英语语法大全之句子的转换与合并.pdf

济南沃尔得国际英语 1 句子的转换与合并句子的转换与合并 简单句之间的转换 简单句之间的转换 句型的转换是指一个句子由一种语法结构变为另一种语法结构 而不改变其原来的意 义 这是一种有用的练习 可以学会许多不同的说法 能从几个句子中挑选出最适当的 句子形式 A A 主动语态与被动语态之间的转换 主动语态与被动语态之间的转换 一个句子可以由主动结构变为被动结构 也可从被动结构变为主动结构 参阅1207 1209 He has finished his university studies His university studies have been finished They put him to death He was put to death An Englishman teaches him English He is taught English by an Englishmen B B 肯定句与否定句之间的转换 肯定句与否定句之间的转换 一个句子可以由肯定形式变为否定形式 也可由否定形式变为肯定形式 I am doubtful of his honesty I am not sure of his honesty Few understand it Not many understand it He is sometimes silly He is not always clever It is tidy It is not untidy 济南沃尔得国际英语 2 He always objected He never agreed He failed to come He did not come She told the story with tears She told the story not without tears Only he knows it Nobody else knows it He lacks courage He is without courage He is very tired He is not a little tired He will always remember your kindness He will never forget your kindness C C 反问型问句与陈述句之间的转换 反问型问句与陈述句之间的转换 反问型问句 Rhetorical Questions 可以转变为陈述句 Is that the way to treat your wife That is not the way to treat your wife Can I say anything I cannot say anything Where can you ever see a ghost You can never see a ghost anywhere 济南沃尔得国际英语 3 Who cares about you Nobody cares about you Why should I apologize I should not apologize D D 不同词类之间的转换 不同词类之间的转换 几乎任何词类都可以转换为另一词类 可以是 1 动词与名词间的转换 Our enemy is strengthening Our enemy is gaining strength They agreed not to criticize each other They made an agreement not to criticize each other It smells good It has a good smell John disgraces our family John is a disgrace to our family 2 动词与形容词之间的转换 He neglects my advice He is negligent of my advice He fears nothing He is afraid of nothing This letter expresses his gratitude This letter is expressive of his gratitude They widened and lengthened the street 济南沃尔得国际英语 4 They made the street wide and long 3 动词与副词间的转换 He succeeded in advising Mary He advised Mary successfully They enjoyed celebrating the festival They celebrated the festival joyfully This story surpasses others in beauty This story is surpassingly beautiful 4 名词与形容词间的转换 He is a man of wealth He is a wealthy man He is a husband with no heart she is a wife with a long tongue He is a heartless husband she is a long tongued wife Here lies the only wile of John Lee Here lies John Lee s only wife This policy is of great importance This policy is very important There was once a monster with three heads There was once a three headed monster 5 名词与副词间的转换 Please handle it with care Please handle it carefully In all probability it will rain this evening 济南沃尔得国际英语 5 Most probably it will rain this evening Our troops entered the city in triumph Our troops entered the city triumphantly 6 形容词与副词间的转换 After a careful analysis the food proves poisonous Carefully analysed the food proves poisonous He hates hard work He hates to work hard 7 介词与连词间的转换 I like him for his unselfishness I like him because he is unselfish I will wait until his return I will wait until he returns 简单句与复合句之间的转换 简单句与复合句之间的转换 一个分词 动名词 不定式或介词短语可以转换为复合句 反过来也如此 Sitting down he read the letter He sat down and he read the letter The guest leaving I went to bed The guest left and then I went to bed Being tired of life he refuses to see any friends or relatives He is tired of life so he refuses to see any friends or relatives 济南沃尔得国际英语 6 He ran away to avoid punishment He ran away or he would be punished He has to work hard to maintain his big family He has to work hard otherwise he cannot maintain his big family Out of a desire to please her mother he sent her things from time to time He sent things to her mother from time to time for he desires to please her Besides selling rice he teaches arithmetic in the evening He sells rice and besides he teaches arithmetic in the evening With all his efforts he failed He made all efforts but he failed By his good manners he wins her heart He has good manners therefore he wins her heart The boy is rewarded for his bravery The boy is brave so he is rewarded 简单句与复杂句之间的转换 简单句与复杂句之间的转换 一个词或是短语可以转变为名词从句 定语从句或状语从句 反过来也如此 A A 名词从句 名词从句 I cannot tell the time of his arrival I cannot tell when he will arrive I believe your statement 济南沃尔得国际英语 7 I believe what you state I insisted on his studying art I insisted that he should study art I was informed of his behaviour I was informed of how he behaved I wish you to be always happy I wish that you will be always happy I think