the spread of popular culture.B became intimate shops for common consumers.C satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.D owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.（2006年）【原文导读】In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing peopleThere is “the democratizing uniformity” of dress and disco