it fit for you to take over the business I think it fit that you take over the business I learn of his success I learn that he has succeeded His arrival is a great event That he has arrived is a great event How to get rid of poverty is a big problem It is a big problem how we can get rid of poverty B B 定语从句 定语从句 He is a self made man He is a man who has succeeded by his own efforts It has become an independent country It has become a country that is no more controlled by anothor I want to live and die in my native village I want to live and die in the village where I was born She wears a sea blue skirt She wears a skirt which is as blue as the sea 济南沃尔得国际英语 8 We need an atom smashing machine We need a machine that can smash atoms I have nothing to say I have nothing that I wish to say The evil done lives after the doers The evil that men do lives after them C C 状语从句 状语从句 The children quarrelled over the property on the death of their father The children quarrelled over the property as soon as their father died After 20 years of service he retired When he had served 20 years he retired He died in his native place He died where he was born He stayed at home because of illness He stayed at home because he was ill In spite of my advice he persisted in going out with her Although I advised him he persisted in going out with her You may drink to your heart s content You may drink as much as you like Without any water this plant cannot live Unless it gets some water this plant cannot live He is too tired to work any more 济南沃尔得国际英语 9 He is so tired that he cannot work any more I will inform the police to punish him I will inform the police so that he may be punished 复杂句与复合句之间的转换 复杂句与复合句之间的转换 He gained a lot of money in gambling and he wished to gamble again After he gained a lot of money in gambling he wished to gamble again He may be interested in art and in that case he should go to some fine arts school If he is interested in art he should go to some fine arts school Recede one step and they will proceed three If you recede one step they will proceed three He is poor but he is proud Although he is poor he is proud He has failed yet he has done his best Although he has failed he has done his best We must keep silent or father will get angry We must keep silent lest father should get angry He must live a regular life otherwise he will fall ill Unless he lives a regular life he will fall ill He is a very good teacher so the students like him The students like him because he is a good teacher 济南沃尔得国际英语 10 They have said all they wish to say therefore they understand each other thoroughly As they have said all they wish to say they understand each other thoroughly 直接引语和间接引语之间的转换 直接引语和间接引语之间的转换 说话人讲的话可以用两种方式来引用 如果引用他的原话 就称作直接引语 因此 He said I am very ill 为直接引语 如果按引用人的观点来引用 则称为间接 引语 因此 He said that he was very ill 为间接引语 Said 这样的动词称为引话动 词 它前面的主语 例如 he 可称为第一主语 引语中的主语 如 I 及 he 称为第二主 语 引语中的谓语动词称为第二动词 当直接引语转换为间接引语 或间接引语转换为 直接引语时 有几个问题需要注意 A A 大写与标点 大写与标点 直接引语放在引号之内 第一个字母要大写 引号前加逗号 间或用冒号 引语末 加句号 问号或感叹号 但在间接引语中却不加这些 间接引语必须由 that whether if 或疑问词 who why when 等 开头 末尾要加句号 此外 在直接引语中问句 可能有倒装语序 助动词放在主语前面 但在间接引语中 问句则需变为自然语序 I say He will come I say that he will come I say When will he come I ask when he will come B B 引话动词与第二动词 引话动词与第二动词 引话动词可以是 say remark observe claim explain con firm ask enquire question answer reply declare announce beg urge suggest request demand order command object deny admit agree argue warn threaten think reflect consider write cable phone telex shout laugh sneer 等等 若引话动词是现在时或将来时 则当引语由直接变为间接时 第二动词照旧不变 但 若引话动词是过去时 则间接引语中的第二动词 就要由现在时变为过去时 由过去时 变为过去完成时等 济南沃尔得国际英语 11 I say or will say to him John arrives or will arrive arrived on Sunday I say or will say to him that John arrives or will arrive arrived on Sunday I said to him John arrives or will arrive arrived on Sunday I said to him that John arrived or would arrive had arrived on Sunday C C 引话动词与连词 引话动词与连词 1 如果间接引语为陈述句 它前面通常都有 say that know that tell him that state that 2 如果它是问句 它前面通常有 ask him whether or if inquire of him whether demand of him whether wonder whether want to know whether 或 ask him W 即疑问词 如 who whom when why which inquire of him W 3 如果它是感叹句 它前面通常有 exclaim that cry out with joy that 4 如果间接引语为祈使句 它前面通常有 demand that ask that request that advise that order that 且里面包含助动词 should 此外间接引语还可以转 换为不定式短语 这时引话动词需要改为宾补动词 1 I said You are a nice boy I said that he was a nice boy I thought You will fail again I thought that he would fail again 2 I said Are you a nice boy I asked whether he was a nice boy I thought to myself Will he fail again I asked myself whether he would fail again 济南沃尔得国际英语 12 I enquired of him Who knows it I enquired of him who knew it 3 I said What a nice boy you are I exclaimed that he was indeed a nice boy I said Hurrah We have won the battle I cried with joy that we had won the battle He said Curse it You are a fool He exclaimed with an oath that I was a fool He said Bravo You have done something wonder ful He applauded me saying that I had done something wonderful 4 I said to him Be a nice boy I advised that he should be a nice boy I advised him to be a nice boy I said to him See me at the station I requested that he should see me at the station I requested him to see me at the station D D 代词 代词 此外还要注意 把直接引语变为间接引语时 代词需作改变 如果在直接引语中代词 为第一人称 在变为间接引语时 将变为与第一主语一致的代词 I said I can do it I said that I could do it He said I must go He said that he must go 济南沃尔得国际英语 13 You said I know You said that you knew We said We can do it We said that we could do it They said We must go They said that they must go I said We can do it I said that we could do it We 中包括 I 如果在直接引语中 代词为第二人称 在间接引语中它将变成与引话动词的宾语一致 的人称 I told him You are right I told him that he was right I told you You are right I told you that you were right He told me You are right He told me that I was right He told us You are right He told us that we were right We told them You are right We told them that they were right To somebody 也可看作是宾语 He said to me told me You are right He said to me that I was right 济南沃尔得国际英语 14 He explained to them You have gone the wrong way He explained to them that they had gone the wrong way 引话动词的宾语有时可以省略 但它在间接引语中可能需要说出来 They asked me when I would get married I said You will learn it very soon I said that they would learn it very soon 如果在直接引语中代词为第三人称 在间接引语中 它可以保持不变 I told you He is crazy I told you that he is crazy He told me She is crazy He told me that she was crazy We told him They are crazy We told him that they were crazy He told me He is crazy 这两个 he 代表两个不同的人 He told me that a certain person was crazy 还需指出 上述代词 在直接或间接引语中 可以为任何 格 而不仅仅是主格 He told me I will ask my brother to take me to the pictures He told me that he would ask his brother to take him to the pictures He declared We must urge them to return our territory to us He declared that we must urge them to return our territory to us E E 时间副词 短语 时间副词 短语 济南沃尔得国际英语 15 间接引语中的时间副词 短语 可能和直接引语中的时间副词 短语 不同 这是因 为原来说话人提到的时间可能与现在引话人提到的时间不同 He said Mary is very busy now He said that Mary was very busy then He said Mary came yesterday He said that Mary had come the day before or the previous day He said Mary came five days ago He said that Mary had come five days before or five days earlier He said Mary will come tomorrow He said that Mary would come the following day or the next day He said Mary will come in five days He said that Mary would come five days afterwards or later F F 第一主语及引话动词的位置 第一主语及引话动词的位置 在新闻报导中第一主语有时放在引话动词的后面 Said Stevens Comments Dr Lee Boasted Asia Bank president John Bush 第一主语及引话动词 除了放在直接引语前面外 还可放在其他位置 He said Oh I have done my best Oh he said I have done my best 但不说 said he Oh I have done my best he said 但不说 said he Oh I have done my best 如果大家都清楚这话是谁说的 第一主语及引话 动词也可不必说出 济南沃尔得国际英语 16 在第一主语及引话动词放在其他位置时 要注意标点符号 He said Oh I have done my best I have made every effort But all in vain Oh he said I have done my best I have made every effort But all in vain Oh I have done my best he said I have made every effort But all in vain 如果引话动词有较长的修饰语 最好把它放在主语及引话动词前面 如果主语及引话 动词在直接引语后面 长修饰语最好放在引话动词后面 After a short space of silence he said I ll consider this problem I ll consider this problem he said after a short space of silence 如果主语和引话动词放在直接引语的中间或后面 作主语的名词可以放在引话动词的 后面或前面 若主语是人称代词 只能放在动词后面 I think so he said or Leo said said Leo 很少说 said he Everything is OK she says or Amy says says Amy 很少说 says she 简单句的合并 简单句的合并 两个或更多简单句可以合并成一个比较复杂的句子 这种练习对学习写作的人很有好 处 两个或更多简单句可借助并列连词合并成一个复合句 He saw John He greeted him He saw John and he greeted him I called on Mary Mary was ill I called on Mary but Mary was ill He has not a single penny He has to beg He will be starved 济南沃尔得国际英语 17 He has not a single penny so he has to beg otherwise he will be starved 两个或更多简单句 可以加上从属连词 把一个或更多句子变为名词从句 定语从句 或状语从句 这样来合并成为一个复杂句 1 变成名词从句 He has arrived I know it I know that he has arrived He may have an accident I am afraid I am afraid that he may have an accident How many were killed I am not sure I am not sure how many were killed